Purpose of the study: to assess the state of lipid peroxidation processes in patients with kidney cancer in relation to the clinical factors of the prognosis of the disease and against the background of surgical intervention.Material and methods. For the study, we used blood plasma samples from 300 patients with kidney cancer T1–4N 0–1M0–1, obtained before surgery and 8–9 days after surgery. Oxidative stress was assessed by the intensity of free radical processes by the method of induced biochemiluminescence on the BKhL-07 biochemiluminometer apparatus (Medozons Co., Russia), the activity of lipid peroxidation processes was assessed by the accumulation of initial products in the blood plasma – diene conjugates (DC), triene conjugates (TC) and fial Schiff bases (OSh) according to I. A. Volchegorsky et al. method. (1989). Statistical processing of the results was carried out using Statistica 12 and Microsoft Offie Excel 2010 programs.Results. In patients with kidney cancer, there was a decrease in the level of DC, an increase in OSh and the ratio of Osh / (DC + TC) compared with the control (p ≤ 0.05), against the background of depletion of the resources of the antioxidant defense system. The content of DC did not differ from the norm with the size of the primary tumor of the kidney pT1–pT2 and decreased (p ≤ 0.05) in the case of the presence of the tumor pT3–pT4. At the same time, there was an increase in the OSh content (p ≤ 0.05). In patients with thrombi in the inferior vena cava system, a decrease in the level of DC was observed (p ≤ 0.05), the OSh level did not differ from that of healthy individuals. In the postoperative period, there was an increase in the content of DC (p ≤ 0.05) and a decrease in the Osh / (DC + TC) coeffiient (p ≤ 0.05) compared with the initial level.Conclusion. Kidney cancer is accompanied by the activation of free radical oxidation processes against the background of depletion of the resources of the antioxidant defense system. Changes in the pro-antioxidant homeostasis are interrelated with the size of the primary tumor and the presence of a tumor thrombus. In the postoperative period, the activity of free radical oxidation processes in the patient’s body decreases.

The aim of the study was to assess the possibility of using plasma levels of tumor M2-pyruvate kinase (Tu M2-PK), matrix carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in patients with renal cell cancer as predictors of the disease course and the response to treatment. Materials and Methods. Samples of blood plasma or serum of 46 patients with clear cell renal cancer T1-4N0-1M0-1 obtained before surgery and 8-9 days after surgery were tested. The control group consisted of 20 practically healthy individuals, comparable in age with the examined patients. Quantitative determination of Tu M2-PK in EDTA-added blood plasma was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a ScheBo Tumor M2-PK test (Germany). Determination of CA9 by ELISA was performed using a Human Carbonic Anhydrase IX Quantikine ELISA Kit (USA) and MMP9 - using a Quantikine ELISA Kit (USA). Results. In patients with renal cell carcinoma, a statistically significant increase in the level of Tu M2-PK, CA9 and a statistically significant decrease in MMP9 in comparison with the control group were found. The level of Tu M2-PK in patients with localized kidney cancer was significantly lower than in patients with disseminated cancer. An increase in size of the primary tumor and a decrease in the degree of its differentiation correlated with an increase in Tu M2-PK, and decrease in CA9 and MMP9 in the blood serum. Performing surgery equivalent to nephrectomy did not change the Tu M2-PK levels in the early postoperative period, but caused a decrease in the levels of CA9 and MMP9. Conclusion. The results indicate a potential significance of Tu M2-PK, CA9, and MMP9 as biological markers for predicting the disease course in patients with renal cell carcinoma.

