Greenhouse cage trials were conducted to evaluate the biocontrol potential of the predatory tiger fly Coenosia attenuata against the Chinese chive maggot Bradysia odoriphaga infesting Allium tuberosum. To enhance pest suppression, we supplemented the predator with alternative prey (Drosophila melanogaster adults), a banana‑based banker medium, and a coir mulch layer across four treatments over 50 weeks. When C. attenuata was released alone (T1), corrected control efficacy against B. odoriphaga larvae ranged from 56.14% to 59.82%. Notably, peak larval suppression was significantly higher in treatments combining the predator with mulch layer (T2: 94.23%) or with the banker media system (T4: 100%). Against adult stages, T1 achieved 32.68%–69.73% corrected efficacy, whereas T2 and T4 reached peak values of 100% and 97.69%, respectively. Predator application also doubled the dry weight of Chinese chive. However, the concurrent use of banker medium and mulch layer (T3) did not produce synergistic effects. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that banker media system and coir mulch layers are effective auxiliary tools for enhancing C. attenuata‑based biocontrol in protected cultivation systems.

蠋蝽是一种重要的天敌昆虫,可有效控制棉铃虫、草地贪夜蛾、菜粉蝶及小菜蛾等多种害虫.为从经济学角度衡量用改良人工饲料和昆虫猎物饲喂蠋蝽的成本,对饲喂基于蛋白质组学改良人工饲料和柞蚕蛹的蠋蝽生物学参数及繁育成本进行了分析.与饲喂柞蚕蛹的蠋蝽相比,取食基于蛋白质组学改良人工饲料的蠋蝽发育历期延长,产卵量、净繁殖率、内禀增长率均有所降低,但原材料成本降低了约45%,使得取食改良人工饲料的蠋蝽倍增费用仅为取食柞蚕蛹的蠋蝽倍增费用的66.57%,成本大大降低.

With the aim to improve the hygroscopic stability of palmatine chloride (PMTCl), an unreported single crystal of PMT–SSA (C21H20NO4·C7H5O6S·H2O) is prepared by the solvent evaporation method and characterized. A comprehensive analysis of the structure and Hirshfeld surface reveals that π–π stacking plays a crucial role in accumulating PMT–SSA. As expected, the hygroscopic stability of PMT–SSA is significantly improved compared with that of PMTCl. This may be due to the presence of π–π stacking in the structure of PMT–SSA which improves the hygroscopic stability. The present work inaugurates an avenue for improving the hygroscopic stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients and provides a novel crystalline product with a bright commercial prospect. Unfortunately, the maximum solubility of PMT–SSA is lower than that of PMTCl. How to improve its solubility will be explored in subsequent studies. However, it is surprising that PMT–SSA shows advantages with regard to antibacterial properties in comparison to PMTCl.

The development of artificial diets could considerably simplify and reduce the cost of mass rearing of natural enemies compared to conventional rearing methods. However, improvement of artificial diets can be tedious, convoluted and often uncertain. For accelerating diet development, a better method that can offer informative feedback to target deficiencies in diet improvement is required. Our previous research demonstrated several biological characteristics were diminished in the insect predator, Arma chinensis Fallou, fed on an artificial diet formulated with the aid of transcriptomic methods compared to the Chinese oak silk moth pupae. The present study reports differential proteomic analysis by iTRAQ-PRM, which unravels the molecular mechanism of A. chinensis responding to improvements in the artificial diet. Our study provides multivariate proteomic data and provides comprehensive sequence information in studying A. chinensis. Further, the physiological roles of the differentially expressed proteins and pathways enable us to explain several biological differences between natural prey-fed and improved diet-fed A. chinensis, and subsequent proposed reformulation optimizations to artificial diets.

以有机生菜为试材,采用甲醇∶甲酸∶水=15∶1∶4作为提取剂,经过超声、离心、氮吹,DiKMA ProElut PXA固相萃取柱分离纯化后得到植物激素提取液,在38℃恒温水浴中氮吹浓缩干燥,甲醇作为复溶液进行复溶,得到植物激素待测液.采用ACQU-ITY UPLC BEN反相色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm)对5种植物激素进行分离,流动相A为0.1％甲酸水溶液,流动相B为甲醇溶液,梯度洗脱,流速为0.30 mL·min-1,柱温为40℃;在液相色谱质谱联用多反应监测(MRM)模式下进行定性定量分析,外标法测定植物激素回收率.建立了应用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS),同时测定叶菜类蔬菜中赤霉素、生长素、脱落酸、水杨酸、茉莉酸5种植物内源激素含量的方法,并优化了生菜基质中激素的前处理方法、质谱色谱条件等.结果 表明:生菜在低、中、高浓度加标时,5种激素的加标回收率为60.15％～107.73％,且相对标准偏差均小于7.6％,检出限为0.30～0.52 μg·kg-1,定量限为0.68～1.56μg·kg-1.该方法快速灵敏,可适用于其它叶菜类植物中赤霉素、生长素、水杨酸、茉莉酸、脱落酸含量的检测,以期为叶菜类植物叶片中多种内源激素的同时检测提供了一个快速有效的方法.

