肠黏膜屏障具有将致病性抗原等肠内物质与内环境隔离的功能,以维持内环境的相对稳定和机体的正常生命活动.其功能的维持依赖于人肠黏膜上皮细胞、肠道内正常菌群、肠道内分泌物和肠相关免疫细胞之间的功能协调,而其功能的发挥又受体内许多信号分子的影响.短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs)就是其中一种重要的信号分子.SCFAs是肠道菌群的主要代谢产物之一,是肠道菌群与宿主代谢相互作用的媒介.宿主体内的SCFAs主要来自肠道菌群对膳食纤维的酵解,越来越多的研究证实,SCFAs不仅可以被肠道菌群利用,还可调节肠黏膜屏障及多种组织器官的代谢.本文主要就SCFAs对肠黏膜屏障的影响进行综述.

目的 对汉族和赫哲族健康人群肠道菌群进行研究,探讨遗传背景和饮食习惯对肠道菌群多样性以及组成的影响.方法 以佳木斯市区20例健康汉族人群、佳木斯街津口赫哲族聚居地的20例健康赫哲族志愿者及20例健康汉族人群粪便样本为研究对象,应用基于16S rDNA V3-V4可变区的高通量测序技术测定肠道菌群多样性以及核心菌群的组成.结果 获得测序序列3080422条,归类于2029个OTUs.街津口地区的赫哲族人群肠道菌群多样性最丰富,而佳木斯地区的汉族人群肠道菌群多样性最低;基于bray_ curtis_permanova Beta多样性分析发现,样本在组间微生物组成结构上差异具有统计学意义(F=1.4813、2.0335、1.6222,P=0.0450、0.0090、0.0255);属水平上,佳木斯地区的汉族人群的优势菌属为萨特菌属(Sutterella),街津口赫哲族聚居地的汉族人群的优势菌属为瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus),而赫哲族的优势菌属为芽殖菌属(Gemmiger).结论 赫哲族和汉族健康人群肠道菌群在多样性和菌群结构组成上存在显著差异,这种差异与遗传背景和饮食习惯有着密切联系.

医学微生物学是基础医学和临床医学之间的重要桥梁课程,很多专业均设置了这一课程.由于不同专业将来服务的对象和方向不同,所以需要结合各专业的特点做相应的调整与取舍.

目的 探讨转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)在DKD发病中的作用机制.方法 TGF-β1(2 ng/ml)和/或高糖(HG,24.4 mmol/L)处理肾小球系膜细胞(GMC),Western blot检测胆固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(SREBP-1)和脂肪酸合成酶(FAS),油红O确定GMC中脂滴形成;SD大鼠左肾灌注携带TGF-β1基因腺病毒载体(AdTGF-β1)和空载体(AdLacZ).处死后取左肾,免疫组织化学检测SREBP-1和p-Smad3蛋白表达.结果 与正常细胞对照组(Con)比较,TGF-β1作用于GMC后,mSREBP-1蛋白表达增加,且呈时间依赖性[(1.06±0.55)vs(1.50±0.44)vs(1.59±0.68)],[(1.23±0.52)vs(1.34±0.65)];TGF-β1+HG作用也增加了mSREBP-1的蛋白表达.与Con组比较,TGF-β1处理增加了GMC FAS的蛋白表达[(1.18±0.04)vs(1.38±0.11)vs(1.40±0.13),P<0.05],油红O证实GMC出现脂滴,呈红染颗粒状;大鼠肾脏灌注AdTGF-β1免疫组织化学法发现,TGF-β1能明显增加SREBP-1和p-Smad3的蛋白表达.结论 TGF-β1是参与DKD的重要致病因子,其作用机制可能与诱导SREBP-1活化,引起GMC细胞内脂质沉积密切相关.TGF-β1可能为DKD的预防和治疗提供新方法.

There is increasing evidence reporting that as a common phenomenon in MetS relative diseases, insulin resistance (IR) is regarded as an independent etiological factor and a warning indicator of MetS occurrence. Therefore, for the special group (overweight or obesity), clinical regular monitoring of IR is an important basis for the prevention and early intervention of MetS relative diseases. This surveys reveals that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUC-MSCs) possess a kind of potential: it may become a possible theraphy for IR in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and related diseases. Specific emphasis is focused on evaluating the improvement IR function of HUC-MSCs under the background of development in vitro and in vivo. Next, the action mechanisms of HUC-MSCs is discussed, and some of their advantages and disadvantages in the course of clinic application are presented. The final section highlights the application of HUC-MSCs in T2DM and relative diseases at this stage. Up to now, although many questions remain unresolved, we still consider that HUC-MSCs is one of the best therapy ameliorating IR in the future.

Objective:To investigate the effect and mechanisms of fasudil on spontaneous hypertension (SHR) in rats.Methods:A total of 30 SHR rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n =6 per group):model group,nifedipine group (10 mg/kg nifedipine via gavage),and fasudil low-,medium-and high-dose groups (respectively 5 mg/kg,10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg fasudil via gavage).Six healthy WKY rats were selected as a normal control group.The rats in the model group and the normal control group were given equal volume of saline via gavage.The systolic caudal arterial pressure,left ventricular mass index (LVWI),the serum levels of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) as well as the mRNA expressions of RhoA and Rho kinase in myocardium,kidney and aorta were detected.Results:The systolic caudal arterial pressure was significantly decreased by treatment of nifedipine or fasudil for 2,4,6 and 8 weeks (P＜0.05),and was lower in high-dose fasudil group compared with nifedipine group and medium-dose fasudil group (P＜0.05).After treatment,the systolic caudal arterial pressure,NO;evel,LVWI and the mRNA expressions of RhoA and Rho kinase in myocardium,kidney and aorta from lowest to highest as follows:normal control group＞ high-dose fasudil group＞ medium-dose fasudil group＞ nifedipine group＞ low-dose fasudil group＞ model group,while the serum ET-1 level was the opposite.There were significant differences among groups (P＜ 0.05).Conclusion:Fasudil could effectively reduce the systolic caudal arterial pressure in SHR rats,and was dose-dependent in a certain,the mechanisms might be associated with the reduced expressions of RhoA and Rho kinase,and regulation of serum NO and ET-1 levels.

Objective To analyze the activity of inflammatory factors in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) knockout mice, and provide a theoretical basis for future research on intestine-liver regulation.Methods Western blot was employed to test the activity of inflammatory factors JNK and AKT in the liver tissue of CFTR knockout mice.Results The activity of JNK and AKT obviously increased in CFTR knockout mice.Conclusion CFTR may involved in the inhibition of the development of liver inflammation.

目的:探讨低聚果糖对益生菌制剂来源的青春双歧杆菌生物膜形成的影响.方法:采用微量板法和置片法培养青春双歧杆菌生物膜,应用结晶紫染色法及活菌计数法检测青春双歧杆菌生物膜.结果:低聚果糖可使青春双歧杆菌生物膜形成时间提前24h.结论:应用益生菌制剂联合低聚果糖可提高其生理功能.

目的 探讨低聚果糖对溃疡性结肠炎(UC)模型小鼠肠黏膜屏障的调节作用及可能机制.方法 小鼠随机分成3组:正常对照(NC)组、模型(MD)组和低聚果糖(FOS)组,采用葡聚糖硫酸钠制作UC小鼠模型.造模7d同时给予干预治疗,停用造模药物并后续治疗7d.采用细菌定量测定法检测肠道菌群,放射免疫法检测肠黏膜sIgA,ELISA法检测小鼠肠黏膜IL-10、TNF-α和IL-6水平.结果 模型组小鼠存在肠道菌群失调(t=2.088,2.036,2.203,2.109,P＜0.05),其TNF-α、IL-6水平高于正常对照组(t=1.734,1.801,P＜0.05),肠黏膜sIgA、IL-10低于正常对照组(t=1.820,1.806,P＜0.05);低聚果糖组肠道菌群失调状况较模型组有所改善,其TNF-α、IL-6水平低于正常对照组(t=1.980,1.816,1.936,1.920,1.969,1.893,P＜0.05),肠黏膜sIgA、IL-10高于正常对照组(t=1.801,1.796,P＜0.05).结论 低聚果糖可改善溃疡性结肠炎模型小鼠肠道菌群屏障功能,可以提高肠黏膜sIgA和抗炎细胞因子IL-10的水平并降低致炎细胞因子TNF-α和IL-6的水平,通过调节肠道过度的免疫反应,使免疫屏障功能得到一定恢复.

在医学微生物学教学过程中,结合我校教学的实际情况,综合运用案例式、启发式、讨论式和PBL等多种教学手段,并把人文教育渗透于教学中,对优化现有教学手段进行了探索,以满足提高教学效果的需要.

溃疡性结肠炎(Ulcerative colitis,UC)病因和发病机制目前尚未完全阐明,已有研究认为免疫调节紊乱在多因素致病过程中是关键的发病因素,而肠道菌群可能是导致这种免疫紊乱的重要诱发因素.本文对溃疡性结肠炎与肠道菌群的关系研究做一综述.

在先进教改理念的启发下，结合我校教学的现实情况，在医学微生物学教学过程中，努力探讨在保留传统授课方式中合理部分的同时，增设典型临床案例来创设临床医疗情景，用模拟思考训练等方式激发学生学习兴趣，培养学生发现问题、分析问题及解决问题的能力，即在基础医学阶段开始逐步培养医学生的临床思维能力。

在临床医学专业医学微生物实验课中，对已有实验内容加以分析和整合，在不增加学时和实验经费的条件下，增设模拟实验，以激发学生学习兴趣，培养学生临床思维能力。

Objective To discuss the effects of polysaccharides from Portulaca oleracea L.on intestinal mucosal sIgA and pathological manifestations in mice with ulcerative colitis.Methods Mice were randomly divided into the control group or model group induced by DSS (DSS group).The mice with ulcerative colitis (DSS group) were further subdivided into natural recovery group or treatment group.After modeling and 7 days of therapy,the mice were respectively sacrificed to detect the intestinal flora,intestinal mucosal sIgA and colon endotoxin.Results The mice in model group developed intestinal flora imbalance,their sIgA levels declined,and colon tissue appeared pathological changes after the treatment of DSS.After 7 days of therapy,the quantities of intestinal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli increased significantly,the sIgA content in intestinal mucosa increased either,and pathological changes of colon tissue were improved.Conclusion Polysaccharides of Portulaca oleracea L.can increase the quantities of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli,increase the sIgA content,and improve pathological changes of colon tissue,which can help with the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

目的:研究益生茵制剂来源的青春双歧杆茵对大肠埃希茵的体外抑茵作用.方法:将青春双歧杆菌与大肠埃希茵分别单独培养,测定不同培养时间的pH值和活茵数,然后将两茵进行混合培养,再测pH值和活茵数,并与单独培养时的结果进行比较.结果:琼脂平板打孔法显示青春双歧杆菌上清液有抑菌功能;共培养法显示青春双歧杆茵可抑制大肠埃希茵增殖的数量,而自身数量不受影响.结论:该益生茵制剂来源的青春双歧杆菌的酸性代谢产物是主要的抑茵物质.

为培养医学本科生的创新能力,提高实验课教学质量,调动学生学习的积极性和主动性,我们在实验课教学中围绕“培养学生创新思维”这一主题,进行了改进医学微生物学实验课教学方法的探索,引导学生积极思考,增强了学生分析问题、解决问题的能力,提升了医学微生物学实验课的教学效果.

Objective To research changes of intestinal flora in patients with type 2 diabetes( T2DM) before and after Gastric Bypass( GBP). Methods The feces samples of 30 patients with T2 DM before and after GBP were collected,then intestinal flora were measured; Samples of 25 healthy volunteers were used as the controls. Results Compared with healthy volunteers,E. coli in patients with type 2 diabetes increased while Bifidobacterium decreased. After accepted GBP,Bifidobacterium in T2 DM patients increased and E. coli decreased. Conclusion Patients with T2 DM occurred enteric dysbacteriosis. Gastric Bypass can control blood glucose and result in Bifidobacterium increase.

目的：利用PCR-DGGE技术比较不同抗生素对小鼠肠道菌群多样性的影响情况。方法采用细菌的16S rDNA V3区通用引物，以不同抗生素作用后的小鼠和正常对照组小鼠粪便标本中的总DNA为模板，PCR扩增后进行DGGE分析小鼠肠道菌群变化。结果三组粪便标本的DGGE图谱均表现为高度多样性，不同组标本之间DGGE条带的数目和位置表现出明显差异。结论 PCR-DGGE能够有效分析粪便标本菌群的多样性，该技术可作为常规细菌分离培养方法的补充。

Objective:Through the research on the expressions of e-cadherin and KLK7 proteins in endometrial cancer,we intend to study the correlation between their expressions and endometrial cancer and their clinical significance.Methods:The experiment is divided into three groups: 16 cases of secretory endometrium as normal group,30 cases of endometrial atypical hyperplasia,and 35 cases of endometrial cancer.We applied immunohistochemical SP staining method for detecting the expressions of E-Cad protein and KLK7 protein in endometrial carcinoma and the relationship between the two.Results:Compared with the normal group,the expression of KLK7 in atypical hyperplasia of endometrium and endometrial carcinoma significantly increased(P0.05).The expresion of E-cad protein in atypical hyperplasia of endometrium and endometrial carcinoma significantly reduced(P0.05),and it's expression in endometrial carcinomas reduced more significantly.Conclusion:This study proves that the expressions of KLK7 and E-cad proteins show negative correlation in endometrial cancer,and closely relate with the occurrence and development of endometrial cancer,which offer theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis and prognosis.

Objective To explore the application effect of teaching in medical microbiology education. Methods We divided students into the experimental class and control class at 2011 Grade. The experimental class adopted interactive teaching,while the control class adopted the tradition teaching. All students were tested and questions investigated at the end of study. Results The experimental class had higher scores than the control class. Conclusion The interactive teaching can improve the students enthusiasm and independent thinking,which is propitious to cultivate innovative persons.