Green exposure in public spaces plays a critical role in promoting mental health and well-being, especially for populations experiencing elevated psychological pressure in academically demanding environments such as university campuses. However, existing research remains largely limited to coarse-scale assessments, often overlooking the nuanced and nonlinear interactions between visual environmental characteristics and restorative quality across diverse spatial typologies. Addressing this gap, this study proposes a fine-scale, data-driven framework that integrates computer vision (CV) with perception-based evaluations using Shandong Jianzhu University as a case study. A semantic segmentation model (Mask2Former) was employed to extract 14 visual environmental elements from 193 campus photographs, while 426 students provided 4260 image-based evaluations of Perceived Restorative Quality (PRQ). Ridge regression optimized through cross-validation was used to identify key environmental correlates of PRQ, K-means clustering was applied to classify Campus Restorative Space (CRS) typologies, and Generalized Propensity Score Matching (GPSM) was employed to examine nonlinear dose–response relationships between sensory dimensions and restorative quality. The results indicate that natural elements, particularly vegetation and water-related features, are generally associated with higher PRQ scores; however, restorative responses do not consistently follow linear patterns. Several sensory dimensions exhibited threshold effects and diminishing marginal returns, suggesting that restorative benefits depend on balanced environmental composition rather than the simple accumulation of green elements. Furthermore, three CRS typologies—Greenery-Dominant Spaces, Open Landscape Spaces, and Courtyard Spaces—demonstrated distinct restorative pathways, indicating that the effects of environmental characteristics vary across spatial contexts. These findings support a context-dependent understanding of restorative environments and highlight the importance of spatial typology, environmental composition, and nonlinear responses in shaping restorative experiences. The study proposes a transferable analytical framework for assessing campus restorative environments and offers practical implications for evidence-based campus planning and design.

Understanding the role of digital infrastructure development in shaping carbon inequality (CI) is critical for promoting environmental equity in the digital era. While the digital infrastructure has expanded rapidly in China, its environmental implications remain ambiguous. This study investigated the impact of the Broadband China Policy (BCP) on city-level CI using a multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) approach with data from 2005 to 2022. Results showed that the implementation of the BCP led to a 7.2% average reduction in CI. This effect operated through two key mechanisms: industrial structure upgrading and technological innovation. While cities in the eastern region reduced CI mainly through upgrading from carbon-intensive secondary industries to less carbon-intensive tertiary sectors, cities in the non-eastern region benefited from enhanced technological innovation. These region-specific pathways underscore the adaptive potential of digital infrastructure in fostering inclusive green development. These findings highlight the role of digitalization as a transformative platform for environmental equity, offering theoretical and policy-relevant insights for designing targeted, region-sensitive strategies that integrate digital and low-carbon transitions.

Understanding how urban environments stimulate routine physical activity is a central issue in public health. Running, as a low-threshold and widely accessible exercise, serves as a sensitive indicator of environmental influence. Yet, few studies have used methods capable of capturing the non-linear and context-dependent interactions through which multiple built-environment factors jointly shape running. This study investigates the spatiotemporal patterns of running and identifies how combinations of environmental features across different urban scenarios affect behavioural activation. We analysed 83,302 GPS-tracked running trajectories from Beijing. Built-environment indicators were integrated across five dimensions and examined using Light Gradient Boosting Machine with SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). To enhance behavioural interpretability, variables were grouped into scenario-informed contexts representing commuting, restorative, and training environments. Temporal and spatial analyses were also conducted to identify diurnal, weekly, and spatial clustering patterns of running activity. Running exhibited clear morning-evening peaks, an inverted-U weekly rhythm, and a concentric spatial structure concentrated in central areas and along continuous spaces such as waterfronts and forest sports parks. SHAP interaction analysis further shows that non-linear built-environment effects are organised through configuration-specific interaction structures rather than marginal feature responses. Three dominant configurations are identified: (i) visual–landscape structures combining vegetation texture, sky openness, and water proximity; (ii) urban density configurations linking residential intensity, building form, accessibility, and nightlight intensity; and (iii) training configurations integrating facility density, route continuity, surface flatness, and shading. Running behaviour is jointly shaped by temporal rhythms, spatial clustering, and structured interactions among built-environment features. The findings demonstrate that physical activity patterns reflect the conditional contribution of co-occurring spatial attributes, providing evidence for designing more health-supportive and activity-friendly urban environments.

