Salt stress severely inhibits plant growth and negatively impacts crop yield. Auxin response factors (ARFs) play crucial roles in plant growth and development and are involved in multiple signaling pathways as well as responses to abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanisms by which ARFs mediate plant responses to salt stress and ABA signaling remain largely unclear. In this study, we cloned a novel tobacco ARF family gene, NtARF2, which is significantly downregulated under salt stress and exogenous ABA treatment. NtARF2 is localized in the nucleus, and its knockout increases the K/Na ratio and ABA content in tobacco, thereby markedly enhancing salt tolerance. Furthermore, NtARF2 knockout affects stomatal size, photosynthetic performance, and antioxidant capacity. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and luciferase complementation imaging (LCI) assays indicate that NtARF2 interacts with NtABI3, suggesting that it may play a key role in the crosstalk between salt stress and ABA signaling pathways. This study provides new insights into the functional role of ARF2 in tobacco salt tolerance and offers a theoretical foundation for the development of salt-tolerant crop varieties.

A series of novel 1,5-disubstituted-4-pyrazole analogs containing 1,3,4-thiadiazole thioether moieties have been successfully developed with rational molecular design and synthesis. All the title compounds underwent comprehensive structural elucidation by ¹H, ¹3C, and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy complemented by high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis. Biological evaluation demonstrated that compound 5c-2 displayed superior antiviral efficacy against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), with half-maximal effective concentrations of 284.2 µg/mL (curative activity) and 62.2 µg/mL (inaction activity). To investigate the underlying antiviral mechanism, an integrated experimental approach was employed, including complementary in vitro biochemical evaluations, transmission electron microscopy analysis, incorporating computational molecular docking simulations, and microscale thermophoresis binding assays. It was shown that 5c-2 can significantly bind to TMV-coat protein (TMV-CP), affecting their self-assembly, which breaks the integrity of the TMV rod-shaped structure and causes the virion to lose its ability to infect the plant. It provides a structural basis for the design of more efficient TMV-CP targeting agents.

Due to the problems of low detection accuracy and high missed detection rate caused by small and dense objects in remote sensing images, we propose an improved lightweight YOLOv10 model aimed at improving detection performance. Specifically, the standard convolution is replaced with RFAConv in the backbone network to better capture fine-grained object details. Additionally, we incorporate a coordinate attention module to refine the spatial localization and object recognition capabilities of the model. Furthermore, the CARAFE up-sampling operator is adopted in place of standard nearest-neighbor interpolation, expanding the model's receptive field. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved model significantly outperforms the original YOLOv10 on the UCAS-AOD dataset, achieving a mAP50 of 97.2% and a mAP95 of 63.2%. This approach offers an efficient and lightweight solution for object detection in remote sensing images.

As the mechanism of the soil-fungi -plant interaction under the tobacco intercropping model is unclear, and the contribution of this triple interaction to tobacco plant growth is still difficult to predict, so, in this paper, Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the effects of monoculture (CK) and intercropping with garlic (T1 and T2 treatments) on rhizosphere soil nutrients, enzyme activities, fungal community, tobacco plant growth, and to evaluate the regulation of rhizosphere soil microenvironment and plant productivity on intercropping. The results showed that intercropping significantly increased the nutrient, enzyme activity, fungal community diversity of rhizosphere soil and tobacco plant biomass. Although the dominant fungi in each treatment were the same at the gate level, the distribution ratio of dominant fungi was different. Correlation analysis showed that Ascomycota was positively correlated with all the nutrient and enzyme activity indexes, and the nutrient and enzyme activity indexes were positively correlated with the tobacco plants growth, which strongly indicated that the soil microenvironment under intercropping had a potential effect on the production performance of tobacco plants. In conclusion, tobacco intercropping not only increased the plants biomass, significantly improved the nutrients and enzyme activities of rhizosphere soil, optimized the composition and diversity of fungal community, which may be the result of soil-fungi-plant interaction. 由于在烤烟间作种植模式下土壤-真菌-植物相互作用的机制尚不清楚，且这种三重相互作用对烟株生长的贡献仍难以预测，因此本文采用Illumina高通量测序技术分析了烤烟单作（CK）和与大蒜间作（T1和T2处理）对烟株根际土壤养分、酶活性、真菌群落组成和烟株生长发育的影响，评价了间作对烟株根际土壤微环境和烟株生产力的调控。结果表明：烤烟间作大蒜显著提高了烟株根际土壤的养分、酶活性、真菌群落的多样性和烟株的生物量；虽然各个处理在门水平上的优势真菌是一样的，但优势真菌的分布比例有差异。相关性分析表明，Ascomycota与所有的养分和酶活性指标均呈正相关，而养分和酶活性指标又与烟株生长发育呈正相关，这强烈表明间作下的土壤微环境对烟株的生产性能有潜在的作用。综上所述，烤烟间作不仅增加了烟株的生物量、显著提高了根际土壤养分和酶活性、优化了真菌群落的组成和多样性，而这些可能是土壤-真菌-植物三者相互作用的结果。

