Конечным продуктом катаболизма белка является аммиак, который оказывает угнетающее воздействие на нейроны. Обезвреживание аммиака у млекопитающих происходит в орнитиновом цикле (ОЦ), регуляция активности ОЦ печени осуществляется в основном на уровне карбамоилфосфатсинтетазы, которая малоактивна в отсутствие аллостерического активатора – N-ацетилглутамата (NAG), а синтетический неметаболизируемый аналог NAG – N-карбамоилглутамат (NКГ). Цикл Кребса сопряжён с ОЦ через общий субстрат – аргининсукцинат, поэтому эффекты нейтрализации аммиака, процессы аминокислотного и энергетического обмена в значительной степени взаимосвязаны. Цель данного исследования – оценить эффективность применения добавки NКГ для оптимизации обменных процессов и нейтрализации аммиака у поросят-сосунов. Опыт проведен на двух группах поросят (n=12), сформированных в возрасте 8 суток. Водный раствор препарата выпаивали опытной группе в дозе 10 мг/кг массы тела однократно ежедневно. Продолжительность скармливания добавки 32 суток, среднесуточный прирост живой массы определяли при отъёме в возрасте 40 суток. По окончании скармливания добавки в опытной группе на 30-е сутки от начала опыта выявлено снижение в плазме крови содержания аммиака (Р<0,05) и мочевины, увеличение концентрации аргинина (Р<0,05), триацилглицеролов (Р<0,05) и среднесуточных приростов живой массы (Р<0,05) в сравнении с контрольной группой. Заключили, что применение добавки NКГ способствует повышению продукции эндогенного аргинина, нейтрализации аммиака, образующегося в метаболических процессах, а также экономии затрат метаболической энергии на связывание аммиака в цикле мочевинообразования. The end product of protein catabolism is ammonia, which has a depressant effect on neurons. The neutralization of ammonia in mammals occurs in the ornithine cycle (OC), the regulation of liver OC activity is carried out mainly at the level of carbamoylphosphate synthetase, which is inactive in the absence of an allosteric activator, N-acetylglutamate (NAG);, its synthetic non-metabolizable analogue is N-carbamoylglutamate (NCG). The Krebs cycle is coupled to OC through a common substrate, arginine succinate, so the effects of ammonia neutralization, the processes of amino acids and energy metabolism are largely interrelated. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of NCG supplement to optimize metabolic processes and ammonia neutralization in suckling piglets. The experiment was carried out on two groups of piglets (n=12), formed at the age of 8 days. An aqueous solution of NCG supplement was given to the experimental group at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight, once a day. The duration of feeding the additive was 32 days, the average daily gain in live weight was determined at weaning at the age of 40 days. At the end of feeding the supplement, on 30th day from the start of the experiment, the blood serum levels of ammonia and urea were decreased (P<0.05), concentration of arginine (P<0.05), triacylglycerols (P<0.05) and average daily LWG (P<0.05) were increased in comparison with control group. Concluded that the use of the NCG supplement contributes to an increase in the production of endogenous arginine, the neutralization of ammonia formed in metabolic processes, and the saving of metabolic energy costs for the binding of ammonia in the urea cycle.

The aim of this work is to develop an effective way of dealing with the manifestations of stress in sows are able to increase their productivity. The study was conducted on 5 groups of pregnant sows of the Irish Landrace breed (4 experimental and 1 control) with 5 heads each. 30 days after successful insemination, the sows of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th experimental groups began receiving daily lithium ascorbate in powder form in a dose of 10 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, and 0.5 mg/kg of live weight, respectively. Studies have revealed that as a result of the introduction of lithium ascorbate with food to sows at a dose of 10, 5 and 2 mg/kg of body weight, a pronounced adaptogenic and stress-protective effect develops, which contributes to maintaining cortisol and progesterone at the physiological level throughout pregnancy. At the same time, lithium ascorbate can increase the nonspecific resistance of sows, the intensity of their growth during pregnancy, and provide protection against technological and spontaneous stressors. The use of lithium ascorbate in animals has a positive effect on lipid-cholesterol metabolism, the glutathione reduction system, which increases the safety, increases the build-up of live weight and stimulates the reproductive function of sows. The conducted test, based on the use of lithium ascorbate in pregnant sows, opens up a new scientific direction for economically beneficial regulation of biochemical and physiological parameters in animals in conditions of their industrial maintenance with the increase of non-specific resistance and productivity of animals.