The global issue of job-housing imbalance is increasingly critical in urban planning and public health. This study utilizes data from the 2023 Jinan City Commuting Survey and employs structural equation modelling (SEM) to investigate the pathways and mechanisms linking neighborhood environments to health outcomes within this context. The findings reveal key insights: First, a higher Job-Housing Balance Index (JHBI) does not necessarily reduce commuting distances due to mismatches between local job opportunities and residents’ qualifications or preferences. Second, active commuting, such as walking and cycling, is positively associated with self-rated health and serves as a partial substitute for other physical activities. A trade-off appears to exist, as individuals who actively commute often reduce their engagement in planned exercise, indicating compensatory behavior. Third, neighborhood factors, including station density and access to service facilities, directly improve health, while road networks and building density are related to active commuting, which in turn is associated with health outcomes. The green space ratio is primarily associated with health outcomes through its relationship with commuting choices. These findings emphasize the health and environmental benefits of promoting active commuting. They also suggest that improving neighborhood environments—by increasing walkability, enhancing transit access, and providing local amenities—can help mitigate the negative effects of job-housing separation. The study offers empirical evidence to support integrated urban planning and public health policies aimed at fostering healthier, more sustainable cities.

Inclusive development in the Global South encounters challenges from a growing disability and development gap amid increasing education, employment and social participation, accompanied by higher expectations and resource consumption. This study aims to analyse the spatio-temporal disparity of the Index of Disability-Related Multiple Deprivation (IDMD) across 313 sub-districts in Tianjin Municipality from 2010 to 2020 and identify the socioeconomic factors and their heterogeneous effects. Results show persistent urban-rural disparities but decreasing intra-municipality disparities. Deprivation inequality varies across regions - decreasing in urban fringe and rural areas but increasing in the urban centre. Economic growth initially reduces IDMD until a certain point, beyond which it increases. The growth of migrant and elderly populations decreases IDMD. Urbanization's impact is limited, mainly affecting middle quantiles. Considering rapid economic development, urbanization and ageing, prioritizing disability-inclusive development is imperative. Further research should focus on health equality, particularly addressing rural individuals with disabilities, informal employment and ageing effects.

Active transport offers substantial health and environmental benefits. While existing research and practices have predominantly focused on behavioral interventions and infrastructure improvements, the role of the distribution of safety resources on residents' daily behaviors has been largely overlooked. This study explores how proximity to public safety agencies and judicial institutions affects residents' active transport behaviors by enhancing their sense of safety. The findings indicate that living closer to these agencies significantly increases active transport adoption. However, the impact is less pronounced for women, middle-aged adults, rural residents, and individuals with lower education and socioeconomic status who may face additional barriers and varying perceptions of safety. Our findings highlight the importance of a governance-driven approach to enhancing safety perceptions in promoting active transportation, expanding the theoretical framework by integrating governance with traditional behavioral and infrastructural perspectives. Such approaches are essential to ensure safety measures are effective, inclusive, and contribute to equitable improvements in public health and environmental sustainability.

This study examines the urban planning phenomenon of heritage to community, focusing on how collaborative governance integrates heritage preservation with livability. Using Beijing's Shijia and Sanjing Hutongs as case studies, we examine how these communities balance historical integrity with modern living needs. Employing door-to-door surveys and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the study reveals that collaborative governance enhances neighborhood satisfaction by strengthening social capital and local attachment, which in turn improves heritage preservation awareness and outcomes. The findings highlight that enhancing livability is not just compatible with preservation but essential to it. Additionally, Propensity Score Matching (PSM) is used to assess the role of the Shijia Hutong Museum as a spatial foundation for collaborative governance, demonstrating how such spaces strengthen collective action. This research positions cultural heritage within the chrono-urbanism framework, offering a new perspective on balancing the dual goals of heritage preservation and livability.

