提高农村人居环境质量是乡村振兴的重要内容,也是满足人民对美好生活向往的必然要求.当前,如何摆脱农民参与环境治理意愿低的困境是一个值得关注的问题.本文从"不值得"定律三要素(即价值观、个性与气质以及现实处境)审视农村人居环境治理中农民参与意愿低的不利现象,基于福建省 55 个村庄的 283 份调查问卷与Ologit模型定量研究"三要素"对农民参与环境治理意愿的影响.结果表明:(1)价值观、个性与气质和现实处境均有明显影响,农民的价值观、个性与气质和现实处境越佳,农民参与环境治理的意愿越高.(2)在价值观方面,风险感知、责任认知有较显著的积极影响,其中责任认知的影响较风险感知大.(3)在个性与气质方面,互助行为和奉献行为有极显著的积极作用,尤其是互助行为.(4)在现实处境方面,良好的制度信任和邻里关系均能提高农民参与环境治理的积极性,制度信任较邻里关系显著.塑造农民的环保价值观、提升环境治理技术和能力,并完善农村人居环境治理体系,有助于提高农民参与环境治理意愿.

农民是农村环境治理的主力军,提高其环境治理的参与意愿是建立农村环境现代化治理体系的重要基础.基于福建省福州市、三明市、宁德市、龙岩市、南平市55个村庄的286份抽样调查数据,研究农户参与环境治理的路径:正式网络、非正式网络对农户参与环境治理意愿的影响.正式网络和非正式网络均对农户参与环境治理的意愿有较强的影响,网络越发达,农户越愿意参与环境治理;在正式网络方面,农户环境治理意愿的最大影响因素来自村庄治理参与意愿与家乡建设参与意愿两方面;在非正式网络方面,邻里关系、公益活动参与意愿均能够显著提高农户参与环境治理的意愿,尤其是邻里关系;正式网络与非正式网络在对农户参与环境治理意愿的影响中互有中介效应.为此,应建立健全社会协同、公众参与的治理体系,发挥社会网络对农户参与农村环境治理的积极影响.

采用2014-2021年福州新区的地表温度、归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)和土地利用类型等数据,从乡镇单元尺度分析热环境的空间分布情况,并探究植被和土地利用对热环境空间分布的影响.结果表明:2014-2021年福州新区地表温度在空间上有明显的空间自相关性,空间集聚特征显著,新区热岛比例指数(URI)呈现出下降趋势,表明在此期间热岛效应状况总体有所缓解;植被覆盖率(FVC)影响热环境的空间分布,可将福州新区的"热点"划分为FVC、NDVI均较低的乡镇和FVC较高、NDVI较低的乡镇两类;土地利用类型、土地利用程度及周边环境亦影响热环境的空间分布.

为了消除高校实验室管理存在的"条块分割"且难以整体联动的现象,文章从全方位视角、多元化主体和动态化管理三个维度展开理论分析,阐释协同治理理论与高校实验室全面管理的内在契合性,并通过问卷调查的方式对协同治理进行实证分析.研究表明,制度、人员、设施、安全体系等相关要素的完善对高校实验室全面管理具有正向推动作用,且各要素间的协同可以促进实验室的全面管理.在此基础上,文章还从制度制定与组织管理者、实验人员管理者、硬件设施管理者及实验安全管理者的角度,提出了协同治理理论下加强高校实验室全面管理工作的措施,以期推进高校实验室的可持续发展、增强高校实验室的全面管理能力.

Laboratory safety management is an important part of the modernization of university governance system and governance capacity. This paper starts with the basic characteristics of human resources, materials, environment and system, identifies the key process areas and key practices of laboratory safety management from the perspective of capability maturity, constructs the capability maturity model (CMM) of university laboratory safety management, and guides the optimal decision-making of laboratory safety management. Taking a local university as an example, the maturity level of its laboratory safety management is designated as “normative management level” according to the model, and corresponding optimization strategies are proposed for weak key practices. The research shows that CMM can provide a dynamic evaluation scheme for university laboratory safety management, and provide a decision-making basis for the formulation and improvement of laboratory safety management measures.

