The cultivation of community residents' ecological concept has an important impact on the construction of human ecological civilization. In this paper, the ecological footprint (EF) of community residents' food consumption was calculated and studied by using the theories and methods of biocapacity and EF. The per capita annual EF of the selected three typical communities was high-income community (1.72gha) > ordinary community (1.55gha) > pilot ecological community (1.51gha). As for the components of annual EF of community residents, the carbon footprint accounted for the largest proportion (0.8gha/person), followed by farmland (0.39gha/person) and grassland, and those of construction land, woodland and grassland were relatively small. As for the components of residents' consumption activities in the whole year, food accounted for the largest part of the EF (0.79gha/person), followed by housing (0.49gha/person), and the other components accounted for a relatively small proportion. The per capita carbon footprint of typical communities was high-income community (0.9gha) > ordinary community (0.88gha) > pilot ecological community (0.61gha), which was likely due to the differences in energy consumption-ability of residents in these three communities. Thus it is clear that the consumption-ability of different groups and their preferences for food, clothing, housing and transportation should be considered in the process of community ecological construction.

防风固沙型重点生态功能区是我国主要的防沙屏障带,对保障全国的生态环境安全具有重要意义.基于RWEQ模型评估了防风固沙型重点生态功能区防风固沙服务的空间格局,利用HYSPLIT模型模拟了防风固沙型重点生态功能区防风固沙服务的空间流动路径,从生态系统服务流动的角度建立了防风固沙型重点生态功能区及其防风固沙服务受益区之间的时空联系.研究表明,2010年防风固沙型重点生态功能区的防风固沙总量为5.55× 1012 kg,受益区总面积为32.16× 106 km2,涉及防风固沙服务流动路径755条.受益区主要位于中国的西北、华北、东北的广大区域,朝鲜半岛,日本,俄罗斯远东地区和北太平洋的广大海域,其中中国境内的受益区占比24.12％,受益草地面积最大,受益建设用地占中国建设用地总面积的比例最高,受益效益更为明显.在空间分布上,防风固沙服务流动效益以各防风固沙型重点生态功能区为中心呈现明显的圈层式递减特征.防风固沙型重点生态功能区的防风固沙服务流动对下风向受益区的生产生活具有重要的保障作用,研究能够为防风固沙型重点生态功能区的区域间生态补偿政策制定提供科学的参考依据,从而进一步提升防风固沙型重点生态功能区的屏障作用,保障国家生态安全.

国家重点生态功能区是保障国家生态安全、提升生态环境质量的重要区域。基于国家重点/非重点生态功能区生态环境质量变化的对比分析,结合土地覆被变化,对国家重点生态功能区转移支付政策执行之前的生态环境质量状况形成全面的认识。结果表明:国家重点/非重点生态功能区土地覆被类型均以生态用地为主,2000—2010年生态用地占比下降。国家重点生态功能区各年生态用地占比均高于非重点生态功能区,且土地覆被类型转换程度相对于非重点生态功能区要小。重点/非重点生态功能区的植被覆盖度、生物量密度、NPP均由东南向西北逐渐降低。水土保持型重点生态功能区的植被覆盖度最高,生物多样性维护型重点生态功能区的平均生物量密度、平均NPP最高,水源涵养型重点生态功能区的生物量总量、NPP总量最高,防风固沙型重点生态功能区由于多位于西北内陆,整体上植被覆盖度最低,生物量密度和生物量总量、平均NPP和NPP总量也最低。总的来说,2000—2010年间国家重点生态功能区的生态系统质量有所改善,但是改善的幅度不及非重点生态功能区。表明实施生态保护工程与转移支付,进一步改善重点生态功能区的生态环境质量,对提升全国整体生态安全水平具有重要的作用。