为探究不同肥料对小麦籽粒代谢物的影响,通过非靶向代谢组学结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)与多元统计学的方法,对不同施肥条件下(常规施肥CK、缓控释肥一次性基施E、有机肥缓控释肥配施A、缓控释肥B、专家系统推荐施肥NE)的中信麦99籽粒代谢物进行分析.结果显示,从小麦籽粒中共检测到代谢物47种,主要为有机酸类、氨基酸类、糖类及其衍生物、酯类和其他有机物.与CK相比,B、E处理对促进小麦籽粒中有机酸类代谢物积累的效果较优,B、A处理对促进小麦籽粒中糖类代谢物积累的效果较优,B、NE处理对促进小麦籽粒中氨基酸类代谢物积累的效果较优;B、NE处理对促进小麦籽粒中总代谢物含量积累的效果最优,E处理效果次之,A处理效果最差.不同施肥处理对小麦籽粒代谢物中糖类和氨基酸类代谢物影响较大,通过富集20种差异代谢物,得到3条显著变化的代谢途径,分别为氨酰基-tRNA的生物合成,苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成,异喹啉生物碱的生物合成.

Mass production of Coenosia attenuata Stein at low cost is very important for their use as a biological control agent. The present study reports the performance of C. attenuata adults when reared on Drosophila melanogaster Meigen or Bradysia impatiens (Johannsem). Different densities (6, 9, 15, 24 and 36 adults per predator) of D. melanogaster or (6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 adults per predator) of B. impatiens were used at 26 ± 1 °C, 14:10 (L:D) and 70 ± 5% RH. The results concluded that C. attenuata adults had higher fecundity, longer longevity and less wing damage when reared on B. impatiens adults compared to D. melanogaster adults. Additionally, C. attenuata adults demonstrated greater difficulty catching and carrying heavier D. melanogaster adults than lighter B. impatiens adults. In this case, 12 to 24 adults of B. impatiens daily per predator were considered optimal prey density in the mass rearing of adult C. attenuata.

为了筛选适用于本地小花蝽优势种的人工繁育技术,在调查天津地区小花蝽种类及优势种基础上,比较了3种半固体饲料对小花蝽发育和繁殖的影响.结果表明,东亚小花蝽为天津地区优势种,添加复合维生素的半固体饲料(A3)饲养的小花蝽若虫接近80％可发育为成虫,显著高于另外饲料饲养的若虫存活率(低于60％);不同饲料饲养的小花蝽若虫发育为成虫后产卵能力有明显的不同,添加复合维生素对小花蝽的生殖力具有重要影响,产卵量显著高于其他3种饲料饲养所得成虫(单雌产卵量超过69粒).研究表明,用人工饲料饲养小花蝽若虫可补充20％的复合维生素.

The performance of the tiger-fly Coenosia attenuata Stein was examined when fed on larvae of the buzzer midge, Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus), and combination of buzzer midge and fungus gnat, Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen). Significant differences were observed in the developmental time of larvae, body length, and body weight of pupae and adults of C. attenuata in response to species and preservation status of prey but not in response to instar and prey number of C. plumosus . Most biological characteristics except for developmental time of pupae, length of female pupae, survival rate from the 5th day to pupation, and adult emergence improved for tiger-fly larvae fed on live B. impatiens larvae in the first four days and live C. plumosus larvae from the fifth day to pupation compared to those fed on live C. plumosus larvae in all larval stages. When live alternative prey were replaced with the frozen prey, the developmental time of larvae was prolonged, and adult male body length, survival rate from the fifth day to pupation, and the percentages of pupation and adult emergence decreased. The survival rate of larvae in the first 4 days and percentage of pupation improved with decreased alternative prey instar and increased alternative prey number. These results indicate live C. plumosus larvae can serve as an alternative food source for mass rearing of C. attenuata . As an alternative food source, C. plumosus larvae provide significant advancements for the application of tiger-fly in banker media system and/or open rearing.

