The observation of similar clinical characteristics across a broad spectrum of diseases suggests the existence of underlying shared molecular mechanisms. Identifying these mechanisms is critical for uncovering the molecular roots of diseases and advancing the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. However, researching the common genes that mediate similar phenotypes among different diseases often requires the integration of various sequencing datasets and clinical data. The batch effects among these datasets and the complexity of clinical data present significant challenges to the research. This study developed a framework named “clGENE”, aimed at uncovering the molecular mechanisms behind similar phenotypes across different diseases. By integrating data normalization, cosine similarity analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA) algorithms, this framework is capable of effectively identifying shared molecular mechanisms associated with specific phenotypes and further selecting key shared genes. Through the analysis of a pan-cancer dataset, we have verified the efficacy and reliability of the “clGENE” framework. Furthermore, this study also established a dataset on immune cell infiltration and successfully identified key patterns of immune cell infiltration in different cancer lymph node metastasis stages using the ‘clGENE’ framework, further confirming its potential application in biomedical research.### Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.

Since illegal wildlife trade poses challenges to biodiversity and public security, improving people’s wildlife conservation through environmental education has become an important issue. This study analyzes the intervention effect of labeling in wildlife conservation education and explores the underlying mechanism by targeting adolescents. Specifically, it is found that (1) the labeling in wildlife conservation education can improve teenagers’ willingness to protect wildlife; (2) the environmental self-identity is highly correlated with wildlife conservation.

Labeling refers to the behavior that a person uses specific words to label and tends to describe according to the label. For example, when labeled as “environmentally-conscious”, one will enhance his/her pro-environmental behaviors. Thus that will strengthen his/her environmental self-identity, which, in turn, will promote pro-environmental behaviors. This paper looks into the effects of four labels on pro-environmental behaviors. The study into elephant protection found that negative labels can significantly encourage elephant protection and discourage the consumption of elephant-related products. This research will provide a policy tool for environmental organizations and relevant governmental departments.

Biofilm is referred to the bacteria forming the special microbial aggregations in order to adapt to the change of external environment.The biofilm process is an important branch of water biochemical treatment technology,which is becoming more and more attentive in the field of environmental engineering.This article summarized studies on the role of extracellular DNA in the process of biofilm forming.Firstly,the classification of extracellular polymeric substance(EPS) and eDNA distribution in EPS were described.Further,it illuminated that QS(quorum sensing)-mechanism mediated the release of eDNA in the bacterial cells.In order to provide more detailed information about the role of eDNA in the process of biofilm forming,the eDNA-mediated performance in the adhesion and aggregation of bacterial was revealed according to XDLVO theory.Moreover,the combinative behavior of eDNA with proteins and polysaccharides were also discussed.Lastly,the future trends in the influence of eDNA on the process of biofilm forming in the coming years were addressed.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of moderate to severe menopausal symptoms among the women with breast cancer and analyze relative factors. Methods A self- designed questionnaire and Menopausal Rating Scale were used to collect information of the women with breast cancer who were receiving chemotherapy or follow-up. Results The incidence of moderate to severe menopausal symptoms was 62.0% (124/200) among the 200 breast cancer women investigated. Logistic regression revealed that women with financial difficulties, chemotherapy related menopause and bachelor′s degree were more inclined to suffer from moderate to severe menopausal symptoms (OR=3.818, 3.570, 3.213, P < 0.05). Conclusions The prevalence of moderate to severe menopausal symptoms was high among the women with breast cancer under treatment. Nurses should pay close attention to women with financial difficulties, chemotherapy related menopause and bachelor′s degree. Timely risk assessment and intervention are needed to control and reduce the influence of menopausal symptoms.

Isolate and screen 4 acid-producing strains from natural Yaoqu of bran vinegar,then study these strains'capacity of acid production,alcohol-resistant and salt tolerance.The results show that the highest acid producing amount of the strains is up to 24.3 g/L,the highest resistance to alcohol is 7% and the highest resistance to salt is 0.9%.According to the morphology,physiological and biochemical characteristics of these strains,strain A2 is primarily identified as A.aceti and strains A, A1 ,A3 are primarily identified as A.pasteurianus.

Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a major public health challenge globally. Genetic epidemiological evidence suggests a genetic basis for TB, but the molecular mechanism for a genetic predisposition to TB remains largely unknown. Thirty-five tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 11 candidate cytokines and related genes, including IL-12/IFN-γ axis genes (IL12B, IL12RB1, IL18R1, IL27, IFNGR1, IFNGR2 and STAT1), the TNF gene locus (TNF and LTA), IL10, and CCL2, were genotyped using Sequenom's iPLEX assays in 1,032 patients with TB and 1,008 controls of Chinese Han origin. We did not find that any of the 35 tag SNPs individually or as haplotypes was significantly associated with susceptibility to TB, on the basis of multivariable logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age and sex. However, stratification analyses showed that, in those with age 46 years or older, carrying the rs1974675 T allele in the IL18R1 gene had a significantly decreased susceptibility to TB occurrence compared with carrying the C/C genotype (OR = 0.57, P = 5.0×10−4). Further analysis indicated that a SNP in absolute linkage disequilibrium with rs1974675, rs3755276, is located within a CpG dinucleotide and showed hypomethylation in controls than in patients (19.6% vs. 31.4%; P = 1.0×10−4) and genotype-specific DNA methylation at the IL18R1 promoter and IL18R1 mRNA levels. In addition, DNA methylation levels were significantly inversely correlated with mRNA levels. Thus, decreased mRNA levels of IL18R1 due to rs3755276 may partially mediate the increased susceptibility to TB risk.

The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) has inhibitory effects on the replication of several viruses. The antiviral effects are through targeting the interaction between viral proteins and host factor cyclophilin A (CypA). CypA has been identified to interact with influenza A virus M1 protein and impair the early stage of the viral life cycle. In order to identify the effect of CsA on influenza virus replication, a CypA-depleted 293T cell line, which was named as 293T/CypA−, was constructed. The cytopathic effect (CPE) assay and the growth curve results indicated that CsA specifically suppressed the influenza A virus replication in a dose-dependent manner. CsA treatment had no effect on the viral genome replication and transcription but selectively suppressed the viral proteins expression. Further studies indicated that CsA could impair the nuclear export of viral mRNA in the absence of CypA. In addition, the antiviral activity of CsA was independent of calcineurin signaling. Finally, CsA could enhance the binding between CypA and M1. The above results suggested that CsA inhibited the replication of influenza A virus through CypA-dependent and -independent pathways.

Summary 1. Phylogenetic signal – the similarity in trait values among phylogenetically related species – is pervasive for most types of traits in most organisms. Traits can often be categorized a priori into groups based on the level of biological organization, functional relations, developmental origins, or genetic underpinnings. Traits within such groups are often expected to be correlated and hence show similar levels of phylogenetic signal. 2. We developed multivariate statistical methods to test for phylogenetic signal in groups of traits while also incorporating estimates of trait measurement error (including within‐species variation) that can obscure phylogenetic signal. Simultaneously, these methods produce estimates of correlations between traits that are corrected for phylogenetic relationships among species. 3. We applied these methods to data for 13 morphological and physiological traits gathered in a common‐garden study of nine species of Manglietia (Magnoliaceae). The 13 traits fell into four groups: three traits involved photosynthesis [maximum net photosynthesis (Amax), light saturation point (LSP), light compensation point]; three described leaf morphology (thickness of leaves, palisade tissue, sponge tissue); four related to plant growth (basal stem diameter, crown volume, leaf area, relative growth rate); and three measured thermal tolerance [critical temperature (Tch), peak temperature (Tmax), temperature of half‐inactivation (T50)]. We also constructed a molecular phylogeny for these species from 219 AFLP markers via maximum likelihood estimation under the assumption of sequential binary changes in DNA sequences. 4. Of the 13 traits, only two photosynthesis traits (Amax and LSP) exhibited statistically detectable phylogenetic signal (P < 0·05) when analysed separately, whether using previously published univariate tests or our new univariate tests that incorporate measurement error. In contrast, multivariate analyses of the four trait groups, estimating simultaneously the phylogenetic signal for all traits and the correlations between traits, revealed a statistically significant phylogenetic signal for two of the four groups (photosynthesis and plant growth), comprising seven traits in total. 5. Our results demonstrate that even when the number of species in a comparative study is small, resulting in low power for univariate tests, phylogenetic signal can nonetheless be detected with multivariate tests that incorporate measurement error. Furthermore, our simulations show that the joint estimation of phylogenetic signal and trait correlations can lead to better (less biased and more precise) estimates of both.