This meta-analysis evaluates the impact of topical ketorolac on surgical site wound healing and scar formation after cataract surgery. A thorough literature search, adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, identified eight relevant studies from 2348 articles. The selected studies were analysed for wound healing efficacy, using the redness, edema, ecchymosis, discharge and approximation (REEDA) scale, and scar formation, assessed by the Manchester scar scale (MSS). Results indicated that ketorolac significantly improved wound healing, with lower REEDA scores 1 week post-surgery (I2  = 97%; Random: standardised mean difference (SMD): -10.93, 95% CI: -13.85 to -8.00, p < 0.01), and reduced scar formation, evidenced by lower MSS scores 3 months post-surgery (I2  = 74%; Random: SMD: -9.67, 95% CI: -11.03 to -8.30, p < 0.01). The findings suggest that topical ketorolac is beneficial in post-cataract surgery care, enhancing wound healing and reducing scarring.

Objective:To explore the potential role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)/GATA-binding protein 4 (GATA-4)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signal pathway in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).Methods:We applied the TRANSFAC Public database to search the human and mouse VEGF promoters and upstream transcription factors, analyzed the transcription factors that may influence the transcriptional activity of VEGF. The RAW264.7 cells were divided into control group and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated group (LPS group). Real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, and the mRNA levels of GATA-4 and VEGFA. Thus, we applied the specific small molecular NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 pretreated RAW264.7 cells (LPS+ MCC950 group), and detected the gene expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, interleukin 1β( IL-1β), GATA-4 and VEGFA.Results:There were multiple GATA transcription factor binding sites upstream of human and mouse VEGF promoters. Compared with the control group, mRNA expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, GATA-4 and VEGFA in LPS group were increased (all P<0.05). Compared with LPS group, mRNA expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, GATA-4 and VEGFA in LPS+ MCC950 group were significantly decreased (all P<0.05). Conclusions:NLRP3/GATA-4/VEGF signal pathway may play a significant role in the pathologic processes of nAMD.

Optic nerve damage is a common cause of blindness. Optic nerve injury is often accompanied by fundus vascular disease, retinal ganglion cell apoptosis, and changes in retinal thickness. These changes can cause alterations in protein expression within neurons in the retina. Proteomics analysis offers conclusive evidence to decode a biological system. Furthermore, animal models of optic nerve injury made it possible to gain insight into pathological mechanisms, therapeutic targets, and effective treatment of such injuries. Proteomics takes the proteome as the research object and studies protein changes in cells and tissues. At present, a variety of proteomic analysis methods have been widely used in the research of optic nerve injury diseases. This review summarizes the application of proteomic research in optic nerve injury diseases and animal models of optic nerve injury. Additionally, differentially expressed proteins are summarized and analyzed. Various optic nerve injuries, including those associated with different etiologies, are discussed along with their potential therapeutic targets and future directions.

目的 探讨不同类型高度近视视网膜劈裂患者脉络膜特征及临床意义.方法 采用横断面研究.2019 年 1 月至 2022年 3 月于首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院眼科就诊的患者中,选取根据黄斑病变萎缩-牵拉-新生血管(atrophic,tractional,neovascular components,ATN)分型符合T0～T3 级高度近视患者 74 例 74 只眼纳入研究.其中,男性 20 例 20 只眼、女性 54例 54 只眼;平均年龄(64.3±11.2)岁;眼轴长度(axial length,AL)(29.2±2.78)mm.患者均行加强深度成像模式光学相干断层扫描.依据ATN分型将患者按照病变程度分为T0～T3 级,分别为 20、23、18、13 只眼.获取黄斑中心凹多个部位脉络膜厚度数据,采用MATLAB软件计算该区域的脉络膜容积(macular choroidal volume,MCV).参数间行相关性分析.组间差异比较采用单因素分析和多因素分析.结果 T0～T3组患者MCV分别为(4.6±2.3)mm3、(3.1±1.2)mm3、(2.9±1.3)mm3、(2.1±1.1)mm3,差异有统计学意义(P=0.006).与T0 组患者相比,T1～T3 组患者最佳矫正视力明显下降,AL和等效球镜绝对值明显增加,黄斑中心凹下脉络膜厚度(subfoveal choroidal thickness,SFCT)明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).T1 与T3组间及T2 与T3 组间等效球镜的差异,以及T1 与T2 组间及T1 与T3 组间SFCT和MCV的差异依赖AL和年龄,T2 和T3 组间SFCT和MCV的差异不依赖AL和年龄.结论 高度近视患者随着视网膜劈裂程度加重,MCV逐步下降,MCV的变化受到AL、年龄等多种因素影响.

