Mango, as a highly perishable climacteric fruit, incurs significant postharvest losses due to rapid ripening and spoilage. To address this challenge, environmentally friendly bioactive coating technology has emerged as a promising preservation strategy. This study developed a novel coating based on fish gelatin (FG), enhanced by a metal-phenolic network (MPN) formed through the coordination between tannic acid (TA) and Fe3+ ions. By systematically optimizing the molar ratio of TA to Fe3+, the formulation with a 0.2% Fe3+ concentration (FG/MPN2) was identified as optimal, exhibiting the best system stability (zeta potential: +16.32 +/- 1.21 mV) and micro-uniformity (PDI < 0.3). Structural analyses via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of a stable composite structure within the FG matrix. Benefiting from this, the FG/MPN2 coating demonstrated significantly enhanced barrier properties, interfacial adhesion, and excellent antioxidant activity. Finally, the coating was applied to mango preservation (25 degrees C, 60% RH). The preservation results indicated that the coating could significantly inhibit weight loss, maintain higher fruit firmness (17.92 +/- 0.50 N) on the 12th day, effectively delay color yellowing, and reduce lipid peroxidation damage, thereby extending the shelf life.

Based on our previous findings regarding anti-TNBC activity of SIP4, this study aims to further explore the antitumor mechanisms of the marine polysaccharide. Firstly, this study simplified the preparation methods of SIP4 based on our report, and identified the polysaccharide as a polymer of the repeating units of 5 sugars, -4GalpNAc1-2GlcAp1-4(GalpNAc1-4GlcpNAc1-3)Fucp1- that consists of trisaccharide backbone, a disaccharide branch and an unlocated sulfate ester group. SIP4 induced overexpression of ORAI3 and excessive calcium ion accumulation in MDA-MB-231 cells, and resulted in apoptosis. Exposure of miR-18a mimic promoted overexpression of ORAI3, augmentation of calcium ion content, and consequent apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells, although miR-18a inhibitor did not change the indicators. Moreover, combination of SIP4 and miR-18a significantly enhanced the promotion of ORAI3 expression, calcium concentration and apoptosis in the TNBC cells. But the blockage using inhibitor of miR-18a markedly decreased the enhancement by SIP4. Comprehensively, SIP4 mediated apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells via activating miR-18a/ORAI3 pathway to induce intracellular calcium overload is an important anti-TNBC mechanism.

Squid ink polysaccharide 4 (SIP4), a marine-derived sulfated glycosaminoglycan with favorable biocompatibility and coordination capacity, was employed as a functional template and stabilizing matrix for the synthesis of selenized nanoparticles (SIP4-SeNPs). The optimal SIP4 concentration (0.4 mg/mL) yielded nanoparticles with the highest selenium incorporation (23.88%, ICP-MS), smallest particle size (130.57 nm), and a negative zeta potential (-24.23 mV). Spectroscopic and microscopic analyses (UV-Vis, FT-IR, SEM, DSC, TGA, XRD) confirmed selenium-induced structural reorganization and the formation of uniform, semi-crystalline SIP4-SeNPs stabilized by hydroxyl, carboxyl, and sulfate groups. The nanoparticles exhibited improved stability at 4 °C for up to 14 days. Biological evaluations showed that SIP4-SeNPs significantly enhanced antiproliferative activity against MDA-MB-231 cells with a markedly lower IC₅₀ than SIP4, while maintaining low cytotoxicity toward MCF-10 A cells. Apoptosis analysis and ROS detection indicated that SIP4-SeNPs promote cancer cell death through oxidative stress-mediated pathways. This study demonstrates that SIP4-based selenium nanoparticles are promising candidates for breast cancer therapy with improved efficacy and safety.

BACKGROUND:Polysaccharides from medicinal and edible plants have attracted increasing attention as a result of their structural diversity and potential bioactivities. In this study, a novel heteropolysaccharide (RTP) was isolated and purified from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa fruits. The physicochemical properties, structural characteristics and antioxidant activities of RTP were investigated. RESULTS:The results demonstrated that the RTP was mainly formed by →6)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-d-Glcp-(1→ and →3,6)-β-d-Galp-(1 → interconnected with each other to form a backbone. Branched chains were mainly formed by α-l-Araf-(1 → attached to the O-6 position of the glycosyl residue →3,6)-β-d-Galp-(1→ and α-d-Glcp-(1 → attached to the O-6 position of the glycosyl residue →4,6)-α-d-Glcp-(1→. RTP exhibited excellent thermal stability. The maximum scavenging rates of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (i.e. ABTS) and hydroxyl radicals by RTP were 97.78 ± 1.08% and 98.17 ± 0.57%, respectively. CONCLUSION:Polysaccharide from R. tomentosa may serve as a promising natural antioxidant for developing functional foods and therapeutic agents. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