The main purpose of the study was to study the effectiveness of water-soluble antioxidants on the physiological and zootechni cal indicators of egg incubation and offspring hatchability.The research was carried out on two groups of laying hens of a custom herd, selected by random sampling of one hundred heads per group.For 41 days, the experimental group of chickens received a basic diet enriched with dihydroethoxychine (DGE), in order to increase the antioxidant status at a dosage of 100 mg/kg of feed.Sampling was performed from the axillary vein on the 25th day of application of the additive (n=5) for physiological and biochemical studies.In the course of the study, it was determined that in the experimental group, the concentration of cholesterol in the fraction of highdensity lipoproteins increased twofold (P<0.01) and in the fraction of low-density lipoproteins decreased by almost 50% (P<0.01)against the control.The concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the blood of chickens in the experimental group was 82.00% relative to that in the control, and in the yolk of the egg -only 37.42 %.Egg production of chickens in the experimental group was higher than in the control by 7.3% (P<0.1).Hatchability of chickens in the experimental group increased by 14.6% (P<0.01)relative to control.It was concluded that the tested water-soluble antioxidant has a positive effect on the biological functions and productive parameters of laying hens.

The development of new methods for the conservation of biological raw materials, which can be used in the production of active pharmaceutical substances, is increasingly attracting research attention. This article presents the results of comparative studies into the effectiveness of biological conservation using cryopreservation, electron beam treatment and the lactoperoxidase system. Electron beam technologies demonstrated a pronounced antimicrobial effect in the treatment of musk deer extract and other biologically active substances. A recommendation was formulated to treat musk extract with electron-beam radiation at an absorbed dose of 6 kGy (9.5 MeV) following cryopreservation at –25°C over the period of 1 year. The data obtained using the method of accelerated testing allows an extended shelf life of up to 48 months to be predicted.For the first time, the main indicators of the quality and safety of musk deer extract as a potential raw material for the production of active pharmaceutical substances and medicinal animal raw materials were determined. A standard for the quality of musk deer extract as a raw material, as well as an experimental-industrial regulation for its preparation and preservation, were developed.

The specificity of post-mortem redox processes in pork with the development of PSS (Porcine Stress Syndrome), which is the syndrome of pig stress, is considered. Pre-slaughter stress leads to the increased breakdown of glycogen, a slight decrease in the pH of muscle tissue during autolysis and a significant pH shift to the acidic side. To study the physicochemical parameters of muscle tissue after deboning, samples of the longest muscle were taken at the level of 9–12 thoracic vertebrae, 400 g of each half-carcass. Changes in the pH of meat in the experimental groups correlated with the indicators of volatile fatty acids (VFA), which considered the indicator of meat quality. The level of VFA in the group with a dosage of 10 mg/kg of lithium ascorbate was 3.07 % lower than in the control. We also recorded the higher pH values in the first experimental group (by 3 % relative to the control group).When the pH balance shifted to the acidic side, the acidosis occurs, which negatively affected muscle contraction in living organisms. In post-slaughter period the acidosis prevented the contraction of muscle fibers, which increased the organoleptic quality of meat products. The lithium ascorbate prevented the activation of metabolic processes under the action of catecholamines and reduced the level of organic acids in muscle fibers with increasing the stress resistance. The use of lithium ascorbate as a stress protector could reduce these negative effects and increase the organoleptic quality. We suggested to include lithium ascorbate in a standard diet in a dosage of 10 mg/kg of the body weight during the entire feeding period. The presented scheme of lithium ascorbate usage will allow achieving the best organoleptic and physicochemical qualities of pig meat products.

