The article deals with digital mediatization of health in the sociological discourse and its main directions. Noting that the issues of the impact of traditional media on health attitudes and behavior have been sufficiently developed in the domestic research field, the author focuses on the importance of the elaboration the problems of social construction of youth health in the era of digital media. This is caused by the active “habitulization” of digital technologies, as a result of which they act for young people as the main sources and generators of social knowledge about health, its risks and health-saving practices. Based on the results of a review of relevant publications, the features of sociological discourse are highlighted and research prospects in the development of this topic are defined. The author also puts attention to the necessity of using adequate approaches to analyze ongoing changes and study them. According to the author, a perspective theoretical and methodological framework is the concept of mediatization by German sociologists F. Krotz and A. Hepp. Based on this, the work presents a definition of mediatization of the health sector and key aspects of its study.

The article considers social legal aspects of concepts of "medical error", "iatrogenesis", "defect of medical care" in view of absence of their clear definition and understanding in public and professional communities. The usage of these concepts is distinguished by chronological continuity that is conditioned by influence of approaches existed at different stages. On the basis of analysis of scientific publications and normative legal base their genesis and peculiarities of definition are demonstrated. The social aspects affecting their transformation were revealed. It is established that initially traditional understanding of possible shortcomings in medical work was formed as conscientious delusion of physician because of insufficiency of existing medical knowledge about certain health problems. The results of original empirical study demonstrated stability of this understanding in professional community of practicing physicians. However, in conditions of development of new model of national health care based on application of new diagnostic and treatment tools oriented to individual approach to patient and under effect of mediatization of health sphere traditional understanding of medical errors became limited that resulted in occurrence of concept of "medical care defect". However, its application is limited due to ambiguity of interpretation because of absence of its definition in legal field. In this regard, the article emphasizes necessity of legal substantiation of relevant definitions due to increasing of both appeals from patients and the number of civil and criminal medical cases and proposes to introduce into legal circulation term "omission under provision of medical care".

The article provides an overview of contemporary research on neocolonialism. The work examines the history of the term "neocolonialism", as well as the main features of neocolonialism in the 21st century, including: the transformation of the nature, forms and methods of colonial influence, and changes in its scale. The main reasons for the interest in the problems of neocolonial studies are outlined, including a general change in research optics, the emergence of new forms of colonial dependence, etc. The prerequisites for the emergence of neocolonial studies in sociological science are indicated. The analysis of foreign studies demonstrates, on the one hand, the preservation of interest in traditional topics related to the colonial legacy in African countries, since they are still in the most vulnerable position compared to other former colonies, and on the other hand, an exit to a broader topic related to cultural neocolonialism in the context of globalisation, as well as the transformation of technology into an instrument of colonial influence. Modern domestic studies of neocolonialism have their own specifics, expressed, firstly, in the dominance of the economic interpretation of neocolonialism, secondly, they are often devoted to the study of the relationship between neocolonialism and globalisation and capitalism, thirdly, in the works of domestic authors special attention is paid to the position of Russia in the system of global neocolonialism. Based on the analysis of scientific discourse, the authors developed a typology of neocolonialism forms, that divides all forms into two large groups - traditional and new. Traditional forms include, first of all, economic and political neocolonialism. New forms include cultural and educational neocolonialism. The intensification of the digitalisation process and the increase in environmental risks at the beginning of the 21st century allow us to say that such forms of neocolonialism as environmental and digital are becoming increasingly important. Particular attention in the article is paid to environmental neocolonialism as a new, special form. The reasons for the growing interest in it and its impact on the political and economic spheres are also considered. The thesis of turning the green agenda into a new form of ideology, with the help of which the G7 countries implement policies that are beneficial to them, is discussed. The authors conclude that it is necessary to identify specific interests and values behind modern environmental initiatives.

This article is a logical continuation of the author’s publication “Image of health in the blogosphere: sociological analysis” (part 1), dedicated to the study of the public blogosphere on the construction of social ideas about health and health care practices. This topic is relevant, but not sufficiently developed in the domestic scientific discourse, which leads to, and also taking into account the innovativeness of health as the most important principles of social development and individual life, which necessitates its study. The work attempts to analyze the representation of the image of health and the practice of health conservation in the blogosphere, as well as the main directions of scientific discussion on this topic by systematizing relevant domestic and international publications. Based on the results of the study, the author identified the reasons, directions and ways of influence of blogging on the formation of social ideas about health and the practice of caring for it.