While the welfare divergence between rural and urban disabled residents in China has attracted great scholarly attention, little to no research has examined the relevant disparities within the city. Due to the administrative-led resource allocation model in China, disabled individuals residing in the urban centre are expected to have a greater advantage in their daily lives compared to their counterparts in the suburbs. We use Tianjin, a Chinese municipality, as an example to explore the impact of disabled individuals' downtown residence on their employment, education, marriage, and access to public services. Our spatial regression discontinuity estimates reveal that compared to suburban disabled residents, downtown residents have easier access to education but face difficulties in employment and marriage. A follow-up survey indicates that disabled residents in downtown areas face employment and marriage disadvantages due to implicit exclusion of low-skilled groups and high marriage burdens in urban centres. This paper sheds light on the welfare of disabled groups in cities and the latent impact of urban development on social minorities.

IntroductionLong-duration commuting is widely recognized for its significant influence on health. However, while research has traditionally focused on direct impacts, there remains a critical need to explore the nonlinear dynamics of this relationship. This study aims to deepen our understanding of how behavioral preferences and built environments contribute to these complex interactions.MethodsThis study was conducted in Jinan, China’s most congested city, using data from the “Jinan Residents Commuting Survey” of 1,755 participants aged 19 to 59. We applied Generalized Propensity Score Matching (GPSM) to explore the nonlinear effects of commuting time on self-rated health, adjusting for participants’ sociodemographic characteristics. Variables related to active commuting, physical activity, and perceived built environment were also examined for their potential moderating effects.ResultsCommuting for less than 21 minutes enhances health, but negative effects intensify and peak at 60 minutes. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that women and older adults, especially those with higher incomes, are more susceptible to long commutes, experiencing a delayed onset of adverse effects. While active commuting offers health benefits, it may exacerbate health issues if prolonged. Conversely, regular physical activity consistently improves health outcomes related to commuting. Additionally, factors like residential greenery and walkability help alleviate commuting-related stress, improving the overall commuting-health dynamic.DiscussionThis study clarifies the commuting-health relationship by identifying key time thresholds and the positive effects of active commuting and physical activity on mitigating longer commute impacts. The findings inform healthier commuting behaviors and offer practical guidelines for urban planning and policy-making to enhance commuter well-being.

The differences in the heritage perspectives of key stakeholders form an indispensable basis for formulating appropriate conservation strategies for living heritage. However, in existing practices, the differences in heritage perspectives between experts and local residents, who are both key stakeholders, often arise from expert experiences rather than being accurately measured. This study regarded traditional Chinese villages in the Luzhong region as a living heritage case for investigation and quantified such differences. Initially, this study provided a comprehensive description of living heritage using four dimensions: heritage value, heritage attributes, heritage composition, and heritage characteristics. Subsequently, a questionnaire tailored to traditional Chinese villages was developed, and a survey was conducted in the sample villages, resulting in 394 valid responses. According to the Pearson chi-square tests, the findings suggest that expert and local resident respondents showed slight disagreement regarding heritage attributes (x2 = 5.619); however, they presented varying degrees of differences concerning heritage value (x2 = 36.066) and heritage composition (x2 = 36.525), accompanied by distinct preferences. Furthermore, significant discrepancies were evident regarding heritage characteristics. Regarding the four aspects of heritage characteristics, there was a slight difference in the symbiosis of heritage elements (x2 = 3.877) but significant differences in the local resident as a heritage element (x2 = 36.525); there was a minor difference in vitality and continuity (x2 = 3.709) but a rare contradiction for integrity (x2 = 47.649). This study can furnish case data support for surmounting the drawbacks of blindly relying on expert experiences, particularly by integrating local perspectives to safeguard living heritage globally.

