The functional composition and thermochemical properties of the lignins isolated by ethanol extraction of fir and aspen wood were studied by the non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The peculiarities of thermal destruction of these two Types of lignin in inert (argon) and oxidizing (air) media were revealed. The maximum rates of decomposition of ethanol lignins from fir and aspen wood in an inert medium are reached at 400 and 377.6 degrees C, respectively. The thermal degradation of aspen lignin in air medium is accompanied by the appearance of two maxima at 275 and 355 degrees C, and of fir lignin - one maximum at 402 degrees C. The comparison of thermochemical properties of aspen wood and isolated from wood the ethanol lignin and cellulose was made. It was shown that the temperatures corresponding to the highest rates of thermal decomposition of aspen wood, cellulose and lignin in an inert medium are 363.4, 333.7 and 377.6 degrees C, respectively. In all temperature range, the thermal decomposition of aspen lignin, both in the inert and air medium proceeded at the higher rates of mass loss than that of fir lignin.

The processes of catalytic hydrolysis of hemicelluloses of pine wood at temperatures of 100-150 degrees C were studied. The dissolved mineral acids H2SO4 and HCl, as well as the solid acid catalysts Amberlyst-15, acid-modified SBA-15 and Sibunit-4 were used as the hydrolysis catalysts. It was established that the maximum yield of monosaccharides (96,0 % wt. from the initial content of hemicelluloses in pine wood) is achieved at temperature of 100 degrees C in the presence of catalyst 2 % wt. HCl with a hydrolysis time of 4 h. The yield is reduced in the series of catalysts: HCl (100 degrees C) > SBA-15 (150 degrees C) > Amberlyst-15 (150 degrees C) > H2SO4 (100 degrees C) > Sibunit-4 (150 degrees C) > without catalyst (150 degrees C). The lignocellulosic products formed during the hydrolysis of pine wood contain 51.0 - 55.5 % wt. of cellulose, 29.2 - 36.7 % wt. of lignin and 1.8 to 11.7 % wt. of hemicelluloses. The composition and structure of soluble and solid products of acid hydrolysis of pine wood are studied by gas chromatography, X-ray diffraction and chemical methods.

The processes of catalytic hydrolysis of hemicelluloses and cellulose of aspen wood were studied at the temperatures 100 and 150 °C.The dissolved mineral acids (H 2 SO 4 , HCl), ion exchange resin Amberlyst-15 and acid-modified SBA-15, Sibunit-4 were used in hydrolysis of aspen wood as the catalysts.The optimal conditions for the implementation of catalytic processes of acid hydrolysis of wood hemicelluloses, peroxide delignification of lignocellulose and hydrolysis of cellulose for the production of hydrolysates with the maximum glucose yield and the minimum amount of inhibitors of enzymatic processes (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) were established.The estimated yields of bioethanol obtained by integration of optimized catalytic processes of acid hydrolysis of polysaccharides and peroxide delignification of lignocellulose of aspen wood were evaluated.

The methods of obtaining cellulose and cellulose sulfates from birch wood based on the use of one-step catalytic delignification of wood by hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid–water medium were studied. The conditions of birch wood oxidative delignification by acetic acid/hydrogen peroxide mixtures in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst were optimized in order to obtain an acceptable yield of cellulose product with low content of residual lignin. Cellulose extracted from birch wood by green method was used for preparation of cellulose sulfates in dioxane solution. The homogeneous sulfation of obtained cellulose by chlorosulfonic acid in dioxane allows to reduce the fragmentation of polymer and to synthesize cellulose sulfates with a finer and more homogeneous structure as compared to cellulose sulfates prepared by heterogeneous sulfation in harmful pyridine. Obtained samples of cellulose and cellulose sulfates were characterized by XRD, SEM, AFM, NMR, FTIR, Raman, XPS and chemical methods.

