马扎诺表现量规是一种有效的学业评价方式,以"绿色植物的呼吸作用"一节为例,在教学中运用马扎诺表现量规,以评价引导教与学,教师可依据量规结果评估和诊断学生学习情况,学生依据量规内容可以明晰和调整学习路径.

采用改进型S-T分析法,从定量的角度对一师一优课资源平台上6节高中生物部级优课进行分析,发现这6节优质课都属于平衡型教学模式.课堂中师生行为比例相当,教学行为转换频率适中;教学以教师为主导,以学生为主体;师生互动交流频繁,课堂教学氛围融洽;教学活动丰富,学生积极性高.研究结果可为教师改进课堂教学提供依据.

1 六个版本教材实验的设置 呼吸作用的学习,可以帮助学生了解其与光合作用的区别和联系,知道绿色植物是维持生物圈中碳—氧平衡的途径,对提高学生的生命观念和社会责任等生物学学科核心素养具有重要的作用.因此,在人教版、苏教版、河北版、济南版、北师大版和浙教版中都设置了与"呼吸作用"有关的实验,让学生在实验中探究植物呼吸作用现象的同时,掌握呼吸作用的概念和实质,但设置的具体实验又有所差异.由表1可知,浙教版设置的实验数量最少,只设置了"植物通过呼吸作用放出二氧化碳"这一实验,其他两个实验均未设置,仅在课本中以简单的文字描述,苏教版设置了两个实验,而人教版、河北版、济南版和北师大版与"呼吸作用"有关的三个实验均有设置,相对完善.

Cancer as a large group of complex diseases is believed to result from the interactions of numerous genetic and environmental factors but may develop in people without any known genetic or environmental risks, suggesting the existence of other powerful factors to influence the carcinogenesis process. Much attention has been focused recently on particular members of the intestinal microbiota for their potential roles in promoting carcinogenesis. Here we report the identification and characterization of intestinal bacteria that exhibited potent anti-malignancy activities on a broad range of solid cancers and leukemia. We collected fecal specimens from healthy individuals of different age groups (preschool children and university students), inspected their effects on cancer cells, and obtained bacteria with potent anti-malignancy activities. The bacteria mostly belonged to Actinobacteria but also included lineages of other phyla such as Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. In animal cancer models, sterile culture supernatant from the bacteria highly effectively inhibited tumor growth. Remarkably, intra-tumor administration of the bacterial products prevented metastasis and even cleared cancer cells at remote locations from the tumor site. This work demonstrates the prevalent existence of potent malignancy-killers in the human intestinal microbiota, which may routinely clear malignant cells from the body before they form cancers.