Цель работы - изучение эффективности применения новой биологически активной добавки - аскорбата лития для повышения стрессоустойчивости и продуктивности цыплят-бройлеров на откорме. Исследование проведено на четырёх группах цыплят-бройлеров по 80 голов в каждой. Препарат вводили цыплятам III, II и I групп, начиная с 2-х недельного возраста (брудерный период) на протяжении 4 недель с кормом из расчета 1, 5 и 10 мг/кг массы тела соответственно; в контрольной группе препарат не вводили, массу задаваемого корма по периодам опыта во всех группах устанавливали с учётом возрастного периода. Живая масса цыплят в III, II и I группах к возрасту 42 дня была на 4,5, 5,7 (P<0.05), 6,2% (P<0.05) соответственно выше, по сравнению с контролем. Во всех опытных группах отмечалась тенденция к увеличению количества эритроцитов, гемоглобина, что косвенно свидетельствует об активировании аскорбатом лития процессов кроветворения. Более высокое содержание в сыворотке крови цыплят опытных групп фракции глобулинов (P<0.05) способствовало усилению защитных функций организма и более высокой сохранности поголовья. Сохранность поголовья цыплят-бройлеров на конец эксперимента в I и II группах была 100%-ной, а в контроле она была сниженной на 5% (P<0.05), в сравнении с этими группами. Цыплята опытных групп превосходили контроль по показателям продуктивности - по массе потрошённой тушки (Р<0.05) и по массе мышечной ткани (P<0.05). За период откорма (42 суток) бройлеры в I и II группах израсходовали корма на 2,9 и 1,6% больше, но убойный выход потрошённых тушек во всех опытных группах был выше, чем в контроле (P<0.05), а расход корма на 1 кг прироста живой массы в среднем в опытных группах был на 3,6% меньше, чем контроле. Таким образом, применение аскорбата лития положительно влияет на рост, развитие и на убойные качества цыплят. The aim was to study the effectiveness of the application of a new biologically active additive, lithium ascorbate, to increase the stress resistance and productivity of broiler chickens in fattening period. The study was conducted on four groups of broiler chickens, 80 chickens each. The drug was administered in III, II and I groups, starting at the 2-week age (brooding period) for 4 weeks with food at the dose 10, 5 and 1 mg/kg body weight, respectively. In the control group, the preparation was not administered, the weight of the given food for the period of the experiment in all groups was set in accordance with the age period. The live weight of chickens in groups I, II and III at the age of 42 days was by 4.5, 5.7 (P<0.05), 6.2% (P<0.05) respectively higher vs control. In all experimental groups, there was a tendency of increasing the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, which indirectly indicates the activation of hemopoiesis by lithium ascorbate. The higher content of chickens in the blood serum of the experimental groups of the globulin fraction (P<0.05) promoted the strengthening of the protective functions of the organism and a higher viability of chickens. The survival of the chickens at the end of the experiment in groups III and II was 100%, and in control it was reduced by 5% (P<0.05), in comparison with these groups. The chicks of the experimental groups exceeded the control in terms of productivity indices, by weight of gutted carcass (P<0.05) and by weight of muscle tissue (P<0.05). During the period of fattening (42 days), the consumption of feed in in groups I, II groups was more by 2.9 and 1.6%, but the yield of gutted carcass in groups I, II and III was higher vs control (P<0.05) and the feed consumption per 1 kg of the increase in live weight in III, II и I groups on the average was 3.6% less than in the control group. Thus, the use of lithium ascorbate positively influences the growth, development and the killer qualities of chickens. Thus, the use of lithium ascorbate positively influences the growth, development and the quality traits of chickens.