The growth and quality of roasted tobacco are limited by the availability of potassium (K). K-solubilizing bacteria (KSB) are able to convert mineral K into a soluble form, thereby facilitating direct uptake and utilization by plants. Here, KSB strains were isolated from tobacco rhizosphere soils in a range of districts and counties across Guizhou Province, one of the major tobacco production bases in China. High-efficiency KSB strains were obtained by comparing the solubilizing ability on K-feldspar, mica and illite, and were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Finally, the multifunctional characteristics (phosphorus (P) solubilization, nitrogen (N) fixation, indoleacetic acid (IAA) and siderophore productions) were investigated through qualitative and quantitative analyses. A total of 49 bacterial strains were isolated, and 11 strains exhibited enhanced K-solubilizing capacity. Furthermore, 4 strains (ALHI2, ZSB3, HB5 and FG1) were identified as having high K-solubilizing capacities for K-feldspar, mica, and illite. A reduction in pH of the culture solution was observed during the process of K solubilization, but the amount of K solubilized did not exhibit a significant correlation with the pH, suggesting that acid production is not the sole way for KSB to dissolve K-bearing minerals. Three strains of ALHI2, ZSB3 and FG1 were identified as Bacillus subtilis, while strain HB5 was identified as Bacillus haynesii. Further analyses demonstrated that all 4 strains exhibited the ability of P solubilization, N fixation, IAA and siderophore producing. 4 high-efficiency KSB with multifunctionality screened here can be used for the future development and preparation of bio-potassium fertilizer.

Atrazine (ATZ) is widely used as an herbicide in agricultural production. However, its extensive application results in contaminated residues that can adversely affect ecosystems because rainwater washes them into and contaminates water bodies. Therefore, there is a pressing need to remove ATZ from the aquatic environment. Using transition metals as catalysts for the persulfate degradation of organic pollutants has received much attention because of their strong ability to oxidize pollutants, including ATZs, and their selectivity for these pollutants. A novel technique for ATZ removal using a catalyst (ZnFe2O4) to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was developed in this study. The ZnFe2O4 catalyst was prepared through co-precipitation, which involves the doping of zinc in iron-based materials. And this process accelerated the redox cycle, which energized the PMS and promoted the generation of free radicals. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis revealed that ZnFe2O4 activates PMS to generate HO•, O2•-, and 1O2, which contribute to ATZ elimination. In this study, a new approach is proposed for the development of efficient heterogeneous catalysts capable of activating PMS and eliminating the ATZ. Moreover, The ATZ degradation pathway was proposed based on the products identified by UPLC-MS. The results highlighted the efficiency of the as-prepared ZnFe2O4 catalyst in ATZ removal and its excellent performance. Given its environmental compatibility and high efficiency, the ZnFe2O4 catalyst has significant potential implications for agricultural wastewater treatment.

Abstract Purpose The soil-borne diseases have limited the development of agricultural production in Guizhou Province of southwest China which was caused by long-term continuous cropping of crops. To reduce the limit factors of continuous cropping of corps has become an urgent problem. Methods Reductive soil disinfestation (RSD) is an environmentally friendly soil amendment technology. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was used to investigate the mechanisms of RSD technology to improve long-term continuous cropping soil health. The examination focused on discerning how RSD influences the composition and structure of the rhizosphere microbial community. Result The results demonstrated that: (1) RSD treatment increased the content of soil organic matter (SOM), alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK) and pH; (2) RSD changed the fungal and bacterial community structure and the relative abundance of pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., Fusarium) was reduced, while the beneficial microorganisms (e.g., Trichoderma and Penicillium) was increased. (3) AN and pH had a greater impact on the bacterial community in the rhizosphere soil than on the fungal community. (4) RSD treatment improved the agronomic traits of tobacco and reduced the disease incidence of root rot disease. Conclusion Our results revealed that RSD treatment improved the physicochemical properties of continuous cropping tobacco soil and maintain the soil nutrient balance, resulting in the effective alleviation of continuous cropping barriers.