The ecological footprint method was proposed in 1992 and improved later,and is widely applied in the assessment of sustainable development by its balance comparison to the bio-capacity.The ecological footprint is an area indicator demonstrating the human impact on natural capitals.Although the indicator of ecological footprint distance is established on the basis of ecological footprint,it describes the ecologically dependent distance of a city,which might be a valuable supplement and improvement to the ecological footprint and bio-capacity theory system.This study analyzed the ecological footprint distance of Beijing's fruit consumption.Population data and resident fruit consumptions were collected from the "Beijing Statistical Yearbook" and "Chinese Migrants Development Report" from 2008 to 2012.Additionally,a market investigation was carried out.There was an overall increasing trend of Beijing's fruit ecological footprint distance,imported fruit mass,and fruit ecological footprint distance per capita.From 2009 to 2012,the distance of imported fruit mass increased by 47.91％ (to 17.01 billion t km);the fruit ecological footprint distance fluctuated smoothly between 8.87 hundred km and 1.07 thousand km;and the average fruit ecological footprint distance (per capita) increased by 26.42％ (to 55.5 thousand km).From the aspect of category,the maximum annual average fruit ecological footprint distance was recorded for banana (2.07 thousand km),and the minimum for apple (4.76 hundred km);the maximum average annual imported mass of bio-capacity was observed for water melon (497.8 billion kg km),and the minimum for banana (51.8 billion kg km);and the maximum average annual ecological footprint distance of the four years was observed for water melon (177 thousand km),and the minimum for banana (192 thousand km).The result showed that the rapid urbanization of Beijing metropolis area had led to an enlarged ecological cost in fruit consumption,and led to a more wide-scope biocapacity suppliers as well.Even more,this enlargement has exceeded the speed of population growth.The following limitations existed in this study:first,due to the limitation of data,fruit product was chosen as the representative of all kinds of ecological resources;second,an appropriate weight should be given to each type of fruit while calculating the indicator of fruit ecological footprint distance.It is recommended that the follow-up studies on the ecological footprint distance should improve in several ways:By collecting different types of industrial,agricultural,and service industrial products data as much as possible;by creating a model that could determine the distance weight set of all products and could provide an appropriate weight to each type of product;by choosing more cities of different population or economic scale as research targets.These improvements might be helpful in obtaining a more comprehensive and convinced indicator of a city's ecological footprint distance.

In this study, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data and the multiple linear regression model were used to estimate distribution of biomass resources in 2010. The establishment of models, developed using different vegetation biomass sample data, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI), meteorological data, coordinates, terrain data, and statistical data. Results based on a cross-validation approach show that the model can explain 95.6% of the variance in biomass, with a relative estimation error of 67 g·m−2 for a range of biomass between 0–73,875 g·m−2. Spatial statistic results were consistent with the practical condition in most cases. The above- and below-ground biomass (ABGB) of China was estimated to be 31.1 Pg (1 Pg = 1015 g) in 2010. The forest ecosystem has the largest total biomass, which represents about 70% of the whole terrestrial ecosystem. The desert ecosystem has minimum biomass value. The Belowground Endowment (BRE) varied differently in spatial distribution, with the high values occurring in the southeast and northeast. The low values were primarily distributed in north and northwest regions, where it is mostly desert and few plants. Biomass per capita indicates the availability of natural resources per capita. Tibet had the maximum biomass per capita (807 tone in 2010). Shanghai and Tianjin had the minimum biomass per capita, less than 500 kg. Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Beijing, and Hainan had negative growth of biomass per capita.

A biologically productive area was used in the ecological footprint method to measure the demand and impact of human activities on the natural capital, and further, to judge whether the impact is within the scope of the regional bio-capacity. In this presentation, an indicator “ecological footprint distance (Def)” is proposed. The results indicated that the proposed indicator Def could identify the outward extension of a city’s ecological footprint with the city’s rapid expansion. From 2008 to 2012, the proportion of imported bio-capacity increased approximately from 48% to 64%, which implied that the ecological impact of Beijing had expanded year by year. The Def of Beijing increased from 567 km in 2008 to 677 km in 2012, with an average annual increase of about 25 km. From the perspective of seasonal change, Beijing’s ecological footprint distance in winter and spring was much higher than in summer and fall. The main features of provincial-spatial distribution of Beijing’s Def were as follows: grain and oil and meat and eggs were mainly supplied by Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei and Inner Mongolia; yet vegetable and fruit were mainly supplied by Hainan, Guangdong, Hebei and Shandong. Measures should be taken to decentralize the sources of imported bio-capacity, so as to ensure a sustainable development in Metropolitan cities.