以步行和骑行为主要方式的主动出行通过提高体力活动水平能够对居民生理和心理健康产生积极影响.尽管城市绿道是主动出行的重要空间载体,但仍存在使用强度不均的问题.研究表明,优化建成环境能够增加居民使用绿道的时长及频率,但建成环境对绿道使用的影响尚缺乏城市尺度的广泛研究,同时忽略了地理环境的空间效应.以北京中心城区为例,使用轨迹数据进行回归分析,通过空间计量模型揭示建成环境要素对绿道使用强度的空间效应.研究发现:1)在城市功能定位与圈层分异作用下,绿道使用强度呈现出四环内高-高集聚、近郊区低-低集聚的总体特征;2)影响绿道使用强度的主要因素包括房价、居住区密度、历史文化资源密度、人口密度、到河流的距离、绿地率及绿道15min步行可达性,均对本地绿道使用强度具有直接效应,其中房价的影响最为突出;3)随着市民健康意识和健身需求的提高,本地人口密度和居住区密度对邻近地区具有间接溢出效应;4)大都市地区绿道建设具有绿色绅士化现象.研究结果提高了对城市尺度绿道使用的空间异质性的认知,有助于规划者优化建成环境以提高绿道使用效率.

In the current context of aging and urbanization, the rapid increase in the prevalences of disabilities (PoDs) has become an important consideration in healthy urban planning. Previous studies have focused on the spatial prevalence of total disabilities based on large-scale survey data. However, few studies have examined different types of PoDs and the factors contributing to spatial disparities in micro-urban units at the municipal level. This study aims to fill this gap by exploring the spatial PoDs, related built environments, and socio-economic factors across the Tianjin municipality in 2020. The study employed Getis–Ord GI* analysis to identify urban-rural disparities and ordinary least square (OLS) and quantile regression (QR) analyses to model the heterogeneous effects of the spatial PoDs-associated factors across quantiles. The results reveal that the PoDs, especially of visual, hearing, and limb disabilities, in the urban center, are significantly higher than those in rural areas, which is inconsistent with previous studies conducted in China. The urbanization rate, medical facilities, and education facilities significantly reduced the total PoDs, while the elderly population, migrant population, bus route density, and road density significantly increased it. The built environments and socio-economic factors had heterogeneous impacts on different types of PoDs, which were summarized into three categories based on these dominant factors: (1) visual and hearing disabilities were medical facility-dominated; (2) intellectual and limb disabilities were urbanization- and aging-dominated; and (3) mental and speech disabilities were migrant-dominated. This study provides scientific advice to adapt to the expected increase in demand for disability-related medical and public health services and to expand the range of effective strategies and interventions aimed at preventing the deterioration of disability and improving disability management in the population.

At present, China is entering an important transition period of high-speed growth to high-quality development. It has become an important and urgent research and practice proposition to promote the high-quality development of human settlements and the modernization of urban and rural governance, and to construct an inclusive, just and harmonious socialist society with characteristics. In the current context of aging and urbanization, the rapid increase in the prevalence of disabled people has become an important proposition in healthy urban planning in our country.The study of spatial distribution characteristics and differentiation mechanism of disabled people is of great significance for adapting to their living and all-round development needs and helping to construct a harmonious socialist society. Empirical studies on the spatial distribution of disabled people at the urban level in China are still at an early stage, and knowledge about disabled people is largely derived from the health sector. From a geospatial perspective, research on the characteristics and patterns of the distribution of disabled people, influencing factors and roles is still limited, and it is difficult to form a more unified view due to differences in the level of development and the characteristics of disabled people in different research regions. In this paper, the spatial agglomeration characteristics of population with disabilities in street scale are analyzed quantitatively by spatial measurement model, and the influence of socioeconomic and built environment indicators on spatial agglomeration of different types of disabled people is explored.The results show that: 1) Tianjin has significant urban-rural differences in the spatial agglomeration of disabled people. The spatial structure system of “one master and two pairs” is basically formed. “Two regional centers” include Binhai New Area and Jinnan District in the east, as well as Thistle District and Baodi District in the north. 2) The central urban areas and their spillover neighbourhoods are centres of concentration for almost all types of disabilities, in particular the only hotspots for the distribution of groups of persons with limb disabilities such as vision, hearing and limbs; The groups of the mentally and spiritually handicapped, such as speech and mental abilities,are mainly concentrated in marginal areas and rural areas, forming enclaves in their periphery. 3)The proportion of the elderly population affects visual, hearing, limb and spatial concentration of persons with multiple disabilities; Urbanization rate, increasing rate of urbanization and proportion of migrant population affect limb, intellectual, mental and spatial agglomeration of persons with multiple disabilities; The number of beds per thousand affects the spatial distribution of persons with visual, hearing and speech disabilities. Primary and secondary school per 1,000 population affects the spatial distribution of persons with limb, intellectual and mental disabilities.Therefore, the paper puts forward some optimization suggestions to promote the equalization of public services, to make up the shortcoming of public services in hot spots, and to improve the guiding and implementing effectiveness of planning policy based on spatial differences of the main body agglomeration. It is recommended that urban planning in urban centers should attach importance to the construction of barrier-free environments, in particular to the growing problem of ageing, so as to meet the socioeconomic mobility needs of persons with limb disabilities by improving barrier-free facilities for road construction and increasing barrier-free adaptation in older neighbourhoods. At the same time, according to the goal of “prevention and control combination”, the accurate provision of public services for the disabled in the peripheral areas of urban centers should be improved. Urban fringe areas, where migrant populations are concentrated, should strengthen the vocational training of migrant workers, improve their working environment and social security conditions, reduce the risk of occupational disability and improve the quality of rehabilitation for the sick. Basic education can be used in rural areas, where the situation is relatively complex, to raise awareness of disability control and eugenics and to reduce the concentration of speech disabilities in local areas such as communities and families. Specialized outpatient clinics and rehabilitation institutions may be set up for geographically specific persons with intellectual and mental disabilities in order to meet their urgent needs for early rehabilitation and long-term treatment. Through the above measures to improve the prevention and treatment of health and quality of life of disabled people, spatial planning serves to build a harmonious society and advance the scientific values and strategic objectives of social equity and justice.