In this paper, we present a 3D group object stable tracking method based on binocular vision, called STBV, which is applied to the observation of flying honeybees in open spaces. Unlike typical multiple objects, group objects exhibit unique characteristics, such as a high population density, similar visual appearance among individuals, and similar motion patterns among individuals. Bees in free flight, as a representative example of such group objects, additionally possess traits such as small physical dimensions, agile motion, and variable target numbers, making effective tracking a formidable challenge. In this case, conventional trajectory construction strategies cause frequent ID switches, further causing instability of reconstructed 3D trajectories. To address this issue, the temporal stability of target instantaneous features and mutual support from binocular observation information are both used to improve the trajectory construction strategy in our paper. To verify our method, a 2D honeybee tracking dataset, HoneyBee2D, and a 3D honeybee tracking dataset, HoneyBee3D, were collected and annotated. The experimental results validate that the new strategy efficiently reduces the number of ID switches in 2D trajectories and consequently promotes the stability of reconstructed 3D trajectories. Furthermore, our reconstructed 3D flight trajectories of bees were used to analyze their motion and behavioral characteristics in a natural state and in an external disturbance state.

Multi-view stereo is a method that analyzes and processes images from multiple perspectives to estimate the 3D geometric information of the scene to achieve 3D reconstruction. To improve the accuracy of 3D reconstruction in large-scale scenes and reduce the complexity of the reconstruction algorithm, in this paper, we propose a coarse-to-fine multi-view stereo network based on attention mechanism. First, we use a feature pyramid to extract multi-scale features, introducing richer geometric information and more contextual information at different levels of the pyramid to improve modeling accuracy. Then, we use position encoding on the coarse-scale feature map and introduce an attention mechanism to obtain more context information. We adopt a cascade structure to achieve high-resolution depth map construction. We use the reference image to refine the final result again and enhance details such as edges. We conduct experiments on the publicly available DTU dataset. Experimental results show that our proposed method improves accuracy compared with existing algorithms. In addition, we also conduct experiments on other representative public datasets. The accuracy of the experimental results further validates the effectiveness of our proposed method.

As the mechanism of the microbe-soil-tobacco interaction remains unclear and the contribution of tobacco plant growth is still difficult to predict, the chemical propertie and microbes of soil in tobacco/garlic intercropping system, the relevance of the soil chemical properties and the genes involved in C, N cycling and plant degradation (organic matter turnover) were studied by metagenome sequencing. The results showed that the intercropping treatment (T)significantly enhanced the content of organic matter(OM) ,the available nitrogen (AN) , the available phosphorus(AP) ,the available potassium content(AK), microbe number and the microbial biomass nitrogen,as well as the activity of urease , phosphatase ,invertase compared to monocropping treatment (CK), Especially the content of OM ,AN,AP,AK increased significantly by 29.46%,19.75%, 10.37%,17.42% in rhizosphere of T treatment than CK treatment. The content of polyphenol oxidase activity and microbial biomass carbon significantly decreased in T treatment with by 22.61% and 9.03% relative to CK treatment. Metagenomic analysis showed that the relative abundances of genes related to C cycling (ACA,sdhA,sdhB, sucD, mdh) , N cycling (glnA)and plant degradation (bglX) were higher in the T treatment than the CK treatment. Compared to the CK treatmen, the relative abundance of ACA, sdhA, sdhB, sucD,mdh,glnA and bglX were espectively 26.06%, 39.37%, 48.27%, 32.44%, 57.55%,14.28% and 2.39% higher in the T treatment. The intercropping system changed the chemical properties as well as the abundance of microbes, and subsequently regulate genes involved in C, N cycling and plant degradation, these improved the soil environment and leaded to the increase of tobacco plant biomass.

Mancozeb is an extensively used broad-spectrum fungicide, predominantly applied as a foliar spray in tobacco cultivation to control fungal pathogens. However, its effects on phyllosphere microorganisms remain largely unexplored. Therefore, we carefully evaluated the impact of mancozeb-induced stress on the tobacco phyllosphere microbiota at four time points: before application, and 5, 10, and 15-days post-application. The data revealed that mancozeb foliar application significantly altered the fungal community composition and had notable effects on native bacterial communities within the tobacco phyllosphere. Moreover, mancozeb exhibited a prophylactic effect in non-infected plants; the abundance of Ascomycota increased in infected samples but declined in healthy samples after mancozeb application. The invasion by Alternaria alternata, a pathogenic fungus responsible for tobacco brown spot, significantly affected both fungal and bacterial community structures and alpha diversity. Mancozeb application reduced fungal alpha diversity while augmenting bacterial diversity. Beta diversity differences between pre-treatment and post-treatment samples in both diseased and healthy leaves were diminished by mancozeb. Notably, mancozeb had a greater effect on restructuring the fungal community compared to the bacterial community. Following mancozeb treatment, the proportion of pathotroph-saprotroph-symbiotroph fungi increased, while it decreased in untreated groups. Succinctly, mancozeb had a more pronounced effect on the phyllosphere microbiota than A. alternata. These findings provide profound insights into the ecological impacts of mancozeb and A. alternata on the microbiota inhabiting the tobacco leaf phyllosphere.