The article deals with the study of health maintaining among Russian youth. Based on data from all-Russian surveys and presented in relevant studies, the contradictions between the value perception of health and destructive health practices among young people were found. In this regard, based on the understanding of health conservation as a purposeful activity, in the structure of which the cognitive component plays a significant role, the author underlines to study young people’s ideas about health and health caring in order to realise the reasons of differences between the state of health and the attitude of Russian youth. In this regard, the author conducted a study of the structure of social ideas of young Russians. The theoretical basis of the study was the key provisions of the concept of social representations by S. Moscovici. The empirical basis was the data of the author’s empirical study “Health Saving of Modern Russian Youth: Ideas and Practices”. Based on the results of the study, it was established that the core of modern youth’s social ideas about health conservation are traditional images and ideas that reflect the most characteristic of Russian society and its health conservation culture, but in a limited format. The peripheral zone includes components such as breaking bad habits, well-being, and maintaining emotional stability. The least characteristic of young Russians is the connection between ideas about health and health preservation with institutional practices of clinical examination and preventive examinations, which suggests a decrease in the role of the medical institute as an agent of social control in relation to health in the ideas of the younger generation. Thus, the social ideas of young Russians about health and the practices of its preservation, along with traditional ideas, are distinguished by features, the formation of which, according to the author, is due to the influence of new agents of healthy lifestyle socialization and the online-sources

The study deals with the problem of students’ health. Discussing the relevant studies, the author notes that most researchers focus on the role of the educational environment. Considering it, the author underlines that there are other significant factors, which affect students’ health. Because health keeping is a purposeful activity that includes motivational, behavioral, expressive components as well as cognitive one, it is necessary to study the peculiarities of the formation students’ ideas about healthy caring. In addition, it should be taken into account that modern students are digital generation Z, who are famous for their deep involvement into online reality that has a significant impact on the construction of their values and ideas, including those about health. The purpose of the paper is to study the ideas about health keeping among Zet-students and identify the factors of their formation. The theoretical and methodological background includes theories of social constructivism, digitalization of health and mediatization. The empirical data consist of data from the author’s research (methods – survey (online questionnaire)) and those presented in relevant publications. Based on the results, the features of ideas about health keeping and the main factors of their formation were identified. As it has found out, along with traditional ones, this process is increasingly influenced by online resources, which have ambivalent impact. Considering the focus of Generation Z students on healthy life, health value, it is proposed to expand measures within the educational process to form an ideology of healthy lifestyle among modern students.

Due the fast development of information and communication technologies, social reality is increasingly transforming into a special media space, permeated with a variety of channels and means of communication. Its characteristic features include such as: the convergence of virtual and real, public and private, networking of social interactions, a certain media language, plurality of content and special media technologies for its construction and broadcasting, which allow to effectively influence a wide audience of new media. Modern media extend their transformative ability to all spheres of public life, influencing their institutional, regulatory and legal structure and established practices. The health sphere is not an exception. Under the conditions of mediatization, health is considered as a media product. The image of health and its maintenance practices constructed by modern media set certain attitudes and patterns of perception of health risks, diseases and ways to prevent them, which, in the process of their articulation through sedimentation and internalization, form social representations and behavior of the population in the field of health. At the same time, these samples often have an ambivalent and even destructive influence. Blogs are one of the dominant media consumption formats today. The article presents an analysis of mediatization of health on the base of studying the Russian blogosphere.

Рецензируется книга австралийского социального исследователя Деборы Лаптон «Ковидные общества: теоретизируя коронакризис», автор которой ставит перед собой задачу поиска адекватных социокультурных подходов и понятий для осмысления трансформаций, произошедших в мире под влиянием пандемии COVID-19. Лаптон указывает, что мир сильно изменился с января 2020 г. и ковидный кризис «перекроил» все сферы общественной и повседневной жизнедеятельности. Для осмысления происходящих процессов необходим многоуровневный анализ, включающий изучение научно-публичного дискурса, окружающего пандемию, макрополитическую перспективу изучения происходящего, а также исследование повседневных представлений и практик, адаптирующихся к новым глобальным условиям, через социальную рефлексию позднего модерна. В связи с этим автор обращается к идее биовласти М. Фуко, теории «голой жизни» Дж. Агамбена и ее интерпретации Р. Эспозито, понятию «некрополитики» А. Мбембе, деконструктивизму Ж. Делёза, а также к концепциям общества риска У. Бека и культурных границ М. Дуглас. Лаптон умело демонстрирует возможности использования этих подходов для анализа пандемии, что, по ее мнению, позволяет на основе методологического плюрализма проанализировать взаимосвязанные социальные, политические и экономические контексты пандемии COVID-19.

