Biomass resources possessed the advantages of being natural, renewable, abundant, inexpensive, and easy to degrade. Therefore, fabricated bio‐based UV‐curable materials have gradually attracted much more attention, which meet the requirements of sustainable development and save petrochemical resources. In this paper, cardanol was modified to synthesize radical reactive diluent and hybrid reactive diluent by a facial method and was used to adjust the viscosity and reduce the volume shrinkage of UV‐curable epoxy acrylic resin. The structure–activity properties and UV‐curing kinetics of the obtained UV‐curable materials were clarified, and the anti‐shrinkage mechanism was also explored. In addition, the obtained cardanol‐based materials were compared with petroleum based diluent methyl methacrylate (MMA) and application for UV‐curable coatings. The volume shrinkage of the cardanol‐based reactive diluents was 3.5% and 2.1%, respectively, which were lower than MMA (4.6%). The CC conversion of the cardanol‐based reactive diluent exhibited the highest value of 79.6%. This work provided a specific theoretical basis for the subsequent design and application of bio‐based UV‐curable resins. It is of certain significance to the alleviation of the shortage of petrochemical resources and the sustainable development of the UV‐curable coating industries.

Thermosetting plastics account for approximately 18% of global plastic production, with an annual global production of 65 million tons. The vast majority of thermosetting plastic waste are buried, burned, or discharged into the ocean, causing serious pollution to the natural environment. How to develop a green, energy-saving, and high value-added recycling method is a major challenge in plastic recycling. Ultraviolet (UV)-curable resins derived from renewable resources for constructing high strength vitrimeric materials and 3D printed subjects are important for sustainability and responsive recycling. Herein, a resin (tartaric acid-glycidyl methacrylate, TAGM) containing two methacrylate groups, two ss-hydroxyl ester groups and a vicinal diol group was prepared from biomass tartaric acid via a green and sustainable strategy including one-step & solvent -free procedure. After facile UV-curing of TAGM, thermally reprocessable polymeric networks were obtained and tested to have high glass transition temperature (Tg), mechanical strength, Young's modulus and toughness of 127.6 degrees C, 104.4 MPa, 1244.2 MPa and 6.3 MJ/m3, respectively. The polar vicinal diol group from tartaric acid (TA) plays a critical role for the advantageous thermomechanical performances, as learned in a comparative study with similarly structured monomers from succinic acid (SA) and L-malic acid (MA). Additionally, the TAGM with 30% diluent of hydroxyethyl methacrylate was utilized for three dimensional (3D) printing, and exhibited smaller penetration depth and high resolution. This work demonstrates a feasible approach to fabricate biobased resin for high strength vitrimeric materials and customized manufacturing via 3D printing.The resulted mechanically robust and vitrimeric subjects with significant comprehensive advantages and will provide important inspiration for plastic recycling and reducing plastic pollution.

Dynamic covalent chemistry provides a solution to the recycling problem of epoxy resins, and the graphene functional composites. Nevertheless, the study on chemical structures of the curing agent, and the type of dynamic covalent bonds associated with the nature of the epoxy resins still face challenge due to unclear mechanism and improper design strategy. Herein, a bio-based epoxy monomer was designed from cardanol, and used to fabricate a double dynamically crosslinked epoxy vitrimer. The mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, thermal stability, relaxation behavior, self-healing efficiency, recovery, and reprocessing efficiency of the resulting resins were investigated, focusing on the effects of the soft and hard structure of the curing agent, and the types of dynamic covalent bonds. Bio-based epoxy vitrimers demonstrated several advantages, including multi-stimulus responsiveness, multi-channel self-healing ability, mechanical and chemical recovery, and biodegradability. Specifically, the epoxy vitrimers containing rigid furan rings exhibited better mechanical properties (6.85 MPa) and stability (Tg = 40.81 degrees C) compared to those with flexible fatty chains. Additionally, the double dynamically crosslinked vitrimer showed faster stress relaxation time (5.6 min) and lower activation energy (36.58 kJ/mol) compared to systems with a single dynamic bond. Finally, the addition of graphene enabled the production of cardanol-based composites with conductivity. Overall, the ease with bio-based epoxy vitrimer and its composites with excellent degradability can be fabricated, utilized, recycled and re-used, which is a novel direction for sustainable composites.