This study explored the structural properties and in vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharide (RTP-1) from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa berry. The average molecular weight of RTP-1 is 11.638 kDa. Structural characterization revealed that the main chain of RTP-1 composed of 4,6)-β-D-Manp-(1 → and 6)-β-D-Manp-(1 → linkages, and the branched chain is the D-Galp-(1 → attached to the O-6 position of the glycan residue →4,6)-β-D-Manp-(1→). There is no triple helix structure in RTP-1. X-ray diffractometer results showed that RTP-1 is an amorphous semi-crystalline polymer with a characteristic "bun" shaped peak and a crystalline region at 20.42°. Atomic force microscopy results revealed that the average height of RTP-1 was 5.52 nm. The scanning electron microscopy results showed that RTP-1 exhibited a rough surface with numerous tiny pores. Thermo-gravimetry analysis and differential scanning colorimeter results revealed that RTP-1 was extremely thermally stable. The RTP-1 exhibited excellent 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and OH radical scavenging activity.

A new polysaccharide(AAP-1)was extracted and purified from the small bowl of Auricularia auricula-judae,a specialty of Changbai Mountain,China.Furthermore,AAP-1 was degraded by treatment with H2O2-vitamin C(Vc)in combination with succinic acid to obtain a novel low-molecular-weight polysaccharide(DAAP-1)with better hypoglycemic activity.AAP-1 and DAAP-1 had molecular weights of 118.5 and 59.3 kDa,respectively.Both AAP-1 and DAAP-1 are composed of Man,Rha,GlcUA,Glc,Xyl,and Fuc;however,the molar ratios of their components vary.Infrared spectroscopy showed that degradation did not affect the primary structure of DAAP-1.Under atomic force microscopy,DAAP-1 exhibited a finer surface structure than AAP-1.In in vitro hypoglycemic activity analysis,the inhibitory activities of DAAP-1 on α-glucosidase and α-amylase were significantly higher than those of AAP-1,and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)values of DAAP-1 were 1.39 and 1.66mg/mL,respectively.Animal testing showed that DAAP-1 had better efficacy than AAP-1 in lowering fasting blood glucose levels,reducing insulin resistance,and alleviating glucose-lipid metabolism disorders in type 2 diabetes mellitus mice.Mechanistically,DAAP-1 exerted hypoglycemic activity by regulating the expression of IRS-1,p85,p110,Akt,and p-Akt as well as the glycogen synthesis genes GSK-3β and glycogen synthase in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/Akt)metabolic pathway.Thus,DAAP-1 is a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide with excellent hypoglycemic activity.

Chlorophyll a (Chl a) is widely distributed in plants and undergoes conversion, pheophytin a (Pheo a) and pyropheophytin a (Pyro a), during heating or acidic treatment. This study investigated the alpha-glucosidaseinhibitory properties of Pyro a using multi-spectroscopy, molecular docking, and a molecular dynamics simulation, with a comparative analysis against Pheo a. Our results suggested that Pyro a (IC50 = 22.79 mu g/mL) showed stronger inhibitory activity than Pheo a (IC50 = 39.02 mu g/mL) with a mixed-type manner. Moreover, fluorescence quenching and Fourier transform infrared spectra results clarified that Pheo a and Pyro a interacted with alpha-glucosidase in a static quenching mode, inducing rearrangement and conformational changes of alpha-glucosidase. Molecular docking revealed that both Pheo a and Pyro a bind to the catalytic site of alpha-glucosidase, with Pyro a forming more hydrogen bonds and showing higher affinity. Molecular dynamics simulations supported the enhanced binding stability of the Pyro a-alpha-glucosidase complex. In conclusion, both Pheo a and Pyro a inhibit alpha-glucosidase by inducing structural rearrangement, with Pyro a demonstrating superior potency, likely due to its stronger and more stable interactions with the enzyme.