The article deals with the study of health mediatization on the example of the blogosphere. This topic is considered as relevant, but not sufficiently developed in the domestic scientific discourse, thus, as health is an significant component of social and individual life, it is important to study it. The paper attempts to analyze the features of the representation of the image of health and health-saving practices in the blogosphere. Nowadays the media format is considered as the mainstream of virtual communication, and it is especially popular among young people. The article contains two parts. The first one is theoretical and methodological, including the analysis of key concepts: blog, blogosphere, blogging. Using as a theoretical and methodological basis for their study the concept of social space, theories of social action, the following definitions are proposed in the work: a blog acts as a special social space where participants carry out social and communicative activities – blogging, that aims to meet their social needs and is carried out with language through the interpretation of transmitted meanings, their construction and exchange of values, generating its own discourse and social knowledge on articulated topics, thereby contributing to the formation of a new social reality – the blogosphere. The second part of the study reflects the main directions of scientific discussion about the features of the representation of the health sector in blogs based on the analysis of relevant domestic and foreign publications of the issue under discussion. The work includes a comparative analysis and systematization of the main approaches, the features of the health representation in the blogosphere, as well as the positive effects and main problems associated with the influence of blogs on social ideas about health and health saving practices.

The article provides an analysis of the main research approaches to the study of health and ways to preserve it. The author points out that the term health, which reflects one of the current trends in modern social and scientific discourse, was entered into the research field quite a long time ago. However, his understanding was not unambiguous: the analysis reflects that over the epochs, in dependence on time, the level of knowledge and development of society, views and scientific theories which were dominated in a particular period, its content was changed. Based on historical and comparative analysis, the author describes the main stages, approaches and directions to the study of the phenomenon of health, classifies them, identifies the key factors in the evolution of views on health problems, and makes an attempt to identify the features characteristic of each period. In conclusion, the author underlines that under the society development the category “health” has been changed. The key points of its content are based on its social significance, vital value, the need to create a system of public administration, which involves its comprehensive study based on an integrative approach.

The article discusses the digitalization of healthcare paying special attention to the concept of Australian sociologist Deborah Lupton. Health is one of the key areas for digitalization, where the benefits of using big data are obvious. New technologies are often а basis for modernizing national health systems for they make possible to ensure availability of various medical services for different groups of population. Lupton analyzes both the benefits and risks of digitalization in this area, thereby highlighting the ambivalent character of the ongoing changes. She believes that it is necessary to recognize the interaction not only between people, but also between people and digital technologies. These new relationships form a new social reality. The Australian sociologist focuses her attention on new opportunities due to digitalization which can improve people's lives. From her point of view, the "concept of fear" still dominant in social research of digital technologies should be replaced by the concept of "thinking with care", according to which the data obtained as a result of using new technologies can and should be used for the benefit of humanity. Lupton demonstrates that digital data can help reorganize health care system and change patterns in people's behavior related to their health, in particular, through the ability to regularly monitor indicators of one's condition.

Статья представляет собой рецензию на книгу австралийского социального исследователя Инджи Джон «Города в эпоху антропоцена: новая экология и городская политика». В своей работе автор предлагает новый подход к разработке экологической политики, основанный на концепции антропоцена, в рамках которой природные явления рассматриваются как субъекты социальных отношений, что предполагает иное, отличное от традиционного инвайронментализма, понимание и измерение их последствий. Автор указывает, что в условиях современного состояния окружающей среды и слабой эффективности международных усилий по ее сохранению реальными площадками для активизации новой экологической политики, которые могут продемонстрировать роль «природы» в повседневной жизни человека и способствовать формированию экосознания и экокультуры, являются урбанизированные территории. Именно в городах возможна реализация концепции новой экологической политики, поскольку города как сложные социальные системы обладают рядом качеств, отличающих их от других пространственных образований, а именно интенсивностью социальных взаимодействий, их сложностью, непредсказуемостью и уникальностью. В качестве подтверждения своих теоретических выводов Инджи Джон приводит ряд примеров, демонстрирующих возможности предлагаемой ею концепции новой городской экополитики.