The problem of low-quality protein in the diet of animals leads to excessive formation of a by-product (ammonia) in the rumen, which is not involved in the synthesis of microbial protein. The aim of the study is to develop a method for the prevention of protein deficiency in dairy bull calves. Bull calves of Kholmogorsk breed were grown in the vivarium of Institute under the controlled feeding and keeping conditions from 40 days of age to 14 months. Milk replacer feeding was carried out up to 70 days of age with free access to mixed feed and hay.In order to study the effect of concentrated feeds on metabolic processes and digestibility of nutrients, rumenal digestion factors were studied. It was found that physiological and biochemical parameters fit into reference values. The use of concentrated feed together with strict proportional administration of roughage during intensive growing and fattening of bull calves of dairy breeds makes it possible to reach an average daily increase of up to 1420 g by the age of 14 months and effectively pay for the feed with the productsupon the normal course of enzymatic processes in the rumen and throughout the body.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a new anti-stress drug on protein and lipid metabolism in the cultivation and fattening of pigs. The experiment was carried out on 5 groups of pigs of Irish Landrace breed (4 experimental and I control) with 10 heads in each in the period from 60 to 210 days of age. Animals of 1, 2, 3 and 4 experimental groups daily during the entire period of rearing and fattening received lithium ascorbate in the form of powder at a dose of 10, 5, 2 and 0.5 mg/kg of live weight, respectively. Weighing was carried out before the introduction of the drug, for the 4th month and before slaughter. Before setting the animals in the experiment and on the 180th day of the experiment, blood samples were taken. Triacylglycerols, total protein and globulins, and fractions of lipoproteins were determined in blood plasma. Acting on protein and lipid metabolism, lithium ascorbate activates the functions associated with the participation of alpha-, beta - globulins in the transport of lipids, as well as in the performance of gamma-globulins protective functions. Lithium ascorbate has a positive effect on lipid-cholesterol metabolism and, as a result, contributes to the increase in live weight and quality of meat. With the introduction of feed lithium ascorbate from the 60th day prior to slaughter at a dosage of 10, 5 and 2 mg/kg of body weight, lithium ascorbate exhibits a pronounced adaptogenic and stress-protection properties, prevents the accumulation of lipoproteins of low and very low density and activates the production of high-density lipoproteins. And in the control animals, it is is observed in the reverse reaction. The use of lithium ascorbate affects protein synthesis. Given that gamma-and beta-globulins serve as raw materials for the production of immunoglobulins, it can be noted that the animals treated with lithium ascorbate had the best opportunities for humoral specific protection for 180 days of experience, which contributes to the increase of nonspecific immunity and resistance. The revealed effects of lithium ascorbate indicate the prospects for the development of new effective ways to increase stress resistance, nonspecific resistance and productivity of animals using drugs based on organic lithium salts.

Цель работы - изучение эффективности применения новой биологически активной добавки - аскорбата лития для повышения стрессоустойчивости и продуктивности цыплят-бройлеров на откорме. Исследование проведено на четырёх группах цыплят-бройлеров по 80 голов в каждой. Препарат вводили цыплятам III, II и I групп, начиная с 2-х недельного возраста (брудерный период) на протяжении 4 недель с кормом из расчета 1, 5 и 10 мг/кг массы тела соответственно; в контрольной группе препарат не вводили, массу задаваемого корма по периодам опыта во всех группах устанавливали с учётом возрастного периода. Живая масса цыплят в III, II и I группах к возрасту 42 дня была на 4,5, 5,7 (P<0.05), 6,2% (P<0.05) соответственно выше, по сравнению с контролем. Во всех опытных группах отмечалась тенденция к увеличению количества эритроцитов, гемоглобина, что косвенно свидетельствует об активировании аскорбатом лития процессов кроветворения. Более высокое содержание в сыворотке крови цыплят опытных групп фракции глобулинов (P<0.05) способствовало усилению защитных функций организма и более высокой сохранности поголовья. Сохранность поголовья цыплят-бройлеров на конец эксперимента в I и II группах была 100%-ной, а в контроле она была сниженной на 5% (P<0.05), в сравнении с этими группами. Цыплята опытных групп превосходили контроль по показателям продуктивности - по массе потрошённой тушки (Р<0.05) и по массе мышечной ткани (P<0.05). За период откорма (42 суток) бройлеры в I и II группах израсходовали корма на 2,9 и 1,6% больше, но убойный выход потрошённых тушек во всех опытных группах был выше, чем в контроле (P<0.05), а расход корма на 1 кг прироста живой массы в среднем в опытных группах был на 3,6% меньше, чем контроле. Таким образом, применение аскорбата лития положительно влияет на рост, развитие и на убойные качества цыплят. The aim was to study the effectiveness of the application of a new biologically active additive, lithium ascorbate, to increase the stress resistance and productivity of broiler chickens in fattening period. The study was conducted on four groups of broiler chickens, 80 chickens each. The drug was administered in III, II and I groups, starting at the 2-week age (brooding period) for 4 weeks with food at the dose 10, 5 and 1 mg/kg body weight, respectively. In the control group, the preparation was not administered, the weight of the given food for the period of the experiment in all groups was set in accordance with the age period. The live weight of chickens in groups I, II and III at the age of 42 days was by 4.5, 5.7 (P<0.05), 6.2% (P<0.05) respectively higher vs control. In all experimental groups, there was a tendency of increasing the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, which indirectly indicates the activation of hemopoiesis by lithium ascorbate. The higher content of chickens in the blood serum of the experimental groups of the globulin fraction (P<0.05) promoted the strengthening of the protective functions of the organism and a higher viability of chickens. The survival of the chickens at the end of the experiment in groups III and II was 100%, and in control it was reduced by 5% (P<0.05), in comparison with these groups. The chicks of the experimental groups exceeded the control in terms of productivity indices, by weight of gutted carcass (P<0.05) and by weight of muscle tissue (P<0.05). During the period of fattening (42 days), the consumption of feed in in groups I, II groups was more by 2.9 and 1.6%, but the yield of gutted carcass in groups I, II and III was higher vs control (P<0.05) and the feed consumption per 1 kg of the increase in live weight in III, II и I groups on the average was 3.6% less than in the control group. Thus, the use of lithium ascorbate positively influences the growth, development and the killer qualities of chickens. Thus, the use of lithium ascorbate positively influences the growth, development and the quality traits of chickens.

