The relevance and importance of the problem of acute decompensation of heart failure for the health care system not only in Russia, but also in the whole world is caused by a significant increase in the number of hospitalizations, associated increase in financial costs and extremely unfavorable prognosis in this group of patients. The article is devoted to the pathogenesis of acute decompensation of heart failure and the place of asymptomatic hyperuricemia in the development of this condition. Hyperuricemia is considered as a prognostic marker of unfavorable prognosis in patients with both cardiovascular diseases in general and acute decompensation of heart failure in particular. Special emphasis is made on approaches to drug therapy, tactics of xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol use, doses are analyzed in terms of efficacy, influence on prognosis, methods of achieving and controlling target values of hyperuricemia are discussed.

Aim. To study the profile of biochemical markers of the hemostasis system, to clarify their role and relationships in the pathogenesis of the development of thrombotic complications (TC) of ischemic stroke (IS) and the associated assessment of the possibilities of their diagnostic application. Materials and methods. The study group included 302 patients (164 men, 138 women) who were admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of IS within 24 hours of the onset of the disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by computed tomography. The average age of patients was 69 (5088) years. Blood was taken from all patients on the 1st day of the disease to determine the profile of analytes presumably associated with the pathogenesis of TC. Levels of homocysteine, protein C inhibitor, thrombomodulin, plasminogen, tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase, plasminogen activator type 1 inhibitor, t-PA/PAI-1 complex, vitronectin, plasmin-2-antiplasmin complex, D-dimer, fibronectin were determined in blood serum by ELISA. Results. TC in the acute period of IS (up to 21 days) were recorded in 32 (10.6%, 95% CI 7.3714.3) patients, of which pulmonary embolism was observed in 27 (8.94%, 95% CI 5.9812.4) patients, deep vein thrombosis in 5 (1.66%, 95% CI 0.473.47) patients. The results of the study of a panel of specific proteins involved in pathogenetic processes accompanying necrosis of brain tissue in IS demonstrated that of the entire list of markers of the hemostasis system activation selected for the study, the most significant are: the concentration of fibronectin in the prognosis of the absence of TC with a threshold value of more than 61 mkg/ml and OR 4.4 (95% CI 1.512.9, p=0.011), and the concentration of the t-PA/PAI-1 complex in the prognosis of the development of TC with a threshold value of more than 14 ng/ml and OR 11.3 (95% CI 1.18109.3, p=0.03). Conclusion. The significance of the t-PA/PAI-1 complex and fibronectin as markers of TC in IS may be due to a violation of the activation processes of the fibrinolytic link of hemostasis and the accumulation of non-deposited compounds that damage the vascular wall.

Background. Bacterial pneumonia is a frequent complication of ischemic stroke at the hospital stage. The search for prognostic laboratory markers of pneumonia remains an urgent task, as it will allow to individualize the approach to the treatment and rehabilitation of such patients. Aim. To investigate the prognostic significance of proteins of the acute phase of inflammation, as well as to evaluate them as early predictors of the development of pneumonia in patients with ischemic stroke. Materials and methods. The study included 302 patients in the acute period of ischemic stroke. C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor , interleukin-6 (IL-6), neutrophil elastase, neopterin, serum amyloid A (SAA), secreted phospholipase type 2 (sPLA2) were determined in all patients on the first day by enzyme immunoassay. Statistical data processing was carried out using SPSS and Microsoft Excel software (USA). Results. At the hospital stage, pneumonia developed in 82/302 patients (27.2%; 95% confidence interval 22.332.3%). The levels of CRP, IL-6, sPLA2, SAA and neopterin significantly differed in the presence and absence of pneumonia. Step-by-step logistic regression analysis revealed the significance of IL-6 and CRP concentrations in the prognosis of pneumonia. The threshold value of IL-6 concentration was 3.45 pg/ml (sensitivity 82.4%, specificity 66.7%). The prognostic value of a positive result (PPR) in the prognosis of pneumonia was 40%, a negative result (PNR) 92%. The threshold value of CRP was 1640 mg/l with a sensitivity of 65.8% and a specificity of 74.8%. The PPR of the threshold value of the concentration of CRP was 45%, PNR 80%. Conclusion. The measurement of the concentration of IL-6 and CRP on the first day of ischemic stroke makes it possible to identify patients with the greatest risk of pneumonia at the hospital stage. The results of the work indicate the necessity to include CRP and IL-6 in the list of mandatory laboratory tests that should be carried out for each patient with ischemic stroke on the first day from the onset of the disease.

In September 2021, the European Society of Cardiology issued new guidelines on the management of patients with heart failure (HF). In the current version, experts have focused on the 4 most common variants: acute HF decompensation, acute pulmonary edema, cardiogenic shock, and isolated right ventricular failure. There has been a change in approaches to the initial management of patients with acute HF decompensation towards a decrease in the evidence-based use of peripheral vasodilators and a "return" to loop diuretics as the basis of treatment. This raises the question of monitoring the efficacy of diuretic therapy. The paper presents an algorithm proposed by the European Society of Cardiology.

Acute heart failure (HF) is a syndrome requiring urgent treatment. Due to drastic increase in the number of HF patients this problem is still of great importance for modern public health care and has a significant impact on morbidity and mortality. This article presents modern approaches to the classification of this condition, describes diagnostic algorithms, and discovers general methods of acute HF therapy. Two clinical axes are described the presence of stasis in one or two circuits of blood circulation and peripheral hypoperfusion, on the basis of which the individual approaches to treatment strategy of patients with this symptom complex are developed.