目的 探讨视网膜下高反射物质(SHRM)对抗血管内皮生长因子治疗新生血管性年龄相关性黄斑变性(nAMD)患者视力预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析确诊为nAMD的50例患者(50眼).将患者分为2组,视力提高组共27眼,视力未提高组共23眼,分析SHRM是否影响患者视力预后.通过对比基线和终点有无SHRM,患者基线和终点视力有无差异,评价SHRM在治疗前后对患者视力的影响.结果 两组患者性别、年龄、基线最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、基线中心凹厚度(CMT)、基线SHRM宽度和高度、注射次数差异均无统计学意义.治疗12个月后,视力提高组患者CMT(P=0.027)、SHRM宽度(P=0.036)和高度(P=0.027)均小于视力未提高组.此外,存在基线SHRM的nAMD患者,基线BCVA低于无基线SHRM的患者(P=0.022);无基线/终点SHRM的患者,终点BCVA明显优于存在基线/终点SHRM的患者(P=0.015,P=0.008).结论 终点视力较基线视力提高的患者,SHRM宽度和高度较小;存在基线或终点SHRM的患者视力预后较差.SHRM可能作为nAMD患者的光学相干断层扫描生物标志物,协助眼科医生预测患者视力预后.

C-kit/CD117, expressed in a series of tissue-specific progenitor cells, plays an important role in tissue regeneration and tissue homeostasis. We previously demonstrated that organoid-derived c-kit+ retinal progenitor cells can facilitate the restoration of degenerated retina. Meanwhile, we have identified a population of endogenous c-kit+ cells in retinas of adult mouse. However, the exact role of these cells in retinal degeneration remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that stimulation of endogenous c-kit+ cells by stem cell factor (SCF) conferred protection against retinal degeneration. Retinal degeneration was induced by intravitreal injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). NMDA challenge increased the total number of c-kit+ cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer (GCL), while deregulated the protein level of SCF, which was mainly expressed in Müller cells. Both flash electroretinogram (fERG) and light/dark transition tests showed that intravitreal injection of SCF effectively improved the visual function of NMDA-treated mice. Mechanistically, SCF administration not only prevented the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), but also maintained the function of RGCs as quantified by fERG. Further, we performed transcriptome sequencing analysis of the retinal cells isolated from SCF-treated mice and the parallel control. Gene Ontology analysis showed that SCF-induced transcriptome changes were closely correlated with eye development-related pathways. Crystallins and several protective factors such as Pitx3 were significantly upregulated by SCF treatment. Our results revealed the role of SCF stimulated c-kit+ cells in the protection of RGCs in NMDA-treated mice, via inhibiting the loss of RGCs. Administration of SCF can act as a potent strategy for treating retinal degeneration-related diseases.

Objective:To observe the changes of optic disc structure in patients with high myopia and the correlation with the morphological markers of the fundus.Methods:A retrospective study. From July 2018 to January 2020, 90 patients (155 eyes) diagnosed as high myopia in Department of Ophthalmology of Beijing Friendship Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University were included in the study. Among them, there were 31 males (52 eyes) and 59 females (103 eyes), with age of 57.1±14.2 years old and axial length (AL) of 28.5±2.6 mm. According to the classification of myopic macular degeneration, patients were divided into 4 groups based on forms and degree of lesions, including non-pathological myopia group, mild traction lesions group, severe traction lesions group and neovascular lesions group, 35, 58, 41, 21 eyes, respectively. The digitized fundus photographs and an Image J system were used to measure the horizontal, vertical, maximal, and minimal diameter of the optic disc, the horizontal and vertical diameter of the parapapillary δ zone and γ zone, ovality index, distance between the most superior point of the temporal superior arterial arcade and most inferior point of the temporal inferior arterial arcade (VDA), angle between the temporal arterial arcade and optic disc (angle kappa), distance between the optic disc center and the fovea (DFD), angle between the horizontal disc axis and the disc-fovea line (DFA). The correlation between the diameter of the optic disc and other parameters was analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to compare differences between groups.Results:The horizontal diameter of the optic disc was positively correlated with the horizontal diameter of the δ zone ( r=0.300, P<0.001), Kappa angle ( r=0.260, P=0.003), and elliptic index ( r=0.650, P<0.001); it was negatively correlated with DFD ( r=-0.190, P=0.030). Optic disc vertical diameter and optic disc horizontal diameter ( r=0.280), δ-zone horizontal diameter ( r=0.330) and vertical diameter ( r=0.460), γ-zone horizontal diameter ( r=0.430) and vertical diameter ( r=0.390), DFD ( r=0.390) was positively correlated ( P<0.001); it was negatively correlated with DFA ( r=-0.210, P=0.001) and Kappa angle ( r=-0.210, P=0.004). Compared with the non-pathological myopia group, there were statistically significant differences in the horizontal and vertical diameters of the optic disc in the severe traction disease group ( P<0.05). Among them, the horizontal diameter difference did not depend on the eye axis and age difference; the vertical diameter difference was caused by the eye axis difference. Compared with the non-pathological myopia group, the difference in the horizontal diameter of the optic disc in the neovascular disease group was statistically significant ( P<0.05), and did not depend on the difference in the axis and age; the difference in the vertical diameter of the optic disc was not statistically significant ( P>0.05). Conclusion:The morphology of optic disc was related to several fundus morphological markers, which was differentiated according to the age, AL and the degree of disease in patients with high myopia.

Symptomatic vitreomacular adhesion (sVMA) impedes visual acuity and quality. Ocriplasmin is a recombinant protease, which may be injected into the vitreous cavity to treat this condition, yet controversy remains with respect to its effectiveness and safety, particularly its patient selection standard. In this systematic review, the PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify studies published prior to August 2020 on the impact of ocriplasmin treatment on VMA release, macular hole (MH) closure, and/or related adverse events (AEs). Data were pooled using a random-effects model. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs were calculated. Of 1,186 articles reviewed, 5 randomized controlled trials and 50 cohort studies were ultimately included, representing 4,159 patients. Ocriplasmin significantly increased the rate of VMA release (RR, 3.61; 95% CI, 1.99–6.53; 28 days after treatment) and MH closure (RR, 3.84; 95% CI, 1.62–9.08; 28 days after treatment) and was associated with visual function improvement. No increased risk for overall AEs was seen in ocriplasmin treatment. The proportion of VMA release and MH closure in patients was 0.50 and 0.36, respectively. VMA release was more likely in patients with absence of epiretinal membrane (ERM). Patients with smaller MH diameter were more likely to achieve MH closure. Evidence from included studies suggests that ocriplasmin is a suitable and safe approach for treating sVMA. ERM and MH status are important factors when considering ocriplasmin treatment.

背景:视网膜变性疾病至今仍无有效的治疗手段,其中感光细胞丢失、感光细胞功能障碍和丧失是引起视网膜退行性疾病的主要原因之一,感光细胞移植为一种有前途的细胞替代疗法,是当今研究的主要方向.目的:对感光细胞替代治疗视网膜变性疾病相关研究进展予以综述.方法:检索PubMed、CNKI、万方数据库,中文检索词为"感光细胞,视网膜,移植",英文检索词为"photoreceptors,retina,transplantation",通过阅读标题及摘要进行初步筛选,排除与主题相关度低的文献,最终共纳入62篇文献进行综述.结果与结论:外源性细胞作为种子细胞移植到视网膜变性环境中,用于替换晚期视网膜变性中丢失的感光细胞展现了巨大优势,为视网膜变性疾病提供了新的治疗策略.然而,至今尚未建立可供临床应用的标准化的种子细胞筛选方案,这也是在未来研究中所面临的重要挑战.

AIM:To evaluate the effect of internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling with indocyanine green (ICG), brilliant blue G (BBG), triamcinolone acetonide (TA), trypan blue (TB), or without dye for the treatment of idiopathic macular hole (IMH).METHODS:A search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) for related studies published before October 2018.RESULTS:A total of 29 studies and 2514 eyes were included in this network Meta-analysis. For IMH closure, the rank from the best to the worse treatment was: BBG, TB, TA, ICG, and no dye. There was a significant difference in postoperative IMH closure rate between BBG and no dye. The rank of the best to the worse treatment to improve visual acuity was: BBG, TB, no dye, TA, and ICG. The improvement rate of visual acuity after using BBG was significantly higher than ICG. The improvement rate of visual acuity was more favorable with TB than ICG, TA, and no dye.CONCLUSION:BBG can contribute to better anatomical and functional outcomes compared to other dyes for ILM peeling in patients with IMH. The results show that the best treatment of ILM peeling with dyes is BBG.

背景:视神经是广泛用于研究促进或抑制中枢神经系统中轴突再生因素的主要载体之一.目的:对视神经再生机制研究进展予以综述.方法:以"Optic nerve,Axon regeneration,Retinal ganglion cell"为英文检索词,以"视神经,轴突再生,视网膜节细胞"为中文检索词,检索发表在PubMed、CNKI、万方数据库的相关文献.结果与结论:在成年个体中视网膜神经节细胞并不具有再生能力,但是在过去几十年的研究中发现,在适当条件的刺激下,其轴突仍具有部分再生的潜能.通过外周神经片段移植、神经营养性因子治疗、增强眼内炎症反应、阻断轴突生长抑制因子和增强或阻断特定的信号通路等方式,或者将上述方法组合应用,视网膜节细胞轴突可再生通过损伤区域,并延伸视神经全长,通过视交叉准确投射到视觉中枢,建立突触后反应.视神经再生的研究不仅可能帮助患者恢复视觉,而且也有助于其他中枢神经系统损伤治疗的研究.

Objective To analyze the characteristics of c-kit+ endogenous retinal precursor cells (RPCs) in the retina of adult mice and their roles in the repair of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-induced retinal damage. Methods Mouse models of NMDA-induced retinal injury were established in 4-week-old adult C57BL/6J mice. Immunofluorescence assay was used to analyze the relationship between c-kit+ RPCs and c-kit stem cell factor (SCF)-positive cells and determine the number of c-kit+ RPCs and their division activity at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after NMDA injury. The mRNA expression levels of Hes1, Hes5, S100b and Pou4f1 in the injured retinal tissues were analyzed using real-time PCR. Results SCF+ Müller cells surrounding the c-kit+ RPCs were observed in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the retina of adult mice. C-kit+ RPCs still maintained a low level of cell division activity. Two weeks after NMDA-induced retinal injury, the number of c-kit+ RPCs significantly increased in the retina (P < 0.001) with markedly increased proportions of dividing cells (P=0.016) and c-kit+GAD65/67+cells/c-kit+ cells (P < 0.001). Two weeks after retinal injury, the Notch pathway components Hes1 and Hes5 were up-regulated (P < 0.001) and the expression levels of S100b and Pou4f1 were augmented significantly in the retina (P < 0.001). Conclusion Two weeks after NMDA-induced retinal injury, c-kit+ RPCs in the retina undergo both symmetrical and asymmetrical cell division and then differentiate into GAD65/67+ neurons possibly under regulation by the Notch pathway.

目的 探讨医院人群中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变(CSC)的患病情况及相关危险因素.方法 以医院人群为基础的回顾性横断面研究.以2019年1～12月期间就诊患者为研究对象,对符合纳入标准的CSC及同时期对照,进行电话通知并进行随访,填写调查问卷.采用SPSS软件进行统计分析.结果 2019年1～12月期间共有23878人次就诊于医院通州院区门诊.其中45例确诊为CSC(0.19％);男37例(82.22％),女8例(17.78％);21～65岁,平均(42.3±10.1)岁;双眼患病者3例(6.67％).45例中39例患者接受调查,选择同期年龄、性别匹配的门诊就诊患者39例为对照,进行危险因素分析.使用logistic回归分析结果显示,与CSC患病呈独立相关的因素有外源性激素使用(OR=5.04,95％CI:1.11-22.89)、睡眠时间(24:00后)(OR=4.16,95％CI:1.33-13.04)、轮班工作(OR=5.74,95％CI:1.47-22.45).结论 在医院就诊人群中CSC的患病率0.19％,与其相关的独立因素有轮班工作、睡眠时间(24:00后)和外源性激素使用.

Purpose: To investigate associated factors with optic disc characteristics in high myopia patients. Methods: According to the meta-analysis of pathologic myopia study, patients were divided into groups from categories 1 (C1) to C4. The diameters, tilt ratio, and rotation degree of optic disc, and the diameters of parapapillary atrophy were measured among other morphometric variables. Results: Totally 147 eyes (84 patients) were included. Longer horizontal optic disc diameter was associated with smaller tilt ratio (p < 0.001, unstandardized regression coefficient B: −0.59), greater rotation degree (p < 0.001, B: 0.01), and longer horizontal delta zone diameter (p < 0.001, B: 0.09). Longer vertical optic disc diameter was associated with smaller rotation degree (p < 0.001, B: 0.01), longer vertical delta zone diameter (p < 0.001, B: 0.16), and longer disc–fovea distance (DFD; p < 0.024, B: 0.14). Generally, the horizontal optic disc diameter of C3 and C4 groups was smaller than C1 and C2, while vertical diameter and tilt ratio was greater than in C1 and C2. After setting axial length (AL) as an independent variable, horizontal diameters and tilt ratio still showed significant differences, while vertical diameters did not show significant differences. Conclusion: Axial elongation was associated with an increase of vertical optic disc diameter that was correlated with an reduction of optic disc rotation degree. By contrast, horizontal optic disc diameter elongation was correlated with an reduction of optic disc tilt ratio and an increase of optic disc rotation degree, which was independent of axial elongation.