Based on the analysis of sci-tech literature published in the last 5-10 years the main directions of research activity in the development of new methods of porous materials (nanoporous carbons, sorbents of oil, enterosorbents) obtaining from lignin and wood bark have been identified.Two groups of methods are used for obtaining nanoporous carbon materials from plant biomass - two stage carbonization - physical activation and one-stage chemical activation. Two-stage method is useful for obtaining carbon sorbents from wood bark. For obtaining of nanoporous carbon materials from lignin is preferable to use the chemical activation by sodium and potassium hydroxides.The reduction of stock of hydrolysis lignin due to the close of production facilities in Russia makes the actual searching the alternative raw materials for enterosorbents obtaining. The sorbents obtained from birch bark is not inferior to the commercial enterosorbent "Polyphepan" from hydrolysis lignin and some of their characteristics even better compared to "Polyphepan".

Review of publications relating to the study of thermal conversions of fossil coals and synthetic polymers mixtures to liquid hydrocarbons was accomplished. It should be noted that at some conditions of thermal treatments of coal-synthetic polymer mixtures a non-additive increasing of coal conversion and of liquid hydrocarbons yield was observed. The appearance of synergistic effects associated with chemical interactions between the products of thermal destruction of coal organic mass and synthetic polymers macromolecules depends on the nature and relative amount of components in the coal-polymer mixture.The use of catalysts makes possible to intensity the processes of coal and synthetic polymers coprocessing to liquid hydrocarbons. Distillate products obtained by catalytic hydrogenetion of coal and polyolefine mixtures are enriched by hydrogen and they can be used as components of motor fuels or as raw material for producing the chemicals, alternative to petrochemical products.

New method of water soluble ester of betulonic acid and polyvinyl alcohol synthesis in conditions of interphase catalysis was developed. Betulonic acid chloride was used for polyvinyl alcohol acetylation. Optimal conditions of betulonic acid chloride interaction with polyvinyl alcohol and effective phase-transfer catalysts were found which make it possible to obtain the soluble ester with yield to 47 %.

The influence of abies-wood delignification conditions in the medium "hydrogen peroxide - acetic acid - water - sulfuric acid catalyst" on the yield and composition of cellulosic product was studied. It was established that the content of residual lignin in cellulosic product and the yield of product are decreased with the growth of temperature, H2O2 and CH3COOH concentrations, liquid/wood ratio (LWR) and time of the process. The high yield of microcrystalline cellulose (49 % wt) with residual lignin content 3.4 % wt. was obtained at 100 degrees C, concentrations of H2O2 and CH3COOH4 % wt. and 30 wt, respectively, LWR 10, time 4 h. The oxidative delignification process is described by the first order equation. The rather high value of activation energy (82 kJ/mol) points on the absence of diffusion limitations at the used conditions of abies-wood oxidative delignification.

Extraction ofbetulin by hexane, petroleum-ether, benzene BR-1, cyclohexane, acetonitrile, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, isopropanol, ethanol, and 1,4-dioxane in a Soxhlet's (extraction) apparatus has been studied. Comparative studying of the obtained extracts has been executed with use of a method of IR-spectroscopy The content of betulin and betulin acid in extracts, which have been isolated after their concentration to 1/4 initial volumes and in extracts which have been isolated after full removal of solvent, has been defined with using a method of a highly effective liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was established, that use of polar solvents allows to receive extracts with an yield to 28,8 % and the content of betulin from 90 to 95 %.

Influence of operating conditions of wheat straw and oats husk catalytic delignification by acetic acid - hydrogen peroxide mixture on the yield and composition of obtained fiber products (FP) was investigated. The use of additional stages of FP bleaching firstly by NaOH solution and then by H2O2 decreases the content of residual lignin in FP from wheat straw up to 2.0-2.7 % mas. and from oats husk up to 0.6-1.0 % mas. and reduces the total hydrogen peroxide expenses at conservation of FP yield. Main characteristics of produced fiber products correspond to qualifying standards of food fibers.

Main regularities of aspen-wood delignification in the medium "acetic acid -hydrogen peroxide - sulfuric acid catalyst" have been established. The optimal conditions of delignification process (temperature, time, liquid to solid ratio, reaction mixture composition) were selected. They supply the high yield of cellulosic product with low content of the residual lignin.