Social forces play a pivotal role in constructing collaborative,co-governing,and resource-sharing community governance structures,thereby elevating the level of community governance.Their involvement in the renovation of old communities is conducive to enhancing community identity,nurturing social capital,and effectively increasing resident satisfaction during the renovation process.This paper establishes a theoretical analytical framework concerning the intervention of social forces in community trust-building and the enhancement of resident satisfaction.Empirical research was conducted in the Shijia and Sanjing communities in Beijing,employing a combination of questionnaire surveys and in-depth interviews.Utilizing ordinal regression analysis,we validated the positive impact of community trust-building on resident satisfaction during the renovation of old communities,as well as the moderating effect of social forces on this relationship.The study summarizes the underlying mechanisms and strategic insights derived from these findings.These insights aim to effectively raise the level of old community renovation and community governance capacity.

The metro station ridership features are associated significantly with the built environment factors of the pedestrian catchment area surrounding metro stations. The existing studies have focused on the impact on total ridership at metro stations, ignoring the impact on varying patterns of metro station ridership. Therefore, the reasonable identification of metro station categories and built environment factors affecting the varying patterns of ridership in different categories of stations is very important for metro construction. In this study, we developed a data-driven framework to examine the relationship between varying patterns of metro station ridership and built environment factors in these areas. By leveraging smart card data, we extracted the dynamic characteristics of ridership and utilized hierarchical clustering and K-means clustering to identify diverse patterns of metro station ridership, and we finally identified six main ridership patterns. We then developed a newly built environment measurement framework and adopted multinomial logistic regression analysis to explore the association between ridership patterns and built environment factors. (1) The clustering analysis results revealed that six station types were classified based on varying patterns of passenger flow, representing distinct functional characteristics. (2) The regression analysis indicated that diversity, density, and location factors were significantly associated with most station function types, while destination accessibility was only positively associated with employment-oriented type stations, and centrality was only associated with employment-oriented hybrid type station. The research results could inform the spatial planning and design around metro stations and the planning and design of metro systems. The built environment of pedestrian catchment areas surrounding metro stations can be enhanced through rational land use planning and the appropriate allocation of urban infrastructure and public service facilities.

针对养老设施与老年人口空间分布不匹配问题,从社会阶层分异视角出发的养老设施供需匹配研究具有现实意义.以天津市中心城区为例,从养老设施差异化需求、养老设施综合供给能力和出行成本三个方面对高斯两步移动搜索法模型进行改进,测度了社会阶层分异下三类养老院的空间可达性.结果表明,天津市养老设施供需匹配度呈现"中心高-边缘低"与"南高北低"的特点;养老设施供需匹配度在社会阶层之间存在明显差异;天津市中心城区存在养老设施种类与不同阶层居民需求差距较大地区.研究结果可为天津市养老设施规划的完善提供参考.