AIM:to study the features of microbiota in patients of urological departments and to optimize the schemes of antibiotic therapy.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Data of microbiological studies in patients of urological departments in 2017 years were analyzed. Isolation of pathogens was carried out using standard techniques. A disk diffusion test using Mueller-Hinton agar with BioRad disks was used to determine the sensitivity. The statistical analysis was performed using the WHONET 5.4 program. In addition, a comparison with the results of the PCR study was done.RESULTS:A total of 672 etiological pathogens were isolated in whole clinic in 2017 year. From those, 173 pathogens were found in the urological clinic, which accounted for 25.7% of the total number. Gram-negative bacteria predominated and its proportion was 59.23%. Gram-positive bacteria were isolated in 24.4%, and fungi were found in 16.37% of cases. The structure of pathogens isolated from stoma or obtained by catheterization was not significantly different. Most frequently isolated pathogens included @K. pneumonia (22.8%), @E. coli (21.2%), @C. albicans (17%), @P. aeruginosa (11%), @E. aerogenes (6%) and @S. aureus (3 %). @K. pneumonia usually had an unfavorable resistance pattern. E. coli isolated from urine samples had more favorable resistance pattern in comparison to pathogens obtained from stoma. The bacteria which were found in intensive care unit had the increased level of resistance.CONCLUSION:Gram-negative bacteria predominate in the urological clinic with a relatively high proportion of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms. Risk factors for the emergence of multi-resistant pathogens are the treatment in the intensive care unit and the presence of stomas or catheters. The PCR method, carried out in parallel with routine microbiological studies and regular analysis of the overall bacterial spectrum, allows to optimize the starting antibiotic therapy from the first day of the disease. The use of cephalosporins is not justified in the most cases. Aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones remain effective. The use of either -Lactamase-protected penicillins or fosfomycin is possible only after obtaining the results of bacteriological study. When prescribing carbapenems, the risk of inefficiency is especially high in patients with stomas/catheters and transferred from the intensive care unit.

The impact of changes in orientation of the metabolism of carbohydrates and minerals in the cell malignancy has been demonstrated in several studies. The aim of this study was to analyze the molecular mechanisms and relationship of carbohydrate and mineral homeostasis with the processes of carcinogenesis. Parameters of carbohydrate and mineral metabolism of blood were defined in 73 patients with malignant tumors of epithelial tissues and 31 healthy subjects. In the presence of malignant tumors of epithelial tissues there was a statistically significant increase in the levels of glucose and glycated hemoglobin in the early stages of the disease and the absence of them at stage IV of the disease. There were no statistically significant differences in the levels of C-peptide and immunoreactive insulin in blood samples of cancer patients, although they tended to increase compared with the control group. Analysis of the composition of macroelements at the early stages of carcinogenesis revealed a statistically significant reduction of sodium level in plasma which wasn’t observed at the terminal stage of the disease. The concentrations of potassium and chlorine tend to increase in cancer patients, but the differences between these parameters were not statistically significant. Concentrations of calcium and magnesium significantly increased in the presence of malignant tumors. Analysis of microelements in the blood plasma showed a decrease in the concentration of cuprum and lithium (in 2.5-5 times) and the growth of strontium concentrations. Lithium has multiple effects on the life of cells, affecting a number of elements of messengers, as well as being the link between the carbohydrate metabolism and cell malignancy. Disorders of mineral homeostasis are important element in the disintegration of the metabolic processes in carcinogenesis