For improving solubility of inosine, its β-form has been designed and prepared from inosine powder upon induction by sulfosalicylic acid. A single crystal of β-form inosine has been grown. The structure of β-form inosine has been characterized by XRPD, NMR and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure of β-form inosine demonstrates the layered structure based on a primary asymmetric cyclic hydrogen-bonded tetramer R44(14) based on the hetero-nitrogen and the hydroxyl group of inosine molecules. The single crystal exhibits the spiral structure along b axis formed due to O–H···O and O–H···N hydrogen bonds. As a result, water solubility under 37°C of inosine β-form is higher than that of inosine powder, and β-form inosine is hygroscopically more stable at 98% RH with respect to inosine powder. The β-form of inosine demonstrates the improved in vitro activity against liver cancer cells compared to inosine powder.

为明确吡虫啉不同施药方式对小麦蚜虫防治效果及产量的影响,本研究以常规喷雾为对照,比较分析吡虫啉种子处理和土壤处理下,小麦蚜虫的防治效果和小麦产量.结果 表明,吡虫啉种子处理和土壤处理对小麦蚜虫均有较好防治效果和较长持效期,一次处理即可将整个麦蚜发生期的种群数量控制在防治指标之下,防效90.82％以上,且小麦千粒重和产量均有所增加,与常规喷雾处理相比,平均每667m2增产率可达5.64％～12.44％.

An analytical approach was developed to simultaneously determine 13 antibiotics in sulfonamides, quinolones, and macrolides in leafy vegetables by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). After optimizing extracted solutions, purification methods, and eluents of antibiotics in vegetable substrates, and taking into account the influence of environmental changes and experimental conditions on the results, the optimal experimental scheme was determined. This involved ①weighing 500 mg of vegetable samples and adding 20 mL of methanol-Mcllvaine-Na2 EDTA solution; ② conducting ultrasonic and centrifugal extraction three times; ③ Allowing rotary evaporation to 20 mL to pass a HLB solid phase extraction column; ④ Eluting the extraction column using 6 mL of methanol, upon which the eluent was dried almost completely; ⑤ Re-dissolving the eluent with a mixed solution of acetonitrile:water (volume ratio of 2:8); ⑥ Detecting by UPLC-MS/MS after centrifugation and filtering. Phase A and B of UPLC-MS/MS used an aqueous solution of 1‰ formic acid and acetonitrile, respectively to conduct gradient elution. Results showed that when the pakchoi spiked at 300 ng·g-1, the spiked recoveries of 13 antibiotics were 38.05%-96.97%. At 150 ng·g-1, the spiked recoveries were 34.52%-111.10%. At 50 ng·g-1, the recoveries of standard addition were 41.75%-107.13%, and the relative deviation (RSD) values were all below 8.68%. The detection limit was 0.4-1 ng·g-1, and the limit of quantification was 1.5-3 ng·g-1. This demonstrated good extraction and recovery efficiency on different types of leafy vegetables, and presented a good analytical application effect. The antibiotic residues were detected in four kinds of leafy vegetables in found in markets. The total content ranged from 1.59 ng·g-1 to 32.01 ng·g-1, and the antibiotic content in samples was calculated by dry weight. The content of antibiotics in pakchoi was the highest, followed by Chinese cabbage, lettuce, and coriander. Among the antibiotics detected, sulfadimidine was the most abundant from the selected leafy vegetables. The content of antibiotics was very low, however the potential health risks caused by long-term consumption could not be ignored.

Arma chinensis is a predaceous insect species that can effectively suppress a wide range of agricultural and forest insect pests in the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Hemiptera in Northeast Asia. Adult A. chinensis males produce an aggregation-sex pheromone from dorsal abdominal glands and artificial aggregation-sex pheromone can attract adults of both sexes. The aggregation-sex pheromone consists of (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol. Both antennae and proboscises of A. chinensis females and males responded to components from male dorsal abdominal gland extracts. (E)-2-hexenal and benzaldehyde elicited significantly higher EAG responses than those with (E)-2-hexen-1-ol and benzyl alcohol. Benzyl alcohol elicited the weakest EAG responses, although benzyl alcohol was the most abundant of the four major components in male dorsal abdominal gland extracts. A field bioassay using trap catches demonstrated that (E)-2-hexenal and benzyl alcohol were key components of the pheromone for catching conspecific adults. Single pheromone components were the least attractive to A. chinensis in the field.

An artificial diet formulated for continuous rearing of the predator Arma chinensis was inferior to natural prey when evaluated using life history parameters. A transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes in diet-fed and prey-fed A. chinensis that were suggestive of molecular mechanisms underlying the nutritive impact of the artificial diet. Changes in the diet formulation were made based on the transcriptome analysis and tested using life history parameters. The quantity of pig liver, chicken egg, tuna fish, biotin, nicotinamide, vitamin B6, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin C, L-glutamine, and sucrose was reduced, and wheat germ oil, calcium pantothenate and folic acid were increased. Ecuadorian shrimp was added as a partial substitute for tuna fish. Several parameters improved over six generations, including increased egg viability, and decreased egg and adult cannibalism. Additionally, several parameters declined, including longer developmental times for 2nd-5th instars, and decreased nymphal weights. The improvements in life history parameters support the use of transcriptome analyses to help direct formulation improvements. However, the decline in some parameters suggests that additional information, e.g., proteomic data, may be useful as well to maximize diet formulations.