依据地域内部碳达峰的趋势特征和路径类型,制定差异化的碳达峰行动决策,有助于尽快实现国家的"双碳"目标.文章基于碳达峰评估指标体系静态特征和动态趋势的分析,研究了山东省碳排放的分布格局,阐明了碳达峰的单元类型及其演进差异.结果表明:在数量结构上,山东省县域单元的主要碳达峰类型呈"金字塔"形的组合结构,示范型地区数量为 10 个,而落后型地区为 62 个;示范、潜力和转型等相对先进的地区,集中分布于济南、青岛及其周边区域,而落后型地区则主要在鲁西和鲁南地区连片集聚;根据不同类型地区社会经济建设及其碳排放的聚类特征,设计和实施差异化碳达峰路径,促进了区域低碳建设,加快了碳达峰进程.

The positive effect of healthcare facilities on residents' health has been extensively studied. However, few studies have focused on the role of rehabilitation services as unique healthcare services for persons with disabilities. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the spatial accessibility of rehabilitation facilities and the degree of disability. To this end, an approach of measuring the spatial accessibility of rehabilitation facilities to persons with disabilities was proposed. This approach integrates multiple key elements including the characteristics of facilities (i.e., the capacity, frequency of use and service radius), characteristics of the mobility of persons with disabilities (i.e., the mode of travel, escort support, transportation fee and barrier-free environment requirements) and travel time obtained from a routing application programme interface. The accessibility of rehabilitation facilities was calculated at the neighbourhood level within the Central Urban Area of Tianjin Municipality. The ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed that higher accessibility to rehabilitation facilities generally corresponded to lower severity of disability. However, the impact varied depending on the type of disability. Increased accessibility was associated with greater severity of intellectual disability, whereas it was linked to reduced severity of visual, hearing, limb, mental and speech disabilities. It is suggested to incorporate disability diversity and the accessibility of rehabilitation facilities into spatial planning and governance.

In the pursuit of China’s carbon peak and carbon neutrality objectives, county-level areas assume a pivotal role in orchestrating diverse initiatives for low-carbon development. However, empirical evidence is limited. This paper aims to fill this gap by exploring the driving factors of carbon peak and carbon peak path at the county level, using Shandong Province as a case study. Employing data related to economic development, industrial structure, land utilization, energy consumption, and emission characteristics, a principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to extract the following five driving factors of carbon peak: green transformation, urbanization, industrial construction, energy consumption, and environmental constraints. Subsequently, K-means clustering identified five cluster areas: (1) agricultural transformation pending area, (2) low-carbon lagging area, (3) industrial transformation area, (4) low-carbon potential areas, and (5) low-carbon demonstration area. Based on these areas, this study further elucidates spatial combination models of carbon peak within the urban system, spanning central cities, coastal cities, resource-based cities, and agricultural cities. The paper enhances comprehension of the integral role county-level areas play in achieving China’s carbon reduction objectives. By providing nuanced insights into diverse developmental trajectories and spatial interactions, the study contributes to effective low-carbon strategy formulation. The findings underscore the importance of considering specific county attributes in urban areas to devise precise optimization strategies and trajectories, ultimately facilitating the realization of carbon peak goals.

With the increasingly prominent phenomenon of social stratification in urban development, it is of practical significance to study the accessibility of elderly care facilities for different social groups. The study improves the mathematical model of the two-step floating catchment area method (2SFCA) as regards three aspects: the accurate demand of elderly residents, the comprehensive supply capacity of elderly care facilities, and the precision of travel costs. Taking Tianjin as an example, the study measures the accessibility of elderly care facilities from the perspective of social stratification. The results show that: (1) The improved model is more practical in evaluating the accessibility of elderly care facilities. (2) The spatial distribution of social groups in Tianjin presents a concentric structure and the social stratification in the periphery area is more obvious. (3) The accessibility scores of elderly care facilities are higher in the city center, lower in the periphery area, higher in the south, and lower in the north. (4) High- and middle-income groups have better accessibility, while the elite and low-income groups have worse accessibility.