This study investigated the microencapsulation process of natural taro essence and characterized its physicochemical properties. The effects of core-to-wall ratio, T-20/β-CD mass ratio, and ultrasonic time on encapsulation efficiency were systematically investigated. Optimal conditions, identified through orthogonal experiments, included a core-to-wall ratio of 1:10, a T-20/β-CD mass ratio of 1.6:1, and an ultrasonic time of 40 min, resulting in an encapsulation efficiency of 56.10%. The characterization of the microcapsules revealed satisfactory physical properties, including low moisture content, suitable solubility, appropriate bulk density, and good flowability. Particle size distribution analysis showed consistency, and zeta potential measurements indicated stability against agglomeration. Thermal analysis demonstrated enhanced thermal stability, and FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed successful encapsulation through significant interactions between taro essence and β-CD. SEM imaging revealed a heterogeneous morphology, while XRD patterns validated the formation of stable inclusion complexes. An analysis of volatile components indicated the effective encapsulation of key alkanes, with PCA and heatmap clustering analyses confirming the stability of these components during storage. In conclusion, the optimized microencapsulation process significantly enhances the encapsulation efficiency, stability, and thermal properties of natural taro essence microcapsules.

This investigation delves into the daucosterol-lecithin complex (DS-LC) and its effects on lipid homeostasis in hyperlipidemic mice. DS-LC was assessed for complexation efficiency, physicochemical properties (UV, XRD, FTIR, SEM, DSC), and its impact on organ health and serum lipid levels. The results revealed that daucosterol formed an effective complex with lecithin at a 2 : 1 ratio, producing a translucent beige DS-LC with distinctive aggregation. UV-vis spectra confirmed that daucosterol's chromophore structure remained intact in DS-LC, indicating no new compound formation. FTIR analysis identified hydrogen bonding and increased molecular association without changing lecithin peaks, highlighting specific intermolecular interactions. SEM and XRD showed that complexation transformed daucosterol into an irregular form within the lecithin matrix, forming a new phase and demonstrating a strong lecithin-daucosterol interaction. Thermal analysis suggested homogeneous daucosterol distribution due to intermolecular interactions. DS-LC treatment effectively alleviated hyperlipidemia, enhancing liver function and reducing lipid accumulation in epididymal fat. It also significantly decreased total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, and arteriosclerosis index in hyperlipidemic mice, indicating DS-LC's potential as a therapeutic agent for lipid metabolism and related metabolic disorders. Daucosterol and lecithin form DS-LC through intermolecular interactions, which regulate lipid metabolism, improve liver function, and reduce fat accumulation in hyperlipidemic mice.

Daucosterol, a natural saponin from Eleocharis dulcis peel, exhibited anti-hyperglycemic properties. This study investigated daucosterol's effects on glycemic control, insulin resistance, and gut microbiota in type 2 diabetic mice. The results demonstrated that daucosterol treatment reduced fasting glucose, improved glucose intolerance and pancreatic islet damage. It decreased HOMA-IR and increased ISI, indicating enhanced insulin sensitivity. Daucosterol supplementation enriched gut microbiota diversity, including reducing Firmicutes and Desulfobacterota while increasing Bacteroidia. This involved an increase in Enterococcus, Akkermansia, Alistipes, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, and Odoribacter, coupled with decreased Aerococcus, Desulfovibrio, and Blautia, improved gut health. Uncultured_bacterium_g_Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and Bifidobacterium_pseudolongum were identified as major biomarkers. PICRUSt analysis revealed daucosterol improved the pathways of glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and some organismal systems. Therefore, daucosterol act as a potential anti-hyperglycemic agent, improving insulin resistance and optimizing gut microbiota to alleviate type 2 diabetes.

This study investigated the novel application of daucosterol, a natural saponin from eleocharis dulcis peel, in stabilizing emulsion gels with gamma- oryzanol. While daucosterol has known health benefits, its ability to stabilize emulsion gels had not yet been explored. This research examined the emulsification properties, microstructure, rheological behavior, stability, and intermolecular interactions of the resulting emulsion gels. Results showed that daucosterol effectively stabilized the emulsion gels, forming structured networks at higher concentrations. FT-IR analysis revealed significant intermolecular hydrogen bonding between daucosterol and gamma- oryzanol, and XRD profiles indicated a transition from crystalline to amorphous structures. SEM images displayed denser network formations with increased daucosterol levels. Contact angle measurements demonstrated enhanced hydrophobicity with rising daucosterol concentration, which favored stable water-in-oil emulsions. Rheological assessments confirmed strong thermal stability, robust mechanical properties, and partial thixotropic recovery at higher daucosterol levels. Additionally, daucosterol-stabilized emulsions showed remarkable stability through storage, freeze-thaw cycles, and heat treatments. This stability was attributed to dense, network-like structures that effectively inhibited phase separation and droplet coalescence. Molecular interaction simulations further supported the formation of stable complexes between daucosterol and gamma- oryzanol, sustained by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. This study highlights daucosterol's potential as an innovative stabilizer for oil-water emulsion gels.

The brown alga Sargassum fusiforme (SF) is historically consumed as a food material in Japan. A steaming process is often required for SF products on the market due to their moderate hardness and astringent taste. This investigation aimed to elucidate the effect of steaming on the anti-diabetic activity of SF and its related chemical components. Acetone extracts of SF were prepared after it were steamed for 0, 1, 2, or 4 h (SF-0h, SF-1h, SF-3h, and SF-4h, respectively). Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory profiles of each SF extract were made based on activity-guided separation. The active fractions were collected and NMR was applied for a further chemical composition analysis. Our results suggested that total polyphenol levels decreased drastically after steaming, which resulted in a drop in α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The fatty acid, pheophytin a, and pyropheophytin a contents were elevated significantly after steaming, which contributed to the majority of the activity of steamed SF (SF-1h). However, prolonging the steaming time did not significantly affect the activity of SF further since the content of free fatty acids in steamed SF (SF-2h and SF-4h) almost did not change with a longer time of steaming. Moreover, palmitic acid, 8-octadecenoic acid, and tetradecanoic acid were identified as the top three important fatty acids for the inhibition of α-glucosidase by steamed SF. Further molecular docking results revealed that these fatty acids could interact with residues of α-glucosidase via hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, and hydrophobic interactions. In conclusion, steaming altered the α-glucosidase inhibitory properties of SF by changing the contents of polyphenols, fatty acids, and chlorophyll derivatives.

The inhibitory properties towards α-glucosidase in vitro and elevation of postprandial glycemia in mice by the saponin constituent from Eleocharis dulcis peel were evaluated for the first time. Three saponins were isolated by silica gel and HPLC, identified as stigmasterol glucoside, campesterol glucoside and daucosterol by NMR spectroscopy. Daucosterol presented the highest content and showed the strongest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with competitive inhibition. Static fluorescence quenching of α-glucosidase was caused by the formation of the daucosterol-α-glucosidase complex, which was mainly derived from hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. Daucosterol formed 7 hydrogen bonds with 4 residues of the active site and produced hydrophobic interactions with 3 residues located at the exterior part of the binding pocket. The maltose-loading test results showed that daucosterol inhibited elevation of postprandial glycemia in ddY mice. This suggests that daucosterol from Eleocharis dulcis peel can potentially be used as a food supplement for anti-hyperglycemia.

The alpha-amylase inhibitory effect of daucosterol purified from the peel of Chinese water chestnut (CWC), a common Chinese vegetable, was assessed. The alpha-amylase inhibitory properties were elucidated by enzyme inhibition, fluorescence quenching and molecular docking experiments. It was found that three saponins from CWC peel exhibited potent inhibitory activity on alpha-amylase and daucosterol was found to be the main inhibitory factor against alpha-amylase with a mixed-type mode. Strong fluorescence quenching of alpha-amylase was observed under static fluorescence quenching with hydrophobic interactions with daucosterol. Molecular docking revealed that the conformation of daucosterol in the high-affinity sites I and II of alpha-amylase was optimum, and hydrophobic interactions were produced by daucosterol aglycone, and hydrogen bonding by the β-d-glucopyranosyl residue. Ingested daucosterol suppressed the elevation of blood glucose levels through inhibition of alpha-amylase in the small intestine in starch-loaded mice. This study provides data supporting the potential benefit of daucosterol from CWC peel in the treatment of diabetes.

SummaryThe inhibitory activities of banana peel extract against carbohydrate digestive enzymes were investigated. Cycloeucalenone and 31‐norcyclolaudenone were obtained by bioassay‐guided fractionation as effective inhibitors of α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase. The structure–activity relationships of four triterpenes isolated from banana peel, cycloeucalenone, 31‐norcyclolaudenone and cycloeucalenol and its isomer were investigated. The IC50 values of cycloeucalenone and 31‐norcyclolaudenone against α‐glucosidase were 31.83 ± 2.46 μm and 38.85 ± 1.54 μm, respectively, and their IC50 values against α‐amylase were 20.33 ± 0.59 μm and 27.63 ± 0.83 μm, respectively. In contrast, cycloeucalenol and its isomer had insufficient inhibitory activity against either enzyme. The primary active sites of cycloeucalenone and 31‐norcyclolaudenone are the carbonyl group at C‐3 and the double bond in the side chain. Cycloeucalenone induced a parabolic mixed‐type inhibition with a Ki value of 73.86 μm in the α‐glucosidase inhibitory assay. This study provides new evidence for the potential use of banana peel triterpenes as antidiabetic agents.