Objective: to conduct comparative analysis of blood biochemical parameters (urea, ALT, AST, creatinkinase, cortisol, testosterone and testosterone / cortisol ratio) in groups of high­class wrestlers with different levels of sports achievements.Materials and methods: male athletes (n = 78), members of the Russian national team in one of the types of wrestling (the average age is 25.2 (21.5–28.9) years, the average weight is 76.9 (68.4–83.4) kg) were recruited to this study. The examined athletes were divided into two groups according to their sporting achievements. The first one — SHA group (super­high achievements) which included athletes (n = 19) who had victories and prizes at the largest international competitions (European, World, Olympic Games), and the second group — MNT group (members of the national team) which included athletes that did not have similar achievements (n = 59). The following biochemical parameters were studied: urea, creatine kinase, ALT, AST, testosterone, cortisol, anabolic index (AI).Results: the absolute values of all metabolites in the examined athletes were within the reference intervals. Statistically significant differences in most of the biochemical parameters were revealed between the compared groups in terms of the level of sports achievements. The SHA group showed a statistically significant shift in relation to MNT group, in direction of increasing the level of metabolites that characterize the predominance of anabolic processes — ALT, testosterone, AI. Metabolite levels, increase which reflects catabolic processes activity and inadequate or insufficient adaptation processes, in the SHA group were significantly lower than in the MNT group. The above changes of the absolute values of biochemical parameters were confirmed by correlation analysis.Conclusions: the obtained results allow us to state the optimal adaptation of this sport, the adequacy of metabolic processes in the group of highly qualified athletes.

The development of clinical laboratory diagnostics is in line with the evidence-based medicine, which requires that clinical decisions have to be based on diagnostic methods with proven informativity. This creates a request for the scientific validity of the use of laboratory researches and application of probabilistic interpretation tools corresponding to the tasks. The concept of indefiniteness (analytical, biological and clinical) is at the heart of interpretation of laboratory results. The inclusion of laboratory research in clinical guidelines, the choice and appointment of this research to the patient should not be made from the position of ideas about increasing or decreasing the laboratory index in the disease, but on the basis of its scientifically proven characteristics as a laboratory biomarker sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, as well as the relationship with certain clinical events, outcomes, risks. These characteristics are probabilistic and can be defined.

Сердечный белок, связывающий жирные кислоты, в прогнозе течения ишемического инсульта на госпитальном этапе Сердечный белок, связывающий жирные кислоты (сБСЖК), помимо миокарда, содержится также в клетках головного мозга. Концентрация сБСЖК в кровотоке при церебральной ишемии может служить маркером течения ишемического инсульта (ИИ). Цель исследования - изучение значимости сБСЖК в прогнозе течения ИИ. Материалы и методы. В исследование включено 302 пациента в остром периоде ИИ. У всех пациентов определяли концентрацию сБСЖК в сыворотке крови в 1-е сутки после поступления методом иммуноферментного анализа. Для статистической обработки данных использовалось программное обеспечение SPSS и Microsoft Excel. Результаты. Наиболее частыми неблагоприятными событиями на госпитальном этапе оказались летальный исход (ЛИ), тромботические осложнения и пневмония. Были выявлены статистически значимые различия уровня сБСЖК между группами наличия и отсутствия ЛИ как по доверительным интервалам центральных значений, так и по статистическим критериям. ROC-анализ значений сБСЖК по наличию ЛИ подтвердил его прогностическую значимость, площадь под кривой составила 0,776±0,061 (0,655-0,896; р<0,001). Рассчитанное пороговое значение сБСЖК составило 2757 пг/мл с чувствительностью 80% и специфичностью 74,4%. Прогностическая ценность положительного результата сБСЖК в прогнозе летального исхода составила 71%, прогностическая ценность отрицательного результата - 83%. Отношение шансов ЛИ по данному пороговому значению сБСЖК составило 11,6 (3,68-36,5). Заключение. Результаты проведенного исследования показали, что сБСЖК является значимым лабораторным биомаркером в прогнозе летального исхода у больных с ИИ. В связи с отсутствием статистически значимого влияния на концентрацию сБСЖК особенностей лечения, причин смерти и сердечно - сосудистых заболеваний в анамнезе увеличение концентрации сБСЖК выше порогового значения 2757 пг/мл можно считать независимым фактором риска ЛИ у больных с ИИ.

Heart - type fatty acid binding protein (h-FABP), in addition to myocardium, is also contained in the brain cells. The blood concentration of h-FABP in cerebral ischemia can be a marker of ischemic stroke course. AIM To investigate the importance of h-FABP in the prognosis of ischemic stroke (IS). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 302 patients in the acute period of ischemic stroke. All patients were determined the concentration of h-FABP in the serum 1 day by enzyme immunoassay. SPSS and Microsoft Excel software were used for statistical data processing. RESULTS The most frequent adverse events at the hospital stage were lethal outcome (LO), thrombotic complications and pneumonia. Statistically significant differences in the level of h-FABP between the groups of presence and absence of LO were revealed both by confidence intervals of Central values and by statistical criteria. The ROC analysis values of h-FABP in the presence of the LO confirmed its predictive value, area under the curve amounted to 0.776±0.061 (0.655-0.896), p.

1ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов», Москва, Россия; 2ФГБОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия; 3Автономное Учреждение ХМАО-Югры «Центр профессиональной патологии», Ханты-Мансийск, Россия; 4ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологии» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия; 5АНО ДПО «Институт лабораторной медицины», Москва, Россия