The article examines the main research approaches to the category of “social inequality in health”. The author points out that this term, which reflects one of the topical areas of scientific discourse, has been involved into the studies relatively recently, up the second half of the XXth century. It has became the subject under study when scientific interest to the health problems was started among researchers. Used the historical-comparative approach and the qualitative analysis method of publications devoted to the problem of social inequality in health, the author highlights the main stages, approaches and directions of its study in foreign and domestic research fields. Based on their typology, this study shows that social inequality in health is considered as a complex phenomenon determined by various factors, which are considered as key causes of differences in health status among the population. Taking this argument into consideration, the author proposes an integrative approach that is found on the definition of health as a complex, socially conditioned, dynamic construct formed in the process of the combined influence of various factors which improve or worse its condition. As it is pointed out by the author within the framework of this approach, social inequality in health is considered as a complex social phenomenon determined by the peculiarities of the functioning of social institutions and the distribution of resources within the framework of the existing stratification model of society, the influence of which is dynamic and determined by specific historical conditions.

The article is a review of the book by Deborah Lupton Data Selves: More-Than-Human Perspectives (New York: Polity Press, 2019), which continues the authors analysis of the same issues of changes in daily life under the impact of information digital technologies due to producing an increasing amount of various data including personal. This is an urgent issue due to the growing importance of digital technologies in the life of contemporary society, which became even more obvious under the current pandemic. Fast digitalization changes our everyday world, new technologies expand our capabilities; however, in addition to obvious benefits and advantages, new technologies also bring new risks. Lupton develops an original interpretation of the symbiosis of man and his digital data - she considers this symbiosis in the framework of the theory of neomaterialism and concludes that our personal living data is more-than-personal and more-than-human. Therefore, life in the digital world constructed by data becomes our new social reality.

The article presents the history of his life and activities. Despite his short life, he was a great scientist and took a close part in the development of health and sanitarian care in Brazil and other Latin American countries. The article presents the historical and medical aspects of the formation and development of hygiene and sanitary care in Brazil. The authors note the importance of the activities of Osvaldo Cruz and his followers in the study of tropical diseases and methods of struggle against them. The article will be useful for studying and teaching of history of Brazil, medicine and hygiene, as a whole.

The article discusses the life and work of Gilberto De Mello Freyre, one of the well-known thinkers at the origins of the national sociological school of Brazil. His scientific heritage is so diverse that even today it raises interest among researchers. A descendant of Portuguese colonialists, Freyre was able to understand the originality and uniqueness of Brazil, its history and culture, and showed this to the world in his many works. The most famous one is his earliest work Casa-Grande. Senzala ("Manors and Barracks"), first published in 1933. It is an original case study that focuses on the details of the life of the Brazilian population of the 17th-18th centuries. The author describes it relying on various methods of data acquisition. The work can be considered the first sociological study presenting a detailed analysis of the social life of Brazil. Considering the features of the life of the local population, the author describes them, demonstrates their interconnectedness and dependence on the environment and cultural traditions. The subordination of all elements gives an understanding of the systemic nature of this world, which Freyre knew well and analyzed brilliantly. Considering the peculiarities of the relationship between different cultures, he notes the need to establish the equality of their bearers through the preservation of traditions and lifestyles, the change of which should occur gradually, but not by force, taking into account all factors: natural, social, cultural ones. Despite the almost century-long period after the first edition, this book is still relevant for understanding modern Brazil. Another famous book by Freyre that is interesting when considering his contribution to the development of sociology in Brazil is called Sociology: An Introduction to Its Principles. Freyre defines sociology as a science about socialization, which he understands as the formation of a social person as a result of the mutual conditioning of biological, psychological, geographical, historical, and cultural factors. Despite the fact that Freyre's methods and works are subject to criticism, many issues he discussed are still relevant. Therefore, studies of his works can help to get a fresh look at the "eternal" social problems that are familiar to all societies: inequality, poverty, exclusion, etc.