Purpose:This study evaluates the relationship between choroidal and optic disc alterations and visual function metrics (visual acuity, pattern visual evoked potential [P-VEP], and visual field) in patients with dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON). Methods:A retrospective cross-sectional study included 38 patients with thyroid eye disease (TED). Three-dimensional choroidal data, including thickness, vascular metrics, and optic disc measurements, were obtained using TowardPi wide-field optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Visual function was assessed using P-VEP and automated perimetry. Results:The study analyzed 27 eyes with inactive TED, 22 with active non-DON TED, and 27 with DON. Visual acuity worsened with TED severity (P = 0.024), and mean sensitivity (MS) decreased (P = 0.024). P-VEP amplitude at 0.25 degrees was lower in DON (P = 0.024). Significant correlations were found between optic disc choroidal vascularity index and MS (R = 0.413, P < 0.001), nasal superior region choroidal metrics and MS (R = 0.450, P < 0.001), and retinal nerve fiber layer blood flow density with MS (R = 0.387, P = 0.001) and P-VEP amplitude at 0.25 degrees (R = 0.311, P = 0.021). Conclusions:Choroidal alterations are closely linked to visual function in DON. Choroidal thickness (CT) and vascularity may serve as biomarkers for assessing disease activity and visual impairment, aiding clinical management. Translational Relevance:This study identifies choroidal alterations as potential biomarkers for assessing disease activity and visual impairment in DON, which can aid in clinical decision making and personalized patient management.

AIM: To characterize the composition and functional features of the aqueous humor microbiome in common ocular diseases, including myopia, cataract, primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), and Posner-Schlossman syndrome (PSS). METHODS: We performed metagenomic sequencing on 176 aqueous humor samples from patients with cataract (n=37), POAG (n=66), PSS (n=35), and myopia patients (n=38, as controls). Taxonomic profiling, functional annotation, and diversity analyses were conducted to characterize microbial communities, with adjustments for age and gender where appropriate. Associations between microbial features and clinical parameters were evaluated using correlation analyses. RESULTS: We identified 6635 bacterial, 141 archaeal, 96 eukaryotic, and 108 viral operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the aqueous humor. The microbiome was dominated by Actinomycetota and Pseudomonadota at the phylum level. Compared to myopia controls, POAG and PSS patients showed significantly reduced alpha diversity after age adjustment (P<0.05), whereas cataract patients showed no significant difference. Additionally, we identified disease-specific microbial signatures including enrichment of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in PSS. Functional analysis revealed enrichment of distinct metabolic pathways. Finally, correlations were observed between microbiota/pathway abundance and clinical phenotype, though none remained significant after multiple testing correction. CONCLUSION: This study provides a preliminary characterization of the aqueous humor microbiome in patients with POAG, PSS, cataract, and myopia controls. The identified microbial signatures and functional pathways offer new insights into potential microbiome-mediated mechanisms in ocular pathophysiology and may inform future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

ObjectiveThis study aims to characterize the aqueous humor (AH) microbiome in Posner–Schlossman syndrome (PSS) patients and evaluate its potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic target.MethodsMetagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) was performed on 59 AH samples from patients diagnosed with PSS (n = 28) and myopia patients who underwent intraocular lens (ICL) implantation (n = 31). Taxonomic profiling and diversity analyses were conducted to characterize the microbial communities. Interactions among microbial community members were evaluated using correlation analyses.ResultsKey findings revealed that intraocular microbiomes existed in both normal and diseased eyes; however, PSS patients exhibited lower microbial diversity (Shannon index, p = 0.066; Simpson index, p = 0.065) and distinct community structures (PERMANOVA, p = 0.05). Disease-specific microbial signatures were identified: Paeniglutamicibacter was uniquely enriched in the PSS group, whereas Escherichia coli dominated in the ICL group. Moreover, ecological network analysis demonstrated contrasting interaction patterns. The microbiomes in the PSS group formed stable, tightly connected networks with balanced positive/negative correlations, whereas those in the ICL group exhibited antagonistic relationships, suggesting competitive exclusion. These results challenge the traditional view of ocular sterility and reveal dynamic microbiome shifts associated with PSS pathogenesis. The enrichment of Paeniglutamicibacter in PSS may represent an associated microbial signature that could potentially reflect compensatory responses to chronic inflammation, although experimental validation is needed to confirm this hypothesis.ConclusionOur study provides preliminary evidence supporting the concept of intraocular microbiome dysbiosis in PSS, which requires validation in future studies. These findings suggest that potential microbial biomarkers warrant further investigation for their diagnostic and therapeutic implications.

BACKGROUND:The pattern electroretinogram (PERG) has been investigated as a potential functional biomarker for detecting retinal ganglion cell dysfunction in glaucoma. However, reported diagnostic performance appears to vary across disease stages and recording protocols. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of PERG for glaucoma. METHODS:PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were comprehensively searched up to March 2025. Studies assessing PERG accuracy against a clinical reference standard were included. Risk of bias was assessed using QUADAS-2. Data were synthesized using a hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic model. Subgroup analyses were performed based on disease severity and International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision-standardized protocols. Sources of heterogeneity were explored through sensitivity analyses. RESULTS:Twenty-one studies involving 1 793 participants (2 580 eyes) were analyzed. Pooled sensitivity and specificity for manifest glaucoma were 0.79 (95% CI: 0.76-0.82) and 0.78 (95% CI: 0.75-0.80), respectively. Diagnostic performance for glaucoma suspects was comparable. The ocular hypertension subgroup exhibited moderate pooled sensitivity (0.54) with considerable heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis suggested that this variation might stem from the higher sensitivity of the Hemifield protocol compared with standard full-field stimulation. Regarding temporal frequency, transient PERG appeared to demonstrate marginally higher diagnostic estimates than steady-state protocols. CONCLUSIONS:Current literature affirms the clinical viability of PERG; however, inconsistent performance metrics in the preperimetric phase suggest that standard full-field configurations may lack the requisite sensitivity to capture incipient localized damage. Preliminary findings suggest that protocol optimization-potentially involving Hemifield stimulation-may offer advantages for detecting early functional loss, warranting further validation in future studies.

Purpose:To evaluate choroidal and optic disc alterations in eyes with thyroid eye disease (TED) compared with healthy eyes by using TowardPi widefield optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods:This was a retrospective cross-sectional cohort study. A total of 112 participants (60 TED patients and 52 healthy controls) underwent TowardPi widefield OCTA, which provided detailed demographic and clinical data. Three-dimensional choroidal data, including thickness, vascular metrics, and optic disc measurements, were obtained from the built-in software. Results:The study included 24 eyes with dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON), 24 eyes with active non-DON TED, 71 eyes with inactive TED, and 104 healthy eyes. Choroidal thickness significantly decreased in the optic disc region during the DON phase (148.71 ± 78.98 µm) compared to normal eyes (182.35 ± 51.98 µm) and inactive TED eyes (191.34 ± 58.86 µm) (P = 0.030). In DON, choroidal stromal volume was reduced (34,183.81 ± 10,649.01 × 106 µm3) compared to normal (46,339.53 ± 16,711.99 × 106 µm3) (P = 0.002), whereas the choroidal vascular index increased (42.67% ± 3.41%) compared to normal (38.53% ± 6.35%) (P = 0.002). Optic disc area increased in DON (1.99 ± 1.24 mm2) compared to inactive TED (1.39 ± 0.38 mm2) (P < 0.001), along with reduced retinal nerve fiber layer blood-flow density in DON (45.09% ± 3.07%,) compared to normal (47.84% ± 1.41%) (P < 0.001). Conclusions:This study highlights the critical role of choroidal and optic disc alterations in TED pathophysiology and underscore the utility of widefield OCTA in identifying these changes, particularly in DON-risk patients.

To compare the pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and patterned visual evoked potential (PVEP) between ocular hypertension (OHT) and normal subjects. This cross-sectional observational study included two groups: a control group (46 eyes from 23 subjects; mean age, 33.83 ± 9.10 years old) and an OHT group (34 eyes from 17 patients; mean age, 36.75 ± 11.00 years old). All OHT patients had normal visual fields and normal optic disc appearances but had elevated intraocular pressures. The PERG was recorded using counter-phasing 48′ checkerboard patterns, and amplitudes and latencies of P50 and N95 were documented. The PVEP was recorded using checkerboard pattern reversal stimuli with large 60′ and small 15′ check sizes, and the amplitudes and latencies of the P100 peaks were documented. Group differences were compared, and receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of these parameters. The peak latencies of P50 and N95 in the PERG were significantly prolonged in the OHT group compared to the control group (p = 0.002 and p = 0.041, respectively), while the amplitudes of P50 and N95 were significantly reduced (p < 0.001 for both). Regarding PVEP results, the P100 peak latencies for both 60′ check and 15′ check stimuli were significantly longer in the OHT group (p < 0.001 for both), and the P100 amplitudes were significantly lower (p = 0.001 and p = 0.017, respectively). Furthermore, the P50 and N95 amplitudes in PERG, and the P100 peak latency in PVEP, all demonstrated good diagnostic ability (AUC > 0.8, p < 0.001). Abnormalities in PERG and PVEP amplitudes and timing were detected in OHT patients. The P50 and N95 amplitudes in PERG, as well as the P100 peak latency in PVEP, exhibited good ability to differentiate OHT patients from normal subjects.

Purpose: The C-Read is a type of Chinese reading-ability test chart, with its supporting electronic portable device that assesses Chinese reading ability. This study evaluates the reading performance of Chinese glaucoma patients using C-Read device. Methods: A total of 163 glaucoma patients (326 eyes), 56 age-matched healthy controls (112 eyes) and 220 young healthy controls (440 eyes) were recruited. C-Read measured reading acuity (RA), maximum reading speed (MRS), and critical print size (CPS) in simplified Chinese. Glaucoma patients were classified by the Aulhorn and Karmeyer classification (A&K) and visual field defect location (superior, inferior, or annular). Results: Glaucoma patients showed significantly lower RA, MRS, and CPS compared to age-matched (RA: P < 0.001; MRS: P = 0.016; CPS: P=0.001) and young healthy controls (all P < 0.001). Reading performance declined with increased glaucoma severity and was significantly impaired even in mild cases (all P < 0.001). Annular visual field defects resulted in the lowest reading abilities (all P < 0.001). VFQ-25 scores correlated with age, spherical equivalent (SE), and A&K classification (all P < 0.001). Conclusions: C-Read is an effective method for evaluating reading ability in Chinese glaucoma patients. Severity, visual field defect location, age, and refractive status impact reading ability and QoL. Early-stage glaucoma patients experience reading impairment, particularly with central visual field involvement. Reading ability correlates with QoL, reflecting glaucoma's impact on visual function and daily activities. The test's high sensitivity suggests its potential as an economical early screening tool for glaucoma.

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) represent a promising cell source for generating functional cells suitable for clinical therapeutic applications, particularly in the context of autologous cell therapies. However, the production of hiPSCs through genetic manipulation, especially involving oncogenes, may raise safety concerns. Furthermore, the complexity and high costs associated with hiPSCs generation have hindered their broad clinical use. In this study, we utilised a recently developed chemical reprogramming method in conjunction with a guided differentiation protocol, introducing a chemically defined strategy for generating functional human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells from adipose tissue, bypassing conventional hiPSCs generation challenges. By utilising small molecule-based chemical cocktails, we reprogrammed somatic adipose cells into human chemically induced pluripotent stem cells (hCiPSCs) in a safer and more streamlined manner, entirely free from gene manipulation. Subsequent differentiation of hCiPSCs into functional RPE cells demonstrated their capability for secretion and phagocytosis, emphasising their vital role in maintaining retinal homeostasis and underscoring their therapeutic potential. Our findings highlight the transformative potential of hCiPSCs as a safer, more efficient option for personalised cell therapies, with applications extending beyond ocular disease to a wide range of medical conditions.

This study evaluates the value of [18F]AlF-NOTA-FAPI-04PET/CT in assessing the disease activity of thyroid eye disease (TED). Twenty-three TED patients and ten healthy controls were prospectively recruited and underwent [18F]AlF-NOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT scans. TED eyes were classified by Clinical Activity Score (CAS) as active (CAS +) or inactive (CAS-). PET analysis included qualitative and quantitative evaluations. Qualitative analysis categorized TED eyes as positive (FAPI +) or negative (FAPI-), while quantitative analysis including SUVmax and target-to-backgroud ratio (TBR) of each extraocular muscle (EOM). Pathological assessment of 16 EOM samples from 15 TED eyes was used as a gold standard to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of CAS-driven and FAPI-driven assessments. Eye-based analysis included 42 TED eyes and 20 control eyes. SUVmax did not differ significantly between CAS-/FAPI + (n = 8) and CAS + /FAPI + (n = 17) eyes; though both groups had significantly higher SUVmax than CAS-/FAPI- (n = 16), CAS + /FAPI- (n = 1), and control eyes (n = 20) (all P < .05). Diffuse high FAPI uptake with excellent TBR was observed in pathologically active EOMs and had higher SUVmax and TBR than inactive EOMs (SUVmax: 9.57 ± 2.79 vs. 4.04 ± 1.02, TBR: 2.99 ± 1.00 vs. 1.00 ± 0.35, both P < .001). An SUVmax cutoff value of 5.95 yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.98 for predicting active disease. Sensitivity and specificity of CAS-driven and FAPI-driven assessments for TED activity were 72.7

Objective:To explore the potential role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)/GATA-binding protein 4 (GATA-4)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signal pathway in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).Methods:We applied the TRANSFAC Public database to search the human and mouse VEGF promoters and upstream transcription factors, analyzed the transcription factors that may influence the transcriptional activity of VEGF. The RAW264.7 cells were divided into control group and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated group (LPS group). Real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, and the mRNA levels of GATA-4 and VEGFA. Thus, we applied the specific small molecular NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 pretreated RAW264.7 cells (LPS+ MCC950 group), and detected the gene expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, interleukin 1β( IL-1β), GATA-4 and VEGFA.Results:There were multiple GATA transcription factor binding sites upstream of human and mouse VEGF promoters. Compared with the control group, mRNA expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, GATA-4 and VEGFA in LPS group were increased (all P<0.05). Compared with LPS group, mRNA expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, GATA-4 and VEGFA in LPS+ MCC950 group were significantly decreased (all P<0.05). Conclusions:NLRP3/GATA-4/VEGF signal pathway may play a significant role in the pathologic processes of nAMD.

作为合适的分子遗传操作哺乳动物模型,啮齿类动物凭借其多方面的优点,已被广泛应用于眼病的实验模型中.近年来在先前定性评估视觉方法的基础上,学者又提出了多种量化动物视觉的新方法.本文将探讨动物视觉电生理检测方法及其在啮齿类实验动物模型中的应用.

PURPOSE:To investigate the presence and type of ocular abnormalities in patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). DESIGN:A retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS:Observational report of ocular findings and their associations with age, sex, underlying disease, and hematologic parameters. HLH was defined according to the 2004 criteria, and the patients were enrolled from March 2013 to December 2021. Analysis began in July 2022 and ended in January 2023. The main outcome measures were ocular abnormalities associated with HLH and their potential risk factors. RESULTS:Of 1525 HLH patients, 341 had ocular examinations, and 133 (133 of 341, 39.00%) had ocular abnormalities. Mean age at presentation was 30.21 ± 14.42 years. The multivariate analysis indicated that old age, autoimmune disorders, decreasing red blood cell count, decreasing platelet count, and increasing fibrinogen level were independent risk factors of ocular involvement in HLH patients. The most common presenting ocular findings were posterior segment abnormalities (66 patients, 49.62%), including retinal and vitreous hemorrhage, serous retinal detachment, cytomegalovirus retinitis, and optic disc swelling. Other HLH-associated ocular abnormalities included ocular surface infection (conjunctivitis, 34 patients, 25.56%; keratitis, 16 patients, 12.03%), subconjunctival hemorrhage (11 patients, 8.27%), chemosis (5 patients, 3.76%), anterior uveitis (11 patients, 8.27%), glucocorticoid-induced glaucoma (5 patients, 3.76%), radiation cataract (1 patient, 0.75%), dacryoadenitis (2 patients, 1.50%), dacryocystitis (1 patients, 0.75%), orbital cellulitis (2 patients, 1.50%), orbital pseudotumor (2 patients, 1.50%), and strabismus (2 patients, 1.50%). CONCLUSIONS:Eye involvement is not uncommon in HLH. Better awareness among both ophthalmologists and hematologists is necessary for prompt diagnosis and institution of appropriate management strategies with potential to save sight and life.

AIM: To evaluate trends in glaucoma procedures at the Peking University Eye Center in 2016–2020. METHODS: A retrospective search of all glaucoma procedures performed at our institution were performed. Data were analyzed by calculating the absolute numbers and relative weightage of each procedure per year. RESULTS: The average age of glaucoma patients undergoing surgical procedures was 62.33±17.87y, and 55% were women. From 2016 to 2019, the number of surgical procedures performed in glaucoma patients showed an overall upward trend from 749 to 1460, although it decreased slightly in 2020 (n=1393), probably due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The number of trabeculectomies did not change significantly in 2016 (n=161) to 2018 (n=164) but decreased in 2019 (n=139) to 2020 (n=121), indicating a reduction in its relative weightage among glaucoma procedures (from 21.50% to 8.69%). The number of glaucoma drainage device implantations and minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries both increased (50 and 58 respectively in 2019), except in 2020. The number of transscleral cyclophotocoagulation procedures was relatively stable, increasing until 2017 (n=218) and then decreasing. Cataract surgeries with or without glaucoma procedures accounted for a large number of the total surgeries, increasing from 247 (32.97%) in 2016 to 967 (69.42%), among which cataract extraction combined with goniosynechialysis was the most frequent. CONCLUSION: The overall increase in the number of operating room-based surgical procedures is significant. Trabeculectomy is one of the most commonly performed procedures, despite the relative decline in its weightage. Other procedures, including use of glaucoma drainage devices and mini shunts and minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries, are gaining greater acceptance. Notably, lens-related surgery plays an important role in glaucoma management.

The retina is a high-metabolism tissue composed of various cell types with complex functions that relies heavily on the blood supply to maintain homeostasis. Retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury is a critical pathogenic mechanism in glaucoma, and changes in lipid molecules may lead to retinal tissue damage. However, retinal lipid profile alterations caused by this mechanism remain unclear. Thus, this study employed a retinal ischemia-reperfusion model to analyze changes in the lipid profile between sham-operated and ischemia-reperfusion groups. We discovered that ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced alterations in 338 lipid molecules, which potentially caused lipid droplet formation and mitochondrial damage. Notably, we identified characteristic changes in various lipids, including cholesterol esters, cardiolipin, and ceramide, which may serve as potential biomarkers for assessing the severity of retinal injury and therapeutic interventions. The ischemia-reperfusion-specific features identified in this study provide a more comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this condition.

PURPOSE. To investigate the potential causal associations between the use of sun/ultraviolet (UV) protection and ease of skin tanning and the risk of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG) in European populations.METHODS. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the use of sun/UV protection and ease of skin tanning were selected from the UK Biobank genome-wide association study database consisting of 498,751 European participants. SNPs of PXG were obtained from the FinnGen study including 3424 PXG cases and 326,434 controls. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed to assess the association between the use of sun/UV protection and ease of skin tanning and risk of PXG. RESULTS. Inverse variance weighted regression of genetic susceptibility predicted that both use of sun/UV protection and ease of skin tanning were potentially positively associated with the decreased risk of PXG in the European ancestry (use of sun/UV protection: odds ratio [OR] = 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24-0.92; P = 0.028; ease of skin tanning: OR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67-0.97; P = 0.025).CONCLUSIONS. We found genetic evidence supporting a potential causal association between UV protection and a decreased risk of PXG in European population. Further research will help elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote UV protection for eyes, especially in people with a high risk of PXG.

We evaluated the reading characteristics of normal-sighted young adults using C-Read to provide baseline healthy population values. We also investigated the relationship between the National Eye Institute’s Visual Functioning Questionnaire (VFQ-25) score and reading ability, myopia, and hours of screen use, focusing on the extent to which these factors affect participants’ visual function and, ultimately, their vision-related quality of life (QoL). Overall, 207 young, healthy participants (414 eyes) aged 18–35 years were tested for reading speed using C-Read connected to a smartphone-based application between December 2022 and January 2023. Each participant received a VFQ-25 questionnaire to evaluate vision-related QoL. Data on daily e-screen usage hours were collected. Among the participants, 91 (44.0%) were women; their mean (SD) age was 22.45 (4.01) years. The mean (SD) reading acuity (RA) was 0.242 (0.124), 0.249 (0.120), and 0.193 (0.104) logarithmic minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) for the right, left, and both eyes, respectively. The mean (SD) maximum reading speed (MRS) was 171.65 (46.27), 168.59 (45.68), and 185.16 (44.93) words per minute (wpm) with the right, left, and both eyes, respectively. The mean (SD) critical print size (CPS) was 0.412 (0.647), 0.371 (0.229), and 0.419 (1.05) logMAR per the right, left, and both eyes, respectively. The RA and CPS were significantly different between sexes (p = 0.002 and p = 0.001). MRS was significantly different between the education level (p = 0.005) and myopia level groups (p = 0.010); however, it was not clear whether this difference was confounded by age. The myopic power in diopters significantly affected RA (coefficient, −0.012; 95% CI, −0.018 to −0.006; p = 0.001); screen time significantly affected MRS (coefficient, 0.019; 95% CI, 0.57 to 6.33; p = 0.019). RA (coefficient, −21.41; 95% CI, −33.74 to −9.08; p = 0.001) and duration of screen use (coefficient, -0.86; 95% CI, −1.29 to −0.43; p < 0.001) independently had a significantly negative correlation with VFQ-25 scores. Our findings provide a baseline value for C-Read in normal-sighted young adults. Refractive status significantly affected RA, while screen time significantly affected MRS. Interventions aimed at enhancing RA may have the potential to maximize vision-related QoL and enable older adults with impaired vision to achieve greater outcomes. Future, larger-scale, C-Read experiments will help provide newer, more optimal methods for the early diagnosis of visual impairment.

Background Vision impairments (VIs) and blindness are major global public health issues. A visual acuity (VA) test is one of the most crucial standard psychophysical tests of visual function and has been widely used in a broad range of health care domains, especially in many clinical settings. In recent years, there has been increasing research on mobile app–based VA assessment designed to allow people to test their VA at any time and any location. Objective The goal of the review was to assess the accuracy and reliability of using mobile VA measurement apps. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for relevant articles on mobile apps for VA assessment published between January 1, 2008, and July 1, 2020. Two researchers independently inspected and selected relevant studies. Eventually, we included 22 studies that assessed tablet or smartphone apps for VA measurement. We then analyzed sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in the 6 papers we found through a meta-analysis. Results Most of the 22 selected studies can be considered of high quality based on the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies–2. In a meta-analysis of 6 studies involving 24,284 participants, we categorized the studies based on the age groups of the study participants (ie, aged 3-5 years, aged 6-22 years, and aged 55 years and older), examiner (ie, professional and nonprofessional examiners), and the type of mobile devices (ie, smartphone, iPad). In the group aged 3 to 5 years, the pooled sensitivity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.87 (95% CI 0.79-0.93; P=.39), and the pooled specificity was 0.78 (95% CI 0.70-0.85; P=.37). In the group aged 6 to 22 years, the pooled sensitivity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.86 (95% CI 0.84-0.87; P<.001), and the pooled specificity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.91 (95% CI 0.90-0.91; P=.27). In the group aged 55 years and older, the pooled sensitivity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.85 (95% CI 0.55-0.98), and the pooled specificity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.98 (95% CI 0.95-0.99). We found that the nonprofessional examiner group (AUC 0.93) had higher accuracy than the professional examiner group (AUC 0.87). In the iPad-based group, the pooled sensitivity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.86, and the pooled specificity was 0.79. In the smartphone-based group, the pooled sensitivity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.86 (P<.001), and the pooled specificity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.91 (P<.001). Conclusions In this study, we conducted a comprehensive review of the research on existing mobile apps for VA tests to investigate their diagnostic value and limitations. Evidence gained from this study suggests that mobile app–based VA tests can be useful for on-demand VI detection.

啮齿类动物广泛运用于视觉疾病的造模;为了合理评估动物模型的视觉疾病损害程度和治疗手段干预效果,需要掌握合适的啮齿类实验动物视觉检测手段.视觉行为学检测具有简明、直观、非侵入、可重复的优良特性,能够弥补其他视觉测量手段的缺陷.从定性以及定量两个角度对常用的啮齿类实验动物行为学视觉测量方法进行综述,有助于实验者选择适当的检测方法,提升动物视觉检测效率.

This study aimed to comprehensively understand the proteomic characteristics and modulation of the neural microenvironment with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced neuronal degeneration in the retina and optic nerve at 12 h after intravitreal injection of 40 nmol NMDA. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were sacrificed at 12 h after intravitreal injection of 40 nmol NMDA. PBS-injected eyes served as controls. The key cell death-linked proteins from the retina and optic nerve tissues were assessed by a mass spectrometry-based label-free approach. In proteomics analysis, we identified 3532 proteins in retinal tissues and 2593 proteins in optic nerve tissues. The ACSL3 (Q63151) and Prnp (P13852) proteins were upregulated in the NMDA-damaged retina and connected with ferroptosis. The Gabarapl2 (P60522) protein was upregulated in NMDA-damaged optic nerves and connected with autophagy. We performed parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) to validate the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) results. Data are available ProteomeXchange with identifiers PXD022466 (label-free quantification) and PXD022729 (PRM validation). Significance: Excitotoxicity is one of the pathogeneses of various retinal disorders, including glaucoma, retinal ischemia-reperfusion and traumatic optic neuropathy. This study indicated that ferroptosis may be linked to pathological cell death in the retina with NMDA insult. Autophagy may be induced by NMDA overstimulation in both the optic nerve and retina. Regulating these types of death simultaneously may provide the maximum benefit for retinal disease therapy.

Purpose Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) continues to be a poorly understood disease. Although there were multiple researches on the identification of POAG biomarkers, few studies systematically revealed the immune-related cells and immune infiltration of POAG. Bioinformatics analyses of optic nerve (ON) and trabecular meshwork (TM) gene expression data were performed to further elucidate the immune-related genes of POAG and identify candidate target genes for treatment. Methods We performed a gene analysis of publicly available microarray data, namely, the GSE27276-GPL2507, GSE2378-GPL8300, GSE9944-GPL8300, and GSE9944-GPL571 datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The obtained datasets were used as input for parallel pathway analyses. Based on random forest and support vector machine (SVM) analysis to screen the key genes, significantly changed pathways were clustered into functional categories, and the results were further investigated. CIBERSORT was used to evaluate the infiltration of immune cells in POAG tissues. A network visualizing the differences between the data in the POAG and normal groups was created. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed using the Metascape database. We divided the differentially expressed mRNAs into upregulated and downregulated groups and predicted the drug targets of the differentially expressed genes through the Connectivity Map (CMap) database. Results A total of 49 differentially expressed genes, including 19 downregulated genes and 30 upregulated genes, were detected. Five genes ((Keratin 14) KRT14, (Hemoglobin subunit beta) HBB, (Acyl-CoA Oxidase 2) ACOX2, (Hephaestin) HEPH and Keratin 13 (KRT13)) were significantly changed. The results showed that the expression profiles of drug disturbances, including those for avrainvillamide-analysis-3, cytochalasin-D, NPI-2358, oxymethylone and vinorelbine, were negatively correlated with the expression profiles of disease disturbances. This finding indicated that these drugs may reduce or even reverse the POAG disease state. Conclusion This study provides an overview of the processes involved in the molecular pathogenesis of POAG in the ON and TM. The findings provide a new understanding of the molecular mechanism of POAG from the perspective of immunology.