The study is aimed at developing a method for using a new, organic drug – lithium ascorbate. The aim of the work is to develop a new, more effective and more physiological way to combat all forms of stress in farm animals to increase productivity. Lithium ascorbate is an adaptogen preparation capable of becoming one of the new effective and physiological elements of pork production biotechnology rationalization. The experiment was carried out on 5 groups of pregnant sows of Landrace breed (4 experimental and 1 control sows) with 5 heads each. After 30 days of fruitful insemination of sows 1, 2, 3 and 4 groups received daily with food lithium ascorbate in powder form in the dose of 10; 5; 2; 0.5 mg/kg of live weight, respectively. Weighing was carried out before the introduction of the drug. Repeated weighing was carried out in 2 and 3 months after fertilization and just before farrowing. In the blood plasma was determined dialdehyde, restored glutathione, oxidized glutathione, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, total protein, lipoprotein fraction is HDL, LDL, VLDL, thiol-disulfide ratio (SH/SS); activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. It is established that the introduction of feed sows at a dosage of 10, 5 and 2 mg/kg of body weight, ascorbate, lithium exhibits a pronounced adaptogen and stress-protection properties, supported on a physiological level, the dynamics of cortisol and progesterone during pregnancy. Lithium ascorbate contributes to increase of nonspecific resistance, growth of gestating sows, the tread in relation to technological and spontaneous stressors. The obtained data indicate that lithium ascorbate in sows in all studied parameters was effective, affecting lipid-cholesterol metabolism, glutathione reduction system and as a result, increasing the safety, live weight and reproductive function of sows. The experimental verification of the developed dose, scheme and method of administration, lithium ascorbate based on a set of biochemical and physiological parameters confirmed the validity of the proposed concept on the possibility of creating with its help new methods of effective and physiological management of behavioral reactions, non-specific resistance and productivity of animals.

В опыте, проведенном на двух группах коров по 5 голов в каждой при одинаковых условиях кормления, с одинаковым суточном удоем 40 кг, но с разной жирностью молока (1-я группа - 4,1, 2-я - 2,8%) в период 3 ч после кормления исследовали показатели рубцовой ферментации и активность пируваткарбоксилазы (ПК) и лактатдегидрогеназы (ЛДГ) в плазме крови яремной и молочной вен. Величины показателей содержимого рубца в 1-й и 2-й группах соответственно: рН - 6,95 и 6,61, буферная ёмкость 12,5±0,8 и 8,5±1,2 мл/ед. рН, ацетат - 65,7 и 63,6%, пропионат - 18,8 и 23,9%, ЛЖК - 9,24 и 10,26 ммоль/дл, ацетат/пропионат - 3,48 и 2,90. При анализе объединённых данных выявлены обратные зависимости жирности молока от соотношения пропионат/ацетат (молярные проценты) и содержания пропионата (молярный процент от суммы ЛЖК) в рубце от рН содержимого. Процессы рубцовой ферментации у коров с низкой жирностью молока были сдвинуты в сторону закисления, что сопровождалось сдвигами в метаболизме пировиноградной кислоты. Соответственно изменениям процессов ферментации в рубце изменялась активность ПК и ЛДГ в крови яремной и молочных вен. В обеих группах отмечена низкая активность ПК, при этом активность ЛДГ в крови молочной вены в обеих группах была выше, чем в системной крови (в яремной вене), а в группе с пониженной жирностью молока активность ПК и ЛДГ была выше (P<0,001) при сравнении с 1-й группой. Выявленные сдвиги в ферментативной активности могли быть следствием скрытой субклинической лактацидемии, о чём свидетельствуют более низкие величины рН и буферной ёмкости содержимого рубца у коров 2-й группы. Заключили, что проявлению жир депрессирующего действия пропионата у коров 2-й группы способствовало более низкое всасывание ацетата и усиление липогенеза в жировой ткани после приема корма. In the experiment conducted on two groups of cows, 5 cows each, under the same feeding conditions, with the same daily milk yield (40 kg), but with different fat content of milk (group I - 4.1, group II - 2.8%) in the period of 3 hours after feeding, the parameters of rumen fermentation and the activity of pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the blood plasma of the jugular and milk veins were examined. Values of rumen fermentation parameters were in I and II groups, respectively: pH - 6.95 and 6.61, buffer capacity 12.5 ± 0.8 and 8.5 ± 1.2 ml/unit pH, acetate - 65, 7 and 63.6%, propionate -18.8 and 23.9%, VFA - 9.24 and 10.26 mmol/100 ml, acetate/ propionate - 3.48 and 2.90. In the analysis of the combined data, the inverse relationship of the fat content of milk with the propionate/acetate ratio (molar percent) and the propionate content (molar percentage of VFA) in the rumen with pH of the contents was revealed. In general, fermentation processes in cows with low milk fat content were shifted towards acidification, which was accompanied by shifts in the metabolism of pyruvate acid. Corresponding to changes in the rumen fermentation, the activity of PC and LDH in the blood of the jugular and milk veins also changed. Both groups showed a low PC activity, with LDH activity in the blood of milk vein in both groups higher than in the systemic blood (in jugular vein), and in group II the activity of PC and LDH was higher (P<0.001) in comparison with group I. In general, the manifestation of fat depressant effect of propionate in cows of group II was promoted by a lower absorption of acetate and an increase in lipogenesis in adipose tissue after ingestion of the feed.