AIMTo investigate the affecting factors of parapapillary gamma and delta zones and other fundus morphological features in high myopia.METHODSSeventy high myopia patients were included in this retrospective observational study and 47 patients were female. Patients were divided into three groups: no posterior staphyloma (no PS), PS with myopic traction maculopathy (PS with MTM), and PS without MTM using 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging and optical coherence tomography. MTM patients were further classified into three types [epiretinal membrane, macular hole, and macular retinoschisis (MRS)]. Diameters of the gamma and delta zones were measured among other morphometric variables using fundus photographs.RESULTSOf the 70 individuals (127 eyes), the mean age was 57.46±13.56y. In univariate analysis, morphological features changed most dramatically in PS with MTM patients, who had the largest gamma zone diameters, the largest disk-fovea distance (DFD) and disk-fovea angle, and the smallest angle kappa and vertical distance of temporal arterial arcade. However, their horizontal delta zone diameter was smaller than in the patients with PS yet without MTM. In multivariate analysis, with axial length (AL) and age adjusted, the horizontal diameter in the delta zone of the PS without MTM group was still significantly larger than in the PS with MTM group (P=0.024). Comparing the three subtypes of MTM patients, the diameters of the gamma zone and DFD in MRS group were the largest.CONCLUSIONThe characteristics of the gamma and delta zones change inconsistently in different stages of high myopia. These changes may be associated with anatomical changes caused by local traction. Factors such as PS, AL and age play an important role. These findings may provide a hint about the pathogenesis of traction in high myopia.

目的 分析眼缺血综合征模型大鼠视网膜内核层神经元的改变及电生理变化情况.方法 取8周龄Brown-Norway大鼠,采用双侧颈总动脉结扎(BCCAO)手术作为眼缺血综合征造模方法.在造模后1个月和2个月,通过眼球切片测量视网膜厚度,采用免疫荧光方法观察视网膜内核层水平细胞和双极细胞形态以及突触可塑性的变化,采用电生理检测大鼠视功能变化.结果 随着视网膜缺血时间的延长,视网膜各层细胞数量均出现减少,内丛状层和外丛状层厚度也出现下降.同时,水平细胞和双极细胞树突出现减少或消失,突触前膜标记物突触囊泡蛋白密度出现下降.在造模2个月时,水平细胞和双极细胞的胞体位置从内核层的外侧向内核层的基底侧迁移,并形成新的神经突,而突触囊泡蛋白杂乱地分布于外核层.视网膜电图结果显示a波及b波振幅均下降,表明模型大鼠视功能出现障碍,多种视网膜细胞功能受损.结论 模型大鼠视网膜各层厚度下降,视网膜细胞数量减少.在造模2个月时,水平细胞及双极细胞出现可塑性变化,包括位置迁移及突触重塑,引起视网膜重构.

AIM: To compare the differences and agreement of ocular biometric parameters in highly myopic eyes obtained by optical biometric measurement instruments, the OA-2000 and IOLMaster 500. METHODS: Totally, 90 patients (90 eyes) were included. They were divided into high myopia group and control group. Ocular parameters, including axial length (AL), mean keratometry (Km), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and white to white (WTW), were obtained from the OA-2000 and IOLMaster 500. RESULTS: For the control group, we applied Bland-Altman graphs to assess the 95% limits of agreement (LoA) for most parameters including AL, ACD, Km, and WTW (-0.24 to 0.29 mm, -0.22 to 0.45 mm, -0.39 to 0.31 D, and -0.90 to 0.86 mm, respectively). In high myopia patients, AL, ACD, Km values had wider 95% LoA (-0.34 to 0.32 mm, -0.36 to 0.34 mm, -0.57 to 0.47 D, respectively), except WTW (-0.80 to 0.68 mm). Differences were not statistically significant between these two instruments (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Most parameters obtained by the OA-2000 and IOLMaster 500 are comparable, including the AL, ACD, and K values. Among them, the agreement of the high myopia patients is poor compared to the patients without high myopia.