Immortalized cell culture of hepatocytes, Chang liver, is one of the candidates for the use in "bioartificial liver" systems.The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the possibility of using the Chang liver cell culture as a bioreactor cell kit making a complex study of biochemical parameters of its effect on the blood serum of patients with liver diseases of various etiology.Materials and Methods. Samples of blood serum from two groups of patients were investigated: patients with obstructive jaundice were included in group 1 "jaundice" (n=9), group 2 "cirrhosis" (n=10) comprised patients with hepatic cirrhosis and hepatocellular jaundice. To study the effect of the cultured Chang liver cells on the patients' blood serum, confluent monolayer of the cells was incubated with serum samples at 37 degrees C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere with the ratio of (2.0-2.1).10(5) cells per 0.105 ml of serum during 12 h. On completion of the process, the values of the main biochemical parameters of synthetic (albumin, urea, transthyretin) and detoxifying (total bilirubin fraction) functions were determined, as well as markers of cell destruction (hepatic transaminases, lactate dehydrogenases). Viability cell changes after exposure to the serum were defined by MTT test.Results. It was estimated, that complex assessment of biochemical parameters of synthetic and detoxifying functions of the Chang liver culture relative to the blood serum of the patients of both groups, is the most informative one. This cell culture is synthetically active to the most extent in respect to the serum of the patients in "cirrhosis" group, while in "jaundice" group the reduction of this biochemical parameter was observed. Detoxifying activity of the Chang liver culture, exhibited in the dynamics of bilirubin fractures, was noted in both groups, but in "cirrhosis" group it was most marked, as it occurred in half the cases. Biochemical components of the serum, in their turn, also influenced cell viability. Serum samples of both patient groups were found to inhibit the viability of the cells almost in 50% of cases for each group.Conclusion. The results of complex assessment can be used to determine the efficacy of applying various cell cultures as a model system in the development of "bioartificial liver" systems. Chang liver cell culture, according to the complex assessment results, is most active relative to the blood serum of the "cirrhosis" group of patients with impairments of synthetic and detoxifying liver functions.

The aim of the investigation was to enhance the screening diagnosis of epithelial tissue malignant tumors, the molecular relationship between blood plasma protein fractions, and carcinogenesis tissue markers in renal and bladder cancer. Blood plasma of 87 cancer patients, not previously subjected to antitumor treatment, and 9 patients with psoriasis was studied. Blood plasma of 52 healthy people was used as control. Biochemical parameters were evaluated on the analyzer “KoneLab 20 / 20i” (Finland). Statistical analysis was performed using the software Statistica 6.0. Network construction of protein-protein interactions was performed by means of Cytoscape software, using databases STRING, BioGrid, SwissPro. It has been shown that in patients with malignant tumors of epithelial tissues, compared to the control group (healthy people), albumin and β-globulins levels were significantly reduced and α1-globulin and γ-globulins were increased. Comparison of protein fractions in cancer and psoriasis patients showed the most expressed differences for β-globulin fraction; their level was increased in psoriasis, and, conversely, decreased in cancer, with a significant reduction, starting from the early stages of cancer. Tissue markers common to renal and bladder cancer were discovered, and they were, dynamin 2 (DNM2), tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, gamma polypeptide (YWHAG), plasminogen receptor, C-terminal lysine transmembrane protein (PLGRKT), cytoplasmic FMR1 interacting protein 2 (CYFIP2), glutamate dehydrogenase 1(GLUD1), and antigen-presenting proteins (CD1a, CD1b). Analysis of the relationship between individual blood plasma β-globulin proteins and identified tissue markers showed the greatest number of protein-protein interactions for proteins with reduced level in malignant tumors: transferrin had 11-interactor proteins, as well as angiostatin had only 4. The involvement of protein markers interacting with individual proteins of blood plasma β-globulin fractions in the signaling pathways that regulate apoptosis and cell proliferation was shown. Changes in the content of β-globulins of blood plasma in malignant tumors of epithelial tissues, including renal and epithelial cancer are suggested to be considered as specific pathogenic criteria and serve as an additional diagnostic feature.

The aim of the investigation was to assess the interaction of tumor marker level, the indices of protein and mineral metabolism, free radical oxidation in blood plasma and the tumor-forming stage in malignant processes in epithelial tissues.Materials and Methods. Blood plasma of 73 patients with epithelial tissue malignant neoplasms and 31 apparently healthy people were studied. Blood plasma biochemical parameters were assessed using the analyzers: free-radical activity - by induced biochemiluminescence; oxidative protein modification - by the level of carbonyl derivatives; elemental analysis - using atomic emission spectrometry.Results. Low diagnostic value of the determination of oncomarkers at early stage of the studied oncological diseases was shown. We observed the change of blood plasma biochemical parameters at early carcinogenesis stage: the albumin level reduction and the concentration increase of urea, alpha 1-and gamma-globulin fractions. Cancer patients were found to have impaired element homeostasis: Na, Fe, Cu, Li level decrease, K, P, Sr increase. We revealed the activation of free-radical oxidation and oxidative protein modification, the correlation of the intensity of these processes with the content of some elements in blood plasma. Integral analysis of blood plasma biochemical parameters increases diagnostic value of the determination of tumor markers in the detection of malignant tumors of epithelial tissues.

Aim. To investigate the relationship between blood plasma biochemical indicators in patients with solid tumors before a treatment and after the first course of chemotherapy with objective treatment response. Methods. Blood plasma samples taken from 14 patients with cancer relapse were studied before the treatment and after the first course of specific chemotherapy (carboplatin, methotrexate, vinblastine in patients with urine bladder cancer and irinotecan, leukovorin and fluorouracil in patients with colorectal cancer). The first group included patients with colorectal cancer relapse (males - 3, females - 4) aged 57-62 years. The second group included patients with urine bladder cancer relapse (males - 5, females - 2) aged 48-64 years. Free radical activity and protein oxidative modification, as well as endogenous intoxication and major mineral and trace elements levels were studied. Results. When achieving the objective chemotherapy effect in patients after the first treatment course, an increase of alpha-1 globulin and gamma globulin level, as well as an increase of phosphorus, zinc, lithium and iron blood plasma level was observed. In case of following disease progression, the opposite dynamics of above-mentioned indicators was revealed. In patients with good objective effect of polychemotherapy after the first treatment course, a significant increase of endogenous intoxication and blood plasma free radical activity decrease were observed. If the following tumor progression was observed, the tendency of blood plasma free radical activity increase, accompanied by the total protein oxidative modification activation, was revealed after the first treatment course. Conclusion. The increase of alpha-1 and gamma globulin levels, as well as an increase of phosphorus level in blood plasma after the first course of polychemotherapy can be used as prognostic factors of anticancer therapy efficiency. High level of endogenous intoxication as well as an increase of copper, iron, zinc and lithium blood plasma concentrations can be applied as the additional markers.

Aim. To investigate the relationship between blood plasma biochemical indicators in patients with solid tumors before a treatment and after the first course of chemotherapy with objective treatment response. Methods. Blood plasma samples taken from 14 patients with cancer relapse were studied before the treatment and after the first course of specific chemotherapy (carboplatin, methotrexate, vinblastine in patients with urine bladder cancer and irinotecan, leukovorin and fluorouracil in patients with colorectal cancer). The first group included patients with colorectal cancer relapse (males — 3, females — 4) aged 57-62 years. The second group included patients with urine bladder cancer relapse (males — 5, females — 2) aged 48-64 years. Free radical activity and protein oxidative modification, as well as endogenous intoxication and major mineral and trace elements levels were studied. Results. When achieving the objective chemotherapy effect in patients after the first treatment course, an increase of alpha-1 globulin and gamma globulin level, as well as an increase of phosphorus, zinc, lithium and iron blood plasma level was observed. In case of following disease progression, the opposite dynamics of above-mentioned indicators was revealed. In patients with good objective effect of polychemotherapy after the first treatment course, a significant increase of endogenous intoxication and blood plasma free radical activity decrease were observed. If the following tumor progression was observed, the tendency of blood plasma free radical activity increase, accompanied by the total protein oxidative modification activation, was revealed after the first treatment course. Conclusion. The increase of alpha-1 and gamma globulin levels, as well as an increase of phosphorus level in blood plasma after the first course of polychemotherapy can be used as prognostic factors of anticancer therapy efficiency. High level of endogenous intoxication as well as an increase of copper, iron, zinc and lithium blood plasma concentrations can be applied as the additional markers.

The epithelial malignancies at an early stage lead to disbalance of protein and mineral homeostasis of blood plasma. Studying blood plasma by the method of wedge-shaped dehydