Objective: consideration of the importance of vaccination as a preventive measure of support the athlets immunne system in conditions of extreme physical exertion and increased epidemic risks. Materials and methods: analysis of local and foreign dates of immunocorrection and vaccination problems. Results: the presented review provides an integral assessment of the transitory immunosuppression, developing by the intensive training and competitive activities — exercise-induced immunosuppression. These dates described as an “open window” syndrome and characterized by an increased risk of viral and/or bacterial infection with predominant damage of the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. Widespread immunoprophylaxis provides an effective and relatively safe method of infectious control at risk groups including athletes. Conclusion: Vaccines of National Immunization Schedule and Epidemiological Immunization Schedule provide complex impact to the athletes immune status in wide variety of physical and psychological stresses. Vaccination increases the ability of specific and nonspecific resistance to infections that provide significant prevention of the “open window” syndrome.

Aim: this paper presents a comparative analysis of biochemical and immunological blood parameters in high skilled combat athletes with different athletic achievements. Materials and methods. The study involved male combat athletes (n = 78) of the Russian national team; mean age - 25.2 (21.5-28.9) years, mean body weight - 76.9 (68.4-83.4) kg. The following biochemical and immunological laboratory tests were performed: urea content, transaminase activity - ALT, AST, creatine kinase - CK, testosterone, cortisol levels and their ratio, absolute and relative CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD16+, CD19+ lymphocytes, immunoregulatory index - CD4+/CD8+, phagocytosis, IgA, IgM, IgG, IgE. The subjects were divided into two groups with respect to athletic performance: the UHA group (ultra-high achievements) included Olympic, World and European champions and medal winners (n = 19), the MNT group involved national team mem-bers (n = 59). Results. A multifactorial assessment of the relationship between athletic performance and biochemical/immunological blood parameters showed two biomarkers of predictive importance: urea up to 5.75 mM/l (sensitivity - 73.3%, specificity - 68.7%) and absolute CD4+ count - 0.865 center dot 109/l (sensitivity - 81.3%, specificity - 59%); decreased serum urea and increased circulating CD4+ cells were associated with outstanding athletic performance typical of the UHA group. The simultaneous use of both markers and their reference values improves the predictive accuracy for the UHA group by 3 times compared to a single use of absolute CD4+ count. The odds ratios were 24 (95% CI 6.23- 2.5, p < 0.001) and 8.147 (95% CI 2.121-31.3, p = 0.001), respectively. Conclusion. Serum urea up to 5.75 mmol/l as the most important indicator of pro-tein metabolism and circulating CD4+ count of > 0.865 center dot 109/l as a factor of immune performance demon-strate the ability to better tolerate training and competitive loads and resist infections.

BACKGROUND: In 2021, the Uppsala Monitoring Center of the World Health Organization included 52 vaccines for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) prevention in the international database, VigiBase, and almost immediately, this group of medicines (drugs) took the lead in the increased rate of reported adverse reactions (ARs). AIM: This study aimed to review the case reports of ARs from COVID-19 vaccines in the VigiBase database. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Statistical analysis of cases that describe ARs in the international pharmacovigilance VigiBase database was performed. RESULTS: On May 12, 2021, the VigiBase database included 26,099,906 reports that describe AR cases on drugs, including 585,744 reports of AR on vaccines for COVID-19 prevention. Serious ARs after immunization with these vaccines were registered in 31.5% of reports, including 0.9% fatal and 1.3% life-threatening. Headache (37.1% of reports), pyrexia (31.1%), chills (23.2%), and fatigue (22.7%) were most frequently recorded. CONCLUSIONS: More data are required to confirm the association between the COVID-19 vaccines and the increased risk of ARs following their use.

This review presents information on cases of antibiotic failure (insufficient effect) in the global population over the past three years. We analyzed scientific papers, clinical trial data, and the WHO Program for International Drug Monitoring (VigiBase) data from 2018 to 2020. The values of global success and safety rates of antibacterial drugs for medical use are presented. The findings may be of practical interest to physicians, researchers, developers, and healthcare regulators.

Objective: to conduct comparative analysis of blood biochemical parameters (urea, ALT, AST, creatinkinase, cortisol, testosterone and testosterone / cortisol ratio) in groups of high­class wrestlers with different levels of sports achievements.Materials and methods: male athletes (n = 78), members of the Russian national team in one of the types of wrestling (the average age is 25.2 (21.5–28.9) years, the average weight is 76.9 (68.4–83.4) kg) were recruited to this study. The examined athletes were divided into two groups according to their sporting achievements. The first one — SHA group (super­high achievements) which included athletes (n = 19) who had victories and prizes at the largest international competitions (European, World, Olympic Games), and the second group — MNT group (members of the national team) which included athletes that did not have similar achievements (n = 59). The following biochemical parameters were studied: urea, creatine kinase, ALT, AST, testosterone, cortisol, anabolic index (AI).Results: the absolute values of all metabolites in the examined athletes were within the reference intervals. Statistically significant differences in most of the biochemical parameters were revealed between the compared groups in terms of the level of sports achievements. The SHA group showed a statistically significant shift in relation to MNT group, in direction of increasing the level of metabolites that characterize the predominance of anabolic processes — ALT, testosterone, AI. Metabolite levels, increase which reflects catabolic processes activity and inadequate or insufficient adaptation processes, in the SHA group were significantly lower than in the MNT group. The above changes of the absolute values of biochemical parameters were confirmed by correlation analysis.Conclusions: the obtained results allow us to state the optimal adaptation of this sport, the adequacy of metabolic processes in the group of highly qualified athletes.

Serious sports achievements are associated with extreme impacts on the human body: psycho-emotional and physical loads of the training period, competitions requiring the mobilization of all the adaptive reserves of the body, changes in climatic conditions when athletes move long distances, adverse environmental factors leading to hypothermia. The combination of these factors has a depressing effect on the immune system. The emergence of immune disorders in athletes during periods of extreme physical and psycho-emotional stress made it possible to identify the mechanisms of adaptation failure and depletion of immunity reserves, which requires corrective measures. Roncoleukin® is a complete structural and functional analogue of endogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2) and has the same spectrum of functional activity. It is able to compensate for the deficiency of IL-2 and reproduce its effects as one of the key components of the cytokine network.

Objective: to evaluatethe preventive immunotherapy's (PIT) influence on indicators of cellular immunity of highly qualified combat athletes, depending on the level of sporting achievements. Materials and methods: research included 79 sportsmen with average age of 25,2 years, average weight 76,9 kg, sports experience no less than 10 years and sports rank no less than master of sports. Participants were stratified by the level of achievements in sports. The group 1 with highest level of achievements consisted of 31 sportsmen, each of who earned victory or a prize place on biggest international competitions (such as championships of Europe, World and Olympic Games). Remaining 48 participants didn't have such achievements, but theywere a part of national team (Group 2). PIT included probiotic - Fervital, a complex preparation of omega 3-6-9 fatty acids, vitamin-mineral complex - the Alphabet-biorhythm; antioxidant complex - Ubigold Q10 (coenzyme Q + vitamin E); antihypoxant - Hypoxen; sedative - Novo-Passit; adaptogenic drug - Gerimax Ginseng; polyenzyme complex - Wobenzym. Results: there was a great balance of cellular immunity in the group 1 before the PIT due to the higher content of CD4 + and CD19 + cells. A statistically significant increase in the relative content of CD3 + and CD8 + cells and a decrease in the relative and absolute content of CD16 + cells was detected against the background of PIT in the group l. But the group 2, on the contrary, showed an increase in the relative and absolute content of CD16 + cells. Conclusions: the obtained results showed a different reaction in the both groups to the conducted preventive immunotherapy, which, apparently, was due to the initial difference in the biochemical, genetic, psychological potential of athletes of these two groups.

The review article presents a summary of adverse drug reactions (ADR) in children, information about which was received in 1968–2018 in the International database VigiBase (Uppsala monitoring center, UMC). Of the 18.4 million Individual Safety Case Reports (ICSR) received over 50 years by VigiBase, 1.47 million ICSR contain information on the safety of pharmacotherapy in patients under the age of 18, including: 34 510 reports contain information on ADR in children under the age of 27 days, 415 678 — in children aged 28 days to 23 months, 613 676 — aged 2 to 11 years and 405 202 ICSR — in patients aged 12 to 17 years inclusive. During 2018 141 655 ICSR ADR of children in VigiBase was received. The most common reason for submitting reports on adverse effects in children was vaccines, antibiotics, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, analgesics-antipyretics, anti-acne and valproic acid. The most common side effects of drugs in children were the following ADR: hyperthermia, rash, vomiting, nausea, urticaria, diarrhea, itching, headache, erythema at injection site, convulsion. Separate data on 6 age groups about 10 most frequent ADR in children and about 10 medicines which ICSR most often arrived in VigiBase for 50 years and for 2018 are given.