The study is aimed at developing a method for using a new, organic drug – lithium ascorbate. The aim of the work is to develop a new, more effective and more physiological way to combat all forms of stress in farm animals to increase productivity. Lithium ascorbate is an adaptogen preparation capable of becoming one of the new effective and physiological elements of pork production biotechnology rationalization. The experiment was carried out on 5 groups of pregnant sows of Landrace breed (4 experimental and 1 control sows) with 5 heads each. After 30 days of fruitful insemination of sows 1, 2, 3 and 4 groups received daily with food lithium ascorbate in powder form in the dose of 10; 5; 2; 0.5 mg/kg of live weight, respectively. Weighing was carried out before the introduction of the drug. Repeated weighing was carried out in 2 and 3 months after fertilization and just before farrowing. In the blood plasma was determined dialdehyde, restored glutathione, oxidized glutathione, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, total protein, lipoprotein fraction is HDL, LDL, VLDL, thiol-disulfide ratio (SH/SS); activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. It is established that the introduction of feed sows at a dosage of 10, 5 and 2 mg/kg of body weight, ascorbate, lithium exhibits a pronounced adaptogen and stress-protection properties, supported on a physiological level, the dynamics of cortisol and progesterone during pregnancy. Lithium ascorbate contributes to increase of nonspecific resistance, growth of gestating sows, the tread in relation to technological and spontaneous stressors. The obtained data indicate that lithium ascorbate in sows in all studied parameters was effective, affecting lipid-cholesterol metabolism, glutathione reduction system and as a result, increasing the safety, live weight and reproductive function of sows. The experimental verification of the developed dose, scheme and method of administration, lithium ascorbate based on a set of biochemical and physiological parameters confirmed the validity of the proposed concept on the possibility of creating with its help new methods of effective and physiological management of behavioral reactions, non-specific resistance and productivity of animals.

