学术市场的激烈竞争、知识生产模式的转变以及博士生自身学术发展的诉求都需要对博士生核心技能与素养的深入探索与重新建构.基于来自中国和英国的 22位青年学者的半结构性访谈与比较分析,对以学术为志业的博士生的核心技能与素养展开反思性建构.提炼出以"分析?发现?解决"问题为中心,以知识性与工具性能力、规划与执行能力、创新能力、展示与交流能力、团队合作与领导能力、教学能力为基础的六大核心技能与素养,据此构建以学术为志业的博士生核心素养图谱,并基于活动理论从主客体、中介工具和制度环境等方面深入探讨其培养机制,以期为博士生培养提供有益建议.

Resistance genes and strains were increased significantly with antibiotic accumulation in soil. Some resistant strains showed multiple drug resistance. Resistance genes can not only transfer between different species of bacteria, but also to humans by edible crops. Thus, the harm of resistant strains to the environment and human health is alarming. Studies showed that many microorganisms grew in an extreme environment and could degrade toxic substances, therefore, there must be some bacteria living with antibiotics as carbon sources for growth in the environment. Although many studies reported antibiotic resistant strains, little effort had been found in the literature to isolate strains with antibiotics for carbon sources. With the aim to promote domestic antibiotic resistance genes related research development of new antimicrobial agent, we studied growth characteristics and phylogenetic positions for strains with penicillin or tetracycline as the sole carbon source.We collected four kinds of soil (forest soil, tea garden soil, farm soil, and hospital nearby soil) with a potential antibiotic accumulation for the experiment. Sole carbon source medium with penicillin or tetracycline was used to isolate strains. The purity of each reagent in the medium was more than 99.5%. Morphological observation and gram staining were carried out after inoculating culture. Growth curves of strains and antibiotic concentrations in the medium were analyzed to understand the characteristics of the strains using antibiotics. Primers 27F and 1492R were used for strains 16S rRNA genes amplification to determine phylogenetic positions of strains.We isolated five soil bacterial strains (p4, p5, t1, t5, t9) from soil with the capacity to grow on antibiotic as sole carbon source. The strains of p4, p5 are resistant to penicillin and the other three are to tetracycline. The strain of t1 was isolated from the tea garden and other four strains were isolated from the forest soil. Five strains were all gram-negative bacteria. The results showed that antibiotics were limiting factors for these bacteria and antibiotic could stimulate the strains growth. The concentration of penicillin and tetracycline degraded 22.6% and 16.5%, respectively, after inoculation compared with the control in 100 mg/L sole carbon source (SCS) antibiotic medium. It showed that the isolates could use antibiotics as carbon sources to support their own growth. The bacterial isolates were identified based on analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences. They were placed into a phylogenetic tree and were considered to be surprisingly diverse. They were classified into five distinct genera, Lysobacter genus, Variovorax genus, Pseudomona genus, Chitinophaga genus and Bradyrhizobium genus, respectively. It is concluded that there are a considerable number of microbes in soil that can grow with antibiotics as the sole carbon source, unlike previous resistant bacteria, and the increase of concentration of antibiotics can stimulate the growth of strains. In theory, the strain can degrade antibiotics in soil, but as a kind of environmental pollutants, the ecological risk of isolated strains still needs further study. Although the mechanism of strains resistance is not obvious, we are sure that these strains are diverse in phylogenetic positions.