公共选修课是高校教育中实现素质教育的重要环节.由于部分学生对公共选修课不够重视,课堂互动不积极,影响了教学效果.以"食品保健学"为例,探索基于微课的翻转课堂教学模式在医学院校选修课中的应用,将翻转课堂与微课相结合,从教学内容设计、课程网络建设、教学方法与手段、课程考核体系等多个方面进行改革与优化.基于微课的翻转课堂在"食品保健学"课程中的应用激发了学生的学习兴趣和主观能动性,取得了较好的教学效果,为培养高素质综合型医学人才奠定基础.

高校学生选修营养与食品卫生类课程的人数较多,其目的是为健康而改变行为.因此,在开展选修课教学过程中,可嵌入健康教育的思想,通过课前调查、课中交流了解学生的实际问题,有针对性地开展教学活动,并在教学中通过师生互动、同伴教育等形式巩固正确思想,纠偏不当行为,在完成选修课教学内容的同时,实现健康教育的目标.

本科生导师制是高校管理制度的创新,是课堂教学外教书育人的重要载体.本文结合作者十年来做为本科生导师的实践工作,认为在指导方式上要注重人文关怀,强化民主精神.指导内容多样化,包括思想、生活、学习、创新思维和创新能力等方面.本科生导师还要通过参加培训和经验交流提升自己的带教能力.

目的:观察基于应用的营养与食品卫生学教学效果.方法:整群抽取82、157、293名学生为对照组、改良组或探索组.对照组按传统方法教学,改良组适当讲应用知识,探索组开展应用性教学,课程结束后比较教学效果.结果:认为教学抽象的比例探索组＜改良组＜对照组;探索组认为教学内容有趣、易于掌握的比例高于对照组;认为应用型考核利于掌握知识、学到实用知识和能力的比例探索组＞改良组＞对照组.结论:该种教学让学生有趣学知识、获能力.

CBL是一种以案例为先导,在教师的引导下,学生探索问题、发现问题和解决问题的教学方法.目前在国内外院校中广为推崇,许多学科开展了CBL教学,包括营养与食品卫生学.案例是CBL教学效果的关键所在,学生正是在教师的引导下,对案例所提供的信息进行讨论,从而发现问题、解决问题,既掌握了知识,也提高了自主学习的意识和能力.笔者就营养与食品卫生学CBL案例编写过程中的心得体会进行了总结.

营养与食品卫生学是应用性较强的学科.目前的教学方式只强调知识的系统性、不重复性,较为单调抽象,缺乏对学生吸引力.按知识与实际生活的联系,将教学内容进行重新组合,或以实际生活中的事例引出相关知识,并在考核中以应用为导向让学生进行实例分析,促进学生主动学习、自觉应用知识的能力,提高学习兴趣.

PBL教学法是一种以学生为主体的新型教学方法,近年来受到教育工作者的广泛关注.PBL教学法利用复杂而有意义的问题情境,学习者通过小组合作的形式共同解决各种问题,学习问题中隐含的科学知识,促进问题的解决,加强自主学习和终身学习能力.笔者经过3年的教学实践,体会到PBL具有提高学生的自主学习能动性、增强学生的交流和组织能力、提高学生的查找文献资料的能力、激发学生向小组中其他同学学习、引发对社会人文问题的关注和思考等优点.

目的：探讨在我校开设营养学课程的必要性。方法：对我校本科生进行问卷调查，内容包括营养学知识、对开设营养相关课程的态度、对营养知识的兴趣和知识来源。结果：83.3%的学生认为有必要开设营养学相关课程；约50%的同学通过网络、报刊书籍和电视了解营养学知识；60%~70%的学生认为营养学相关课程对其日后在医疗工作中指导病人，并对自身、家人或朋友的饮食行为有帮助。结论：为提高医学生营养知识及满足日后临床工作需要，有必要开设营养相关课程。

To learn the effect of promoting teaching on the study awareness and the ability of the students majored in preventive medicine .152 students majored in preventive medicine of grade 4 or 5 were randomly selected in the promoting group in clusters ,while 129 students were selected in the control group who were studying the same subject in that time .The students in the promoting group were promoted for 1 year with the scenic teaching ,social practice ,research work and discussion in the class ,while the students in the control group were taught with routine method .Their interest in study and ability were investigated respectively before and after the promotion .After the promoting teaching ,compared with the students in the control group ,the rates were higher in the awareness of the majors and their importance ,interest in the study ,knowledge comprehension and awareness of autonomic learning for students in the promoting group .The abilities in social practice ,knowledge application ,language expression were increased and the rate for recognition of research work was also higher .The awareness for study and the ability for practice are effectively increased with promoting teaching for the students majored in preventive medicine .

Applying scientific literature in the teaching of nutrition and food hygiene is neces-sary. It can not only deepen students' understanding of the course and improve students' English level and scientific research ability, but also can improve teachers' professional skill. To improve the effi-ciency of teaching, teachers should choose literature close to the course and pay attention to selecting review literature and English literature. Textbook should be principal line of study during the teach-ing. Teachers should control the number and timing of explaining literature and grasp the complexity of literature. In order to facilitate students' understanding, teachers should make full use of related figures and tables.

Objective:To investigate the androgenic activities of Microcos paniculata,licorice root,Angelica sinensis and the underlying molecular mechanisms.Methods:The effects of extracts on cell viability were examined by an assay based on 3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium,inner salt(MTS).The expression of androgen receptor target gene was determined by real-time PCR.Results:Three extracts were screened for effects on viability of androgenresponsive 22RV1 cells.The extract of Microcos paniculata enhanced cell viability and the expression of PSA mRNA.But they were blocked by the androgen receptor(AR) antagonist flutamide and by the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1 / 2(ERK1 / 2) inhibitor,U0126.Conclusion:Microcos paniculata has androgenic activities in an AR-dependent manner among the three plant extracts.And ERK1 / 2 signaling participates in Microcos paniculata-induced androgenic effects.

目的:探讨老年患者静脉留置针的穿刺置管方法,以提高穿刺成功率及减少局部渗出。方法:将行静脉留置针置管的66例老年患者随机分为观察组和对照组,各33例,对照组采用传统方法穿刺置管,观察组采用改良方法穿刺置管,比较两组穿刺成功率及局部渗出情况。结果:观察组在置管成功率方面明显优于对照组,局部渗出例数少于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:采用改良静脉留置针穿刺置管方法能提高静脉留置针置管成功率,减少局部渗出。

[Objective]To compare the intake in foods and nutrients between the residents of Nanjing(with low incidence of esophageal cancer)and Huaian(with high incidence of esophageal cancer).[Methods]405 residents were randomly selected from Nanjing and Huaian,their food intake in three consecutive days was investigated with the combined method with recalling and recording,the intake of nutrients was calculated. The intake of food and nutrients were compared.[Results]Compared with the residents in Nanjing,the intake was obviously higher for energy,fat,carbohydrates,fiber,carotene,sodium,cereals,oil,salt,lard,pickled vegetables and alcohol in the residents of Huaian,while it was significantly lower for protein,vitamin E,selenium,cholesterol,roots,poultry,meat,milk,fish,nuts,sugar and cakes. The ratio was higher for the intake of sodium over its AI and it was lower for the intake of vitamin E,selenium over their RNI/AI.[Conclusion]The intakes of cereal,pickled vegetables,lard,salt,alcohol,energy,fat,fiber,sodium are high and the intakes of roots,poultry,fish,nuts,protein,selenium,vitamin E are low for the residents in the area with high esophageal cancer.

[目的]探讨老年病人静脉留置针的固定方法,减少静脉留置针的意外脱出,延长静脉留置针留置时间。[方法]行静脉留置针置管的住院老年病人56例(穿刺124次)按穿刺日期的单双日进行分组,对照组采用常规留置针固定方法,观察组采用新方法固定。比较两种方法留置时间及静脉留置针意外脱出情况。[结果]观察组静脉留置针留置时间明显长于对照组;观察组静脉留置针意外脱出例数少于对照组。[结论]新方法固定静脉留置针可延长静脉留置时间,减少静脉留置针的意外脱出。

Objective:To learn the diet quality of the old residents in Qinghuai district of Nanjing.Methods: Diet survey was carried out among 291 residents with 24h recalling for 3 days.The ratio of energy from breakfast,luch and supper or from protein,fat,carbohydrates and the ratio of protein from animal foods,soybeans and plants was compared among the young,middle-aged and old residents.Results: The amount and ratio of energy from breakfast for the male olders was significantly higher than that of the young males,but it was opposite for the supper.The ratio of the energy from supper was also lower than that of the middle-aged male,but it was opposite for the snacks.The amount and ratio of the energy from snacks or protein for the old females was obviously lower than that of the young and middle-aged famales,so was the amount and ratio of the protein.The ratio was lower in the old males whose energy from the supper was over 40% than that in the young males.The ratio was lower in the old females whose energy from breakfast was below 25% than that in the young and middle-aged females,while it was 70% in old males.The ratio was lower in old males whose energy from fat over was 30%,but it was higher in old females.The ratio was more in old females whose amount of high quality protein was below one third of the total protein than that in middle-aged females.Conclusions: The diet quality of the olders needs improved.