目的 观察高度近视患者在未出现视网膜病变阶段视网膜和脉络膜的形态结构.方法 回顾性选取2017年10月至2018年7月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院收治的单眼高度近视患者36例.高度近视侧眼设为病例眼组,对侧非高度近视眼设为对照眼组.采用增强深度成像模式的频域光学相干断层扫描测量黄斑区域视网膜和脉络膜厚度,并将通过黄斑中心凹的B扫描图像二极化处理,测量脉络膜总面积、脉络膜血管区和基质区面积,并计算脉络膜血管指数.对比两侧受检眼视网膜厚度和容积,以及和脉络膜参数的差异.结果 病例眼组较对照眼组视网膜厚度和容积并未出现明显降低,仅在颞侧部分区域出现厚度和容积降低(P<0.05).病例眼组较对照眼组中心凹下脉络膜厚度出现明显下降(P<0.01),病例眼组中心凹下脉络膜厚度为(121.58±74.13)μm,对照眼组为(243.75±32.54)μm.与对照眼组相比,病例眼组测量区域的脉络膜总面积、基质区和血管区面积均明显下降,脉络膜血管指数值也明显降低(P<0.01).病例眼组CVI值(78.08±9.16)％明显高于对照眼组(67.17±12.46)％,差异有显著性(P<0.05).结论 高度近视患者脉络膜厚度早于视网膜厚度出现下降,且脉络膜形态和结构发生明显异常.

Purpose. The association between β-peripapillary atrophy and the retinal vasculature in nonpathological high myopia is unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate whether β-peripapillary atrophy contribute to the changes of the retinal vasculature using optical coherence tomography angiography. Methods. In a cross-sectional study, one hundred and thirty eyes with nonpathological high myopia were included. β-peripapillary atrophy was analysed using Image J software based on fundus photographs. A 3.0 × 3.0 mm2 grid and a 4.5 × 4.5 mm2 grid were used to scan parafoveal and peripapillary regions using optical coherence tomography angiography, respectively. Vessel density and fractal dimensions of the retina and foveal avascular zone were analysed and quantified using en face projection images. Correlations between the vascular density, foveal avascular zone, and β-peripapillary atrophy were determined. Results. Using multivariate analysis, β-peripapillary atrophy was negatively correlated with the vessel density in radial peripapillary capillaries (p=0.002) even after adjusting for other variables. This relationship was also confirmed in the macula (superficial retinal plexus: p<0.05; deep retinal plexus: p<0.05). The vessel densities in the nasal and inferior sectors were more strongly correlated with β-peripapillary atrophy. Conclusions. There was a negative correlation between β-peripapillary atrophy and the retinal vasculature in highly myopic eyes, especially in radial peripapillary capillaries and deep retinal plexus. β-peripapillary atrophy can be visualized and is a convenient structural feature that can benefit the early diagnosis and detection of chorioretinal atrophy in high myopia.

Objective To observe the choroidal blood flow and morphological changes in patients with severe stenosis of internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS).Methods A retrospective case-control study. Forty-six patients (46 eyes) with ICAS were enrolled in this study. There was severe stenosis in one side (the eyes in this side were set as case group) and mild or no stenosis in other side (the eyes in this side were set as control group). Color doppler ultrasound (CDI) was used to observe the changes of hemodynamic parameters of the ophthalmic artery (OA) and posterior ciliary artery (PCA),the main parameters of ultrasound Doppler imaging are peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), resistance indices (RI) and the calculation of the pulsation indices (PI) through the use of a formula. Enhanced binarization of deep imaging coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) was used to measure the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT). The total subfoveal choroidal area (TCA), luminal (LA), stromal (SA) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) were obtained by modified image binarization technique.Results In the case group, the PSV in the OA and PCA was significantly lower than that of the control group (t=?2.200, ?2.612;P=0.030, 0.011). There were no significant differences in EDV, RI, PI of OA (t=0.337, ?1.810, ?1.848;P=0.737, 0.074, 0.068) and PCA (t=?1.160, 1.400, 0.815;P=0.249, 0.165, 0.417). The SFCT (t=?3.711,P<0.001), TCA (t=?2.736,P=0.007), LA (t=?3.188, P=0.002) and CVI (t=?2.096,P=0.039) of the case group was significantly lower than that of the control group. There were no significant differences in SA (t=?1.262,P=0.210) and LA/SA (t=?1.696,P=0.093).Conclusion In severe stenosis ICAS eyes, the PSV in the PCA and SFCT, TCA, LA, CVI are decreased.