The state of chronic stress caused by various exogenous factors, is always accompanied by a state of excitation in the Central nervous system, neurodegenerative disorder of body functions, impairment of metabolic and physiological processes, immune abnormalities. To increase stress tolerance it is necessary to maintain the body's balance functions of the nervous, immune, endocrine and antioxidant systems of the monooxygenase. The analysis of Literature data and results of own researches of the authors give grounds to conclude that higher stress can be achieved by reducing the Level of free radical oxidation, optimization of Lipid-choLesteroL and hormonal status when using anti-stress drugs of new generation, which incLude organic Lithium saLts. UnLike many synthetic tranquiLizers and sedatives, acting on the neuroreceptors, organic Lithium saLts affect mentaL activity, without affecting neuroreceptors unit of the brain, and are invoLved in the reguLation of neurosynaptic activity through inhibition of enzymes responsibLe for the main metaboLic degradation pathway of gamma-aminobutyric acid - inhibition of GABA-decarboxyLase and GABA-aminotransferase. There is reason to beLieve this method of increasing stress resistance are not onLy more effective but aLso more physioLogicaL Compound organic Lithium saL with ascorbic acid, combined effect on neurohumoraL status and normaLize it, with the effect of their use is the resuLt of decrease LeveL of free radicaL oxidation, incLuding Lipid peroxidation. Lithium ions, contribute to the maintenance of normaL excitabiLity of CentraL nervous system and bLood vesseL tone by reducing the excessive concentration of norepinephrine in the CentraL nervous system and normaLization of the LeveL of sodium ions in nerve and muscLe ceLLs. The compLex nature of neyroLepticheskih of action of Lithium is due to the existence of muLtipLe pathways of exposure to Lithium ions on physioLogicaL processes. With sufficient suppLy of Lithium sensitivity of the brain to dopamine increases. Lithium ions have an effect on the homeostasis of neurotransmitters, and increase the synthesis of neurotrophic factors and the sensitivity of ceLLs of the nervous system to their effects. Further study of the physioLogicaL action of organic saLts of Lithium wiLL aLLow to expand representations about the mechanism of antistress action of drugs of this type and to outLine ways of enhancing the stress resistance of humans and animaLs in the treatment and prevention of depressive and subdepressive States.