Objective:To learn the effect of different preservation conditions on acid value(AV) and peroxide value(POV) for fried food.Methods: The instant noodles were bought randomly from the market in different preservation time.Fried shortbread were laid in room temperature or refrigerator for 4 and 8 days.Their AV and POV were determined according to the standard methods.Results: The POV of the instant noodles near guarantee period from the supermarket was obviously higher than that from the wholesale market.Along with storage time,the POV of the fried food obviously increased.The POV on the 4th day and the 8th day was obviously higher than that at the beginning,and POV on the 8th day was higher than that on the 4th day.On the 8th day,the AV of the fried shortbread kept in room temperature was also higher than that at the beginning. In the same preservation time,the POV of the fried food kept in the room temperature,exposed to light and oxygen was obviously higher than that kept in the refrigerator free of the light and oxygen.Conclusions: The preservation time,light,oxygen,temperature and so on greatly affect the acid value and peroxide value of the fried food.

现代医学人才应当既有扎实的医学基础知识,又具有创新意识和创造能力。教学实践证明自主性学习模式有着独特的效果。通过对预防医学类大学生实验课自主学习状况进行调查后发现在预防医学类大学生中开展自主性学习实践显得非常必要,应积极探索培育学生自主性学习素质的策略和方法,全面提高教学质量。

文章调查大学生对现有教学方式、授课学时等的看法,并开展课堂师生互动的教学实践,改变单向授课方式,培养学生自主学习能力和创造能力。结果显示,在教学手段上,大学生更希望板书与多媒体相结合的教学方法,80%～90%的大学生对授课时仅用板书,或仅用多媒体作为辅助教学手段持不满意态度;100%的大学生认为实行课堂教学师生互动教学方式有必要;90%的大学生希望压缩现有授课学时,增加师生互动的时间。通过本次课堂师生互动的教学实践,大学生们给予了较高的评价,认为开展师生互动可增强自身综合素质,提高学习能力和表达能力,扩展知识面,增加学习兴趣和拓宽思维空间,由被动学习转为主动学习及加强师生之间的沟通。

Objective To observe the promotive effect of nutritional education on the improvement of behavior of the inhabitants with hyperuremia.Methods Serum uric acid(SUA) was measured among 7778 inhabitants aged over 20 years old in 2 communities in Nanjing with the method of stratified cluster sampling.According to the level of SUA,275 interviewees form Yintuo Community were selected as the educated and 255 interviewees from the Ganjiaxiang Community were selected as the control respectively.Knowledge about gout,diet habits and food intakes of the interviewees were investigated with questionnaires.For the interviewees in Yintuo Community,nutritional education was carried out.Its effect was evaluated 10 months later.The items were again evaluated for all subjects in the end of the project.Results There was no difference in knowledge about gout,diet habits and food intakes between the inhabitants of the 2 communities before the education was made. After the education,in the educated community,knowledge about gout increased,the intake of soybeans and purine decreased.Light taste was common,the number of male who drank beer decreased,the number of female who drank water actively increased.Conclusion Nutritional education is useful for improving the knowledge of the inhabitants,it is also helpful for the benefit change of diet and living habits.

为了解1990至2001年10年间江苏省居民食物、营养素摄取的变化与营养相关疾病检出情况,本文用3日询问与记帐法分别对江苏省经济发达与欠发达地区240户城镇居民进行膳食调查,结合有关营养相关疾病检出资料进行分析。结果显示,两类地区居民豆类、禽、奶、蛋、水产类食品摄取量大大增加。经济欠发达地区粮食摄取量减少,豆类、畜肉类相对较多;经济发达地区居民油类摄取量增加,畜肉类摄取量有所减少。发达地区居民的谷类、蔬菜水果类、油类、糖类等的摄取量均高于经济欠发达地区,豆类、糕点类、硬果的摄取量却低于经济欠发达地区。两类地区居民蛋白质、脂类、核黄素、视黄醇当量、钙、维生素C摄取量增多。与经济欠发达地区相比,经济发达地区居民摄取的能量、碳水化合物、视黄醇当量、硫胺素、维生素C、钙较高。两类地区营养缺乏病检出率降低,而营养过剩相关疾病检出率增高。由此可见,膳食结构的变化与居民的健康密切相关。