В опыте, проведенном на двух группах коров по 5 голов в каждой при одинаковых условиях кормления, с одинаковым суточном удоем 40 кг, но с разной жирностью молока (1-я группа - 4,1, 2-я - 2,8%) в период 3 ч после кормления исследовали показатели рубцовой ферментации и активность пируваткарбоксилазы (ПК) и лактатдегидрогеназы (ЛДГ) в плазме крови яремной и молочной вен. Величины показателей содержимого рубца в 1-й и 2-й группах соответственно: рН - 6,95 и 6,61, буферная ёмкость 12,5±0,8 и 8,5±1,2 мл/ед. рН, ацетат - 65,7 и 63,6%, пропионат - 18,8 и 23,9%, ЛЖК - 9,24 и 10,26 ммоль/дл, ацетат/пропионат - 3,48 и 2,90. При анализе объединённых данных выявлены обратные зависимости жирности молока от соотношения пропионат/ацетат (молярные проценты) и содержания пропионата (молярный процент от суммы ЛЖК) в рубце от рН содержимого. Процессы рубцовой ферментации у коров с низкой жирностью молока были сдвинуты в сторону закисления, что сопровождалось сдвигами в метаболизме пировиноградной кислоты. Соответственно изменениям процессов ферментации в рубце изменялась активность ПК и ЛДГ в крови яремной и молочных вен. В обеих группах отмечена низкая активность ПК, при этом активность ЛДГ в крови молочной вены в обеих группах была выше, чем в системной крови (в яремной вене), а в группе с пониженной жирностью молока активность ПК и ЛДГ была выше (P<0,001) при сравнении с 1-й группой. Выявленные сдвиги в ферментативной активности могли быть следствием скрытой субклинической лактацидемии, о чём свидетельствуют более низкие величины рН и буферной ёмкости содержимого рубца у коров 2-й группы. Заключили, что проявлению жир депрессирующего действия пропионата у коров 2-й группы способствовало более низкое всасывание ацетата и усиление липогенеза в жировой ткани после приема корма. In the experiment conducted on two groups of cows, 5 cows each, under the same feeding conditions, with the same daily milk yield (40 kg), but with different fat content of milk (group I - 4.1, group II - 2.8%) in the period of 3 hours after feeding, the parameters of rumen fermentation and the activity of pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the blood plasma of the jugular and milk veins were examined. Values of rumen fermentation parameters were in I and II groups, respectively: pH - 6.95 and 6.61, buffer capacity 12.5 ± 0.8 and 8.5 ± 1.2 ml/unit pH, acetate - 65, 7 and 63.6%, propionate -18.8 and 23.9%, VFA - 9.24 and 10.26 mmol/100 ml, acetate/ propionate - 3.48 and 2.90. In the analysis of the combined data, the inverse relationship of the fat content of milk with the propionate/acetate ratio (molar percent) and the propionate content (molar percentage of VFA) in the rumen with pH of the contents was revealed. In general, fermentation processes in cows with low milk fat content were shifted towards acidification, which was accompanied by shifts in the metabolism of pyruvate acid. Corresponding to changes in the rumen fermentation, the activity of PC and LDH in the blood of the jugular and milk veins also changed. Both groups showed a low PC activity, with LDH activity in the blood of milk vein in both groups higher than in the systemic blood (in jugular vein), and in group II the activity of PC and LDH was higher (P<0.001) in comparison with group I. In general, the manifestation of fat depressant effect of propionate in cows of group II was promoted by a lower absorption of acetate and an increase in lipogenesis in adipose tissue after ingestion of the feed.

Commercial livestock husbandry causes severe stress among animals resulting in up to 80 % emergence of secondary immunodeficiency. This review is an attempt to comprehensively analyze multiple interconnections between immune, neuroendocrine systems, together with nutrition, as essential factors for animal metabolism regulation, wellness, health, performance and productivity. Secretion of stress hormones and the degree of inhibition of the immune response depend on the type of animal’s nervous system. Poor nutrition has a negative effect on the expression of immune response including humoral and cellular immunity synthesis of cytokine and plasma immunoreceptors (V.I. Fisinin et al., 2013; V.A. Galochkin et al., 2013; Y. Zhang et al., 2014; J.D. Ashwell et al., 2000; S. Cunningham-Rundles et al., 2005; V. Abhyankar et al., 2018; A. Haghikia et al., 2015; R.H. Oak- ley et al., 2013). Due to this relationship, immune, nervous and endocrine systems form virtual functionally integrated single super-system of immunobiological surveillance. Its purpose is to maintain body viability, efficiency and resistance to any physical, chemical, biological agents and psychosocial factors that can cause adverse effects or pathological conditions. The total body resistance reflects the combined effects of specific and nonspecific factors of innate and adaptive immune responses together with activity of a number of intracellular systems, including antioxidant-prooxidant system, monooxygenase, peroxisomal system (V.I. Lushchak, 2014; N. Sinha et al., 2015; V.A. Galochkin et al., 2015), which are together responsible not only for the neutralization of xenobiotics and endoge- nous toxins, but for the monitoring of homeostasis. Evolution of conceptual views on the immune system has developed into understanding of its function not only as a “shield and sword of the or- ganism”. In-deep look in immune function and mechanisms is unthinkable without examining immune system as a regulatory component of a single triad with the nervous and endocrine systems.