为探究荸荠皮皂苷的体外抗氧化活性,文章通过超声波辅助冷凝回流法提取荸荠皮总皂苷,经AB-8型大孔树脂对其进行纯化,并检测皂苷的泡沫性能以及体外清除O2-·、·OH与DPPH·自由基的活性.结果 显示,大孔树脂可以有效吸附荸荠皮皂苷,其最大静态吸附率为57.89％,最大解吸率可达81.98％;纯化后的荸荠皮皂苷在硬水中仍具有良好的起泡性和泡沫稳定性,且皂苷的体外抗氧化能力与浓度呈正相关,清除·OH、DPPH·自由基和Fe3+还原能力较强,对O2-·自由基清除能力相对较弱.结果 表明,荸荠皮皂苷拥有良好的体外抗氧化活性,可作为廉价的天然功能性食品原料.

文章以马蹄为原料,对马蹄固体饮料酶解工艺及喷雾干燥工艺进行研究.在单因素试验的基础上,运用正交试验设计,以还原糖浓度和感官评价为测定指标,确定马蹄浆最优酶解工艺条件;在单因素试验的基础上,以出粉率为主要指标,通过正交试验确定马蹄固体饮料喷雾干燥工艺最佳组合.研究结果表明:α-淀粉酶添加量为0.5％,酶解时间为50min,酶解温度为60℃,为马蹄浆最佳酶解工艺条件;进风温度170℃、物料浓度24％、离心转速20000r/min为马蹄固体饮料喷雾干燥最佳工艺参数.

为研究荸荠皮皂苷的最佳提取工艺,以荸荠皮为原料,采用超声波辅助冷凝回流法提取荸荠皮中的皂苷,根据单因素试验结果,选择提取温度、提取时间、提取功率和料液比为影响因素,以荸荠皮皂苷提取率为响应值,设计出四因素三水平的响应面试验,并通过响应面优化试验探讨荸荠皮皂苷的最佳提取工艺.结果 表明,最佳提取工艺条件:甲醇为提取溶剂,提取温度为70℃、提取时间为80 min、提取功率为90W、料液比为1∶15 (g/mL),所得荸荠皮皂苷提取率为0.226％.该工艺操作步骤简单,重复性好,是提取荸荠皮皂苷非常有效的一种方法.

A rapid detection method of pesticide residues in milk by enzyme inhibition was researched. Construction of a quickly reaction system of enzyme inhibition for determination of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide residues was achieved. The analysis of color reactions of milk showed a good correlation between color intensity and content of tolclofos-methyl, methamidophos and isoprocarb 1-naphthalenyl methyl carbamate. The detection limits of the four pesticide were 0.5~1.0 mg/kg, which were below the level of detection required to satisfy legislation in china. This method is simple and inexpensive and suitable for rapid detection of pesticide residues in milk.

Volatile components of Eleocharis tuberosa peels were extracted with absolute ether by ultrasonic wave assisted evaporating. The experiment mainly researches on three positive factors solid-liquid ratio, extraction time and ultrasonic power influencing the extraction efficiency. According to the results of one factor optimization, the orthogonal experiment L9(34) was designed to confirm the optimum extraction conditions. The volatile chemical constituents of the extract were separated and identified by GC-MS. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: solid-liquid ratio was 1:25 g/mL, extraction time was 60 min and ultrasonic power was 250 w. Confirmed by the practice, the average extraction rate was 3.25%, the conditions shown that the method was credible and reliable. There were 10 volatile compositions in the extract from E. tuberosa peels by the ultrasonic assisted extraction method. The relative content of volatile compositions were 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (45.24%), Ageratochromene II (23.17%), 3,5-Bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) phenol (9.18%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid ethyl ester (5.84%), Ethyl palmitate (4.94%), 1-Linolenoylglycerol (4.11%), Dimethyl phthalate (3.30%), 1,3-Dimethyl-5-tert-butyl-2-acetophenone (2.10%), Phenylacetaldehyde (1.42%), Cedrol (0.70%).