In the article, the basic physiological and biochemical functions and the importance of Damino acids and D-amino acid oxidase in mammalians are described.Serious attention is paid to metabolic role of D-amino acid oxidase in health and disease.D-amino acids and D-amino acid metabolizing enzyme has been discovered by Krebs 1935 (H.Krebs, 1972).Nowadays, most attention is given to the signal, communication and regulatory role of peroxisomes in metabolism.The peroxisomes are considered as candidate agents able to provide a relationship between the nervous and endocrine systems and participate in metabolism regulation in cells, organs and the body.Significant amounts of D-amino acids, the L-amino acids stereoisomers, are found in the peroxisomes of various organs and tissues: in the nervous system (J.Sasabe et al., 2014.), endocrine glands (A.D'Aniello et al., 2000), liver, kidney, breast, etc. (S.V. Khoronenkova, V.I.Tishkov, 2008).These active molecules provide communications in the neuronal network via the synapses of nerve endings (C.W. Morgans et al., 2013) and are involved in cell aging and apoptosis (A.V. Worms, 2010), biosynthesis and secretion of hormones, blood pressure regulation, maintenance of cell osmotic pressure (Y.Nishina, 2008), anti-inflammatory reactions and anti-carcinogenesis (G.H. Fisher, 1998).D-amino acid oxidase affects the activity of body as a whole in very diverse ways due to simultaneous engagement in diametrically opposite multi-parametric processes, such as regulation of cell level of D-amino acids and amino acid D-amines; the activity of central and peripheral nervous system; the maintenance of cell ecology; biosynthesis and secretion of epiphyseal melatonin (H.K. Park et al., 2007), hypothalamic releasing factors, pituitary, thyroid and steroid hormones (A.Santillo et al., 2014); defense against xenobiotics, microorganisms, viruses, stresses, and malignant tumors (R. Rana et al., 2012).Special attention the authors of this paper pay to the role of Damino asides and D-amino aside oxidase in farm animals.World publications are mostly devoted to physical and chemical properties and the involvement of these agents in a number of neurodegenerative diseases and human clinical pathology of the central and peripheral parts of brain.As to farm animals, the data are almost completely absent.Recently, a growing body of in-deep examinations appear of the impact of D-amino acid oxidase and D-amino acids on the entire hierarchy of the endocrine system from the pineal gland, the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland to the ovaries and testes (S.Yasuaki et al., 2012).The studies are mostly focused on the regulation mechanisms of reproductive function in humans and animals.Elucidation of the involvement of D-amino acids and D-amino acid metabolising enzyme in excitation and inhibition processes in the central nervous system is of a particular interest for farm animal biology.Cognitive function in farm animals is of a separate interest as it is tightly associated with animal adaptability to commercial production, formation of the nervous system type and a reduced aggressiveness.Eventually, these will result in control of farm animal behavior and performance.

The timeliness and usefulness of the concept of an «ideal diet», which is regarded by the authors as resulting from the development of a generally accepted concept of an «ideal protein» are discussed. According to modern concepts of an adequate nutrition, the latter one is essentially nothing more than a «perfect food», which provides the animals with all nutritional, structural and biologically active substances to ensure the optimal function, productivity and the output of a high quality product in livestock. According to the authors’ opinion, the construction of the «ideal diet» in conjunction with the decision of breeding and genetic problems will deliberately lead to creation of an «ideal animal» to produce a «perfect food» for humans in «ideal mode».

The concept of possible functioning subcellular organelles peroxysomes in an organism of ruminants is put forward and discussed some positions of this concept. Hypothetically, and also with attraction of own experimental material and data from the literature, is postulated the potential opportunity initiation and functioning in peroxysomes of glyoxylate cycle is assumed. The existence of glyoxylate cycle not only in rumen microflora, but also its applicability to decoding the some mechanisms of a metabolism regulation in cells of various tissues of ruminants with different growth intensity is supposed. The physiological essence of put forward positions will consist in the following: 1) glyoxylate cycle functioning in peroxysomes not only simbyotic microflorae of pre-stomaches (rumen), but also in bodies of ruminants, involves in a metabolism and synthesis of glucose, as a product of a rumenal fermentation a lactic acid (through piruvate and acetyl CoA), and acetate of rumenal origin and synthesized in reactions of lipids beta-oxidation; 2) In peroxysomes take place processes of beta-oxidation of fatt acids, which maximum activity in the period of the greatest activity of a metabolism and decrease of mitochondrial beta-oxidation of lipids; 3) one of key metabolites of peroxysomal reactions considers cisteamin, having expressed an antioxidant and radioprotector properties, and being simultaneously the negative endocellular messenger of insulin; 4) Two-carbon fragments of peroxysomal reactions (glycolat and glyoxylate) are inhibitors of series reactions in a cells including citrate cycle, terminal oxidation, piruvatdehylrogenase and piruvatcarboxylase and strengthen a stream of metabolites in peroxysomales reactions; 5) formed in significant amounts in peroxysomes peroxide of hydrogen, having insulin-like action, influences a number of processes in an organism, including utilisation of glucose and synthesis of muscular fibers; 6) the close interrelation between peroxysomes and mitochondria is carried out at a level of coordination of processes making energy, biosynthetic and antioxidant processes.