[Objective]The coordinated state of socio-economic level(SEL)and ecological resilience(ER)in the Fuzhou metropolitan area(FMA)and its development trend were analyzed in order to provide regulatory suggestions and theoretical references for high-quality and sustainable development of this metropolitan area.[Methods]Data were obtained for 27 county cities in FMA,and a three-dimensional ecological resilience evaluation model based on the "resistance-recovery-adaptability"characteristics of resilience was constructed.A universal social and economic level evaluation index system was also constructed.The entropy weight method,coupling coordination degree model,kernel density model,scissors difference method,and gravity center migration model were used to determine the temporal and spatial evolution trends of SEL,ER,and coupling and coordination level of FMA.The main factors affecting the coordinated development were determined by Pearson correlation analysis.[Results]① The mean value of SEL for FMA increased from 0.181 2 to 0.320 8.The spatially high SEL areas were distributed as "one core and three centers"with FMA as the core.② The mean value of ecological environmental resistance(ER)decreased from 0.429 4 to 0.349 4,and the high ER areas were mainly concentrated in the inland mountainous areas such as "Yanping-Gutian",while the low ER areas were located in the coastal area of "Mawei-Meizhou Island",and formed a resilience "depression"in and around FMA.ER and its subsystems exhibited strong positive autocorrelation in space.③ The mean value of coupling coordination degree steadily increased from 0.51 to 0.56.The speed of development in terms of the SEL and ER of counties tended to be balanced,and the scissor angle difference generally decreased.The center of gravity of coordinated development moved to the central part of FMA,and the number of counties entering a type of coordinated development increased significantly.The main factors hindering the coupled coordination were the risk resistance index,per capita GDP,and the number of hospital beds per thousand people.[Conclusion]The SEL and ER of FMA showed a trend of"misaligned"development in space-time,and the coupling and coordination level of both still has much room for improvement.

基于能力成熟度模型(CMM),从人员、组织、技术物资、制度、效益5类要素入手,选取农村人居环境治理中的10个关键过程域和32个关键实践指标,构建农村人居环境治理能力成熟度评价模型(RCMM).在实证研究中,采用田间调研方式收集指标数据,判定研究区人居环境治理等级为"基本治理级";针对薄弱的关键实践,遵循"木桶理论",提出相应优化策略,实现治理能力动态提升.本文以成熟度理论为基础,从"社会—环境治理"角度提出一种适用于农村人居环境治理能力评价的模型,以期完善农村人居环境治理能力的评价方法,扩展村庄环境治理实践体系,助力乡村振兴事业.

Chlorophyll is an important physiological parameter reflecting the health status of green vegetation. The change mechanism of chlorophyll and leaf spectrum under pest stress is complex. It is of great significance to analyze the relationship between chlorophyll and leaf spectrum in depth for pest detection. Taking Shunchang County, Nanping City, Fujian Province as the experimental area, the leaf SPAD and leaf spectrum of Phyllostachys pubescens under different damage scenarios were measured. Pearson correlation method was used to screen the leaf spectrum characteristic indexes, and multiple linear regression, ridge regression, random forest and XGBoost estimation models of leaf SPAD were established. By comparing the screening results of spectral characteristics and the estimation effect of the model, the relationship between chlorophyll and leaf spectral characteristics of Phyllostachys pubescens under the stress of Pantana phyllostachysae was analyzed. The results showed that: (1) SPAD of Phyllostachys pubescens leaves showed a downward trend with the increase of insect pests; (2) Compared with the undamaged state, the spectral characteristics of Phyllostachys pubescens leaves changed obviously under the stress of Pantana phyllostachysae, and the "green peak" and "red valley" tended to disappear, the slope of "red edge" decreased, and the reflectance of near infrared wavelength decreased. (3) The best spectral characteristics of leaf SPAD based on full sample fitting are VOG(2), R-515/R-570, CIred, PRI and NDVI705, and the best estimation model is multiple linear regression model (R-2=0.7537, RMSE=3.0150). (4) SPAD of Phyllostachys pubescens leaves was fitted based on samples with different damage degrees. The optimal spectral characteristic indexes were health: CIred, VOG(2), ARVI, R-515/R-570, DVI; mild hazard: RENDVI, RERVI and REDVI; moderate hazard: RENDVI, RERVI and REDVI; severe hazard: VOG(2), CIred, NDVI705; off year: PRI, NDVI705, VOG(1), CIred. The best estimation model is the multiple linear regression model, and the model accuracy is healthy (R-2 = 0.8823; RMSE=1.6388); mild hazard(R-2=0.1802; RMSE=3.3354); moderate hazard(R-2 = 0.3604; RMSE=3.8867); severe hazard (R-2=0.4677; RMSE=2.6018); off year (R-2=0.7324; RMSE=2.3754). It was found that with the increase of the damage grade, the spectral characteristic index of Phyllostachys pubescens leaves changed, and the estimation accuracy of the relational model showed a trend of sharp decline at first and then slowly rising. The model had better estimation effect on SPAD of healthy and young leaves, but poor estimation effect on SPAD of light-medium-severe damaged leaves. When the relationship between SPAD and spectral characteristics of Phyllostachys pubescens leaves tends to be disordered, it indicates that the harm of Pantana phyllostachysae may occur.