Traditional polymer materials were divided into thermoplastic materials and thermoset materials. Thermoplastic materials could be processed twice but not rigid enough, and thermoset materials were rigid but difficult to recycle. The glass-like polymer material was between thermoplastic material and thermosetting material, which was a kind of material with high crosslinking density network and could be processed twice. Based on the network exchange mechanism of Vitrimer, this paper focused on the development history and research progress of bio-based glass polymers. Bio-vitrimers based on different covalent bonds were introduced in detail. Generally, the conditions of dynamic transesterification reaction were relatively mild, the reaction speed was fast, and the reaction materials were extensive, while the mechanical properties and reversibility of materials were poor. The reversibility and controllability of dynamic disulfide bond exchange were better, and the reaction was not harsh to the external acid-base environment, while the reaction substrate generally had toxic behavior and pungent odor. Dynamic imine bond exchange could make the material had good mechanical properties and durability, and good biocompatibility, while the reaction conditions and raw material selection were relatively simple. The application and advantages of bio-based Vitrimer materials were reviewed. The introduction of dynamic covalent bonds made up for the shortcomings of traditional 3D printing materials, such as insufficient rigidity and single function, enhanced the comprehensive performance of carbon fiber composites, and improved the service life and self-healing efficiency of elastomer materials. Finally, the paper gived a prospect of the future development.

Thermosetting plastics cannot be reprocessed and recycled due to their permanent and strong covalent cross-linking bonds, and their use could result in serious environmental pollution and resource wastage. An effective strategy to solve the pollution of waste thermosetting plastics is the development of vitrimer materials with integrated mechanical, self-healing, reprocessable, and welding properties and degradability. Herein, two kinds of epoxy vitrimers were prepared using 100% biobased epoxy monomers by introducing dynamic ester bonds through highly efficient esterification and epoxy reactions. The relationship between dynamic ester bonds and the properties of these epoxy vitrimers were systematically explored. Thermal and mechanical properties, chemical degradability, hydrophobicity, dynamic stress relaxation, self-repair ability, shape memory behavior, and weldability were evaluated. The cardanol-based vitrimers had a high glass transition temperature (76.8 degrees C) and gel content (98.5%) and underwent dynamic transesterification to exhibit programmable self-healing ability, shape memory behavior, and recyclability. The vitrimers were then employed to fabricate carbon fiber com-posites with high mechanical strength, rapid chemical degradation, and shape memory properties. The products and mechanism of the chemical degradation of the composite were verified by FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This work provides guidance for large-scale industrial preparation and practical application of high-performance biobased vitrimer materials and their carbon fiber composites.

采用镁盐改性和煅烧改性的方法制备改性凹凸棒土颗粒(Mg-TAP),利用正交试验确定了最优改性条件:MgCl2质量分数为40％,煅烧温度500℃,颗粒粒径1.0～2.0 mm.通过XRF、XRD、FTIR等手段对制备的产品进行了表征,并结合等温吸附试验探讨了Mg-TAP对磷的吸附机理.结果表明,镁盐改性可以增加凹凸棒土晶体中碱金属离子含量,提高离子交换能力;高温煅烧可使凹凸棒土脱除部分结晶水,增加比表面积,并形成MgO和CaO等活性金属氧化物,其与水中磷酸根可形成MgHPO4和Ca3(PO4)2沉淀;Mg-TAP对磷的吸附为单分子层吸附,最大平衡吸附量为16.41 mg/g.

采用改进型人工快速渗滤系统(CRI)对氧化沟出水进行深度处理,对比分析添加/不添加玉米芯作为固体碳源的CRI系统对COD、氨氮、TN、TP的去除效果和机制,并对饱水段和非饱水段的微生物菌群进行Illumina高通量测序分析.结果 表明,CRI对COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到60％～73.3％、62.5％～100％、57.1％～89.3％和85.9％～99.4％.CRI去除TP的主要途径是化学沉淀、渗滤介质吸附和微生物代谢等,其中海绵铁的高效化学除磷是主要作用.高通量测序结果表明,Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Firmicutes和Acidobacteria是CRI内主要的门级菌群;但在属水平上,饱水层和非饱水层的厌氧菌、兼性菌、好氧菌、聚磷菌、硝化菌和反硝化菌等存在明显差异,这可能与溶解氧浓度和外加碳源有关.