Removing stripe noise is a fundamental task in remote sensing image processing, which is of great significance for improving image quality and subsequent applications. In this paper, an adaptive strip noise removal model is proposed with the spatial characteristics. Firstly, an adaptive weight function is constructed using local absolute differences to adaptively control the constraint intensity of the penalty term at different pixel points in the adaptive strip noise removal model. Secondly, L1 norm is used to constrain the local smoothness along the direction of the strip, maintaining the obvious smoothness characteristics of the strip noise in its extension direction, while L2 norm is used to restrict the image grayscale. Finally, the extended split Bregman iteration method and alternating minimization method is used to optimize the proposed image destriping model. Extensive experiments on both the synthetic and real remote sensing images validate that the proposed model can effectively remove the stripe noise and preserve more fine scale details.

This study examined the effectiveness of pristine biochar (BC) and Fe-functionalized biochar (FBC) in remediating As-Sb co-contaminated soil, and revealed the resulting impact on soil enzymatic activities and bacterial communities. Results from incubation experiments showed that the 1.5% FBC treatment reduced the bioavailable As and Sb concentration by 13.5% and 27.1%, respectively, in compared to the control, and reduced the proportion of specifically adsorbed and amorphous Fe-Mn oxide-bound metal(loid) fractions in the treated soil. Among the BC treatments, only the 1.5% BC treatment resulted in a reduction of bioavailable As by 11.7% and Sb by 21.4%. The 0.5% BC treatment showed no significant difference. The FBC achieved high As/Sb immobilization efficiency through Fe-induced electrostatic attraction, π-π electron donor-acceptor coordination, and complexation (Fe-O(H)-As/Sb) mechanisms. Additionally, the 1.5% FBC treatment led to a 108.2% and 367.4% increase in the activities of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and urease in soils, respectively, compared to the control. Furthermore, it significantly increased the abundance of Proteobacteria (15.2%), Actinobacteriota (37.0%), Chloroflexi (21.4%), and Gemmatimonadota (43.6%) at the phylum level. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that FBC was better than BC in increasing the complexity of bacterial communities. Partial least squares path modeling further indicated that the addition of biochar treatments can affect soil enzyme activities by altering soil bacterial composition. This study suggests that FBC application offers advantages in simultaneous As and Sb immobilization and restructuring the bacterial community composition in metal(loid)-contaminated soil.

Biochar (BC) is widely utilized as a soil amendment; however, for widely distributed seasonally frozen soils, the effect of BC on soil and the optimal utilization of BC during the freeze‒thaw process are still unclear. In this study, the effects of freeze‒thaw aged biochar (FT-BC) and BC on soil properties and wheat cultivation were systematically investigated, and the underlying interaction mechanism between BC and soil was explored. The results show that FT-BC dramatically reduces the adverse effects of freeze‒thaw cycles on soil, enhances wheat growth, and increases dry matter yield by 17.5%, which is mainly attributed to the ability of FT-BC to maintain soil structure, reduce water loss rates to below 0.20 g/h, and decrease nitrogen leaching by more than 20% during freeze‒thaw cycles. Additionally, fresh BC had a greater effect on the fixation of cadmium than FT-BC in the soil, reducing its accumulation in wheat by 22.5%. Multiple characterizations revealed that the freeze‒thaw process increased the porosity and specific surface area of FT-BC, providing more sites for water and nitrogen adsorption, whereas the dissolved organic matter released from fresh BC had a better ability to trap cadmium. These findings provide insights into the interactions between BC and soil components during the freeze‒thaw process and suggest the optimized utilization of fresh BC and FT-BC for different soil repair purposes.

Skyline detection plays a crucial role in fields such as reconnaissance and photoelectric guidance. This paper presents a deep learning-based skyline detection method utilizing heatmaps as the output of the skyline neural network. To address the downsampling issue prevalent in heatmap-based methods, we propose the use of offset compensation heatmaps to restore the downsampled points. Additionally, we enhance the YOLO network to improve the resolution of the output heatmaps. Experimental results demonstrate that our method is highly adaptable to complex scenes and performs at inference speeds suitable for edge deployment.