为解析高校实验室安全事故的管理原因和存在问题,该文基于责任分散效应视角,通过问卷调查发现,高校行政管理人员、实验管理人员和学生群体均将实验室安全事故归因于其他角色群体和外部环境,表现为典型的责任分散效应.通过分析上述三类角色群体责任分散的原因,提出健全安全管理体系、明晰权责和奖惩、提高职业道德素养、落实安全管理职责、加强专业和安全技能训练、严格执行准入制度、提高安全责任意识和强化安全行为管理等应对策略,为有效推进实验室安全管理工作提供参考.

福州新区是国务院2015年批复建设的全国第14个国家级新区,对国家的"一带一路"建设具有重要支撑作用,深入研究快速建设背景下该区的生态脆弱性演变有助于其理性规划与发展.以新区批复前后的2014、2016、2018、2020年四期Landsat-8 OLI遥感影像为数据源,结合新区自然生态与干扰特征,选取土地利用类型、归一化植被指数、归一化建筑指数、改进的归一化差值水体指数、土壤类型、人类干扰指数、坡度、地形起伏度、景观分离度指数及景观分维度指数等10个指标,基于熵权与综合指数法定量研究该时期福州新区的生态脆弱性演变特征.结果表明,福州新区有较好的生态本底,在开发建设的过程中,生态脆弱性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中,高山城镇群片区和江阴产城片区的生态脆弱性呈上升趋势,生态质量变化较剧烈,面临着生态恶化的风险,应高度重视该区域生态与经济建设的协调性.

开展高光谱遥感影像的阴影检测研究有助于去除阴影,并进一步发挥其高光谱分辨率优势.以多角度高光谱影像PROBA/CHRIS为数据源,尝试从增大明亮区植被、阴影区植被、水体区3种典型地物间光谱的差异入手,利用连续投影算法(successive projection algorithm,SPA)选取特征波段,并分析典型地物在CHRIS影像原始波段及归一化差值植被指数上的光谱特征,由此构建该影像的归一化阴影植被指数(normalized shaded vegetation index,NS-VI).基于步长法设置合理阈值,对影像予以分类,并从分类精度及光谱差异增强效果两个角度评价NSVI对CHRIS影像阴影的检测能力.结果表明:B9和B15可作为构建CHRIS影像NSVI的特征波段;基于NSVI阈值法对CHRIS多角度影像予以分类,各角度影像3种地物的分类精度均在94％以上,总Kappa均大于0.89,0°影像的分类效果最佳;经掩模获取分类后3种地物的子影像,子影像光谱均值有差异,但考虑标准差后则发现其光谱重叠现象较为明显,表明NSVI可增强典型地物间的光谱差异,提高了光谱混淆像元间的可分性.通过进一步比较NS-VI与归一化阴影指数和阴影指数的阴影检测效果,亦证明了NSVI的阴影检测能力,说明所构建的NSVI能够应用于PROBA/CHRIS高光谱影像的阴影检测,可为该影像的阴影去除及阴影信息修复等工作提供重要支持.