The diamondback moth,Plutdla xylostella (L.),is one of the world wide agricultural pests of cruciferous vegetables,and is also one of the earliest populations which produce resistance to pollution-free biological pesticide Bt toxin.The membrane bound alkaline phosphatase has been shown to be a direct receptor of Bt toxin protein in many insects according to previous studies.However,the coding genes and biological functions of Plutella xylostella alkaline phosphatase is rarely known.In this study,the open reading frame (ORF) of PxALP1 gene was cloned and the protein primary structure was deduced.A classic alkPPc (alkaline phosphatase homologues) domain was found in the 79th ～ 513th amino acid residue by SMART analysis,and a membrane bound domain was found through SWISS-MODEL homology model construction.Both of them indicated that PxALP1 was a potential membrane bound alkaline phosphatase.Phylogenetic analysis showed that diamondback moth PxALP1 and membrane combine alkaline phosphatase of Lepidoptera insect silkworm had the closest relationship.BLAST aligning exhibited that the identity between PxALP1 and silkworm BmAlpm was 36.3 ％ and the similarity was 50.3 ％,which proved that there was high conservation between them.

The tiger-fly Coenosia attenuata Stein is a predator that is currently thought to be a useful biological control agent for insect pests in greenhouses.It has received attention because of its ability to effectively suppress a wide range of agricultural pests,including fungus gnat,whitefly,leaf miner,winged aphid,and leafhopper.Distribution,biology,morphology,bionomics,behavior,feeding requirements,phylogeographical patterns,existing problems,and future potential for application of C.attenuata were discussed.

In the laboratory,the predation functional differences of male and female Coenosia attenuata to different densities of Bradysia odoriphaga were studied.The results showed that the daily maximum predation quantity of male C.attenuata to female and male B.odoriphaga was 44.6 and 46.5 respectively,and that of female C.attenuata to female and male B.odoriphaga was 52.6 and 54.1 respectively.The female C.attenuata owned higher predation capacity than the male.The function response equation of male C.attenuata to female and male B.odoriphaga was 1/Na =0.0224 + 0.9067 (1/No) and 1/Na =0.0215 + 0.8666 (1/No),and that of female C.attenuata to female and male B.odoriphaga was 1/Na =0.019 +0.8742 (1/No) and 1/Na =0.0185 +0.9720(1/No) respectively.These equations all accorded with the Holling Ⅱ model.Chi square test showed that there was no statistic difference between the theoretical value and observed value.

The development of immature tiger-fly Coenosia attenuata (Stein) was examined when reared in coir substrate and fed third-instar larvae of the fungus gnat Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen). Single larvae of C. attenuata were fed 3, 5, 7 and 9 prey per day and two larvae were fed 6, 10, 14 and 18 prey per day. Optimal prey density was determined for larval developmental rate, time to adult eclosion, larval survival, and percentage of pupation. Other biological characteristics, such as pupal weight, pupal length, and adult body length, continued to increase with an increase in prey density. The use of coir for a rearing substrate resulted in a more efficient use of prey, less cannibalism, and improved developmental time, and survival than previously reported when agarose gel or a mixture of soil and coir were used for rearing substrates. These improvements in rearing methods are significant advancements for the use of C. attenuata as a biological control agent against whiteflies, leaf miners, fungus gnats and winged-aphids. Additionally, coir substrate serves as a mulch layer when fungus gnats are controlled with C. attenuata, such as Bradysia odoriphaga (Yang et Zhang) in Chinese chive, and B. impatiens in potted ornamental plants.

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is one of the important agricultural pests firstly producing resistances to Bt toxin.The membrane bound alkaline phosphatase is a potential direct receptor of Bt toxin in diamondback moth.We had cloned the coding ORF of Plutella xylostella alkaline phosphatase gene PxALP1 in previous works, so we analyzed the expression patterns of this gene at different time and space in this paper.Through the whole life span of Plutella xylostella, PxALP1 gene had the highest expression level in the 3rd instar larvae;and among all the tissues and organs of the 3rd instar larvae, PxALP1 gene had the highest expression level in the midgut.The expression patterns of PxALP1 gene might be closely related to the resistant function of Bt toxin.