In complex background scenarios, infrared small target tracking algorithms often face challenges such as cluttered backgrounds, noise interference, tracking drift, scale changes, and occlusions. To address these issues, an anti-interference approach based on tracking confidence evaluation is adopted. Traditional tracking confidence evaluation methods often rely on intermediate results, such as response maps or values of tracking algorithms, which have limitations in terms of compatibility, accuracy, and stability. To overcome these limitations, we propose a tracking confidence evaluation algorithm called Conf-Net, which is based on contrastive learning. The proposed algorithm employs an end-to-end neural network and self-supervised training methods, directly analyzing the tracking result image patches without relying on intermediate results. Moreover, the threshold setting for ConfNet is relatively loose, making it simple and easy to use. Experimental results on public datasets demonstrate that, compared to traditional methods, Conf-Net provides a significant enhancement in tracking performance with a short computational delay (0.283 ms), proving the effectiveness of this approach. Moreover, the loose threshold setting of Conf-Net makes it particularly user-friendly.

Human curve skeleton extraction is an important research topic in computer vision. In this paper, we propose a 3D human curve skeleton extraction method for point cloud, unlike the skeleton extraction methods in the literature that use an omnidirectional scanned point cloud for processing, the point cloud used in this paper is solid-state LiDAR scanning data with a fixed distance range. First, the human body point cloud is extracted by using geometry constraints. Next, the human body point cloud is contracted using point cloud normal vectors to increase the separability of data from different parts of the body. Then, the point cloud is projected to the image plane for image skeleton extraction and back-projected to the human point cloud to obtain the initial skeleton. Lastly, the final curve skeleton is further optimized using the Laplacian contraction method. The proposed method is faster than other contraction method, and the experimental results on real captured data demonstrate that the proposed method achieves better performance compared to the existing algorithms.

This study explored the changes in carbon components of tobacco-planting soil by the application of rice straw as organic materials to replace chemical fertilizers partially. Flue-cured tobacco was applied to the soil as base fertilizer to investigate the mineralization of soil organic carbon during its growing period. At 0 d, the humic acid carbon (HA-C), humin carbon (HM-C), HU ratio, PQ value and HM-C/(HA-C + FA-C) were 31.67, 31.40, 60.05, 28.01, and 27.75%, respectively which were higher than those of chemical fertilizer alone. At 30 d, the humus carbon (HE-C), HA-C, and fulvic acid carbon (FA-C) were 29.41, 20.97 and 30.49%, respectively. At 90 d, the A2920/1630 values were 227.43 and 232.32% higher than chemical fertilizer. Application of rice straw and decomposed rice straw with less fertilizer can increase the content of soil organic matter, HA-C, HM-C and FA-C in the tobacco-planting soil. This method increases the content of aliphatic chain hydrocarbons and reduces the amount of aromatic carbon, thus increasing aliphatic properties and decreasing the aromatic properties of soil. The treatment with chemical fertilizer reduction with decomposed rice straw also accelerates the formation and accumulation of stable components such as humic acid and humin and significantly improves the humification of soil humus.

Biochar application to soil has proven to be an excellent approach for decreasing the concentration of auto-toxic compounds and promoting plant growth in continuous-cropping fields. However, the mechanisms underlying the action pathway among biochars, auto-toxic compounds and tobacco remain unknown. In this study, we conducted an experiment tracking the incidence rate of black rot and auto-toxic compounds for a 3-year continuous-cropping tobacco pot trial in response to biochar treatment intensity compared with that of non-biochar treatment. Biochar inhibited the incidence of black rot. Using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC‒MS/MS), we revealed that biochar can effectively decrease the concentration of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHA), which is associated with the incidence rate of black rot (R2 = 0.890, p < 0.05). The sorption kinetics and isotherm of PHA sorption on biochar indicate that the coexistence of heterogeneous and monolayer sorption plays an important role in the adsorption process. Using Molecular dynamics (MD), Density functional theory (DFT) and Independent gradient model (IGM) analyses, we provide evidence that van der Waals force (vdW), π–π bonds and H-bonds between biochar and PHAs are the dominant factors that affect adsorption capacity. Moreover, the molecular adsorption rate (Nbiochar: NPHAs = 1:4) was theoretically calculated. In contrast, biochar dramatically increased nutrient retention capacity and improved soil properties, further enhancing tobacco quality, including its agronomic and physiological traits. Therefore, we considered that biochar not only relieved continuous cropping but also improved soil properties suitable for tobacco growth. Together, we demonstrate that the action of biochar in continuously cropped soil improves soil traits and alleviates auto-toxic compound toxicity. These data contribute to the direction of modified biochar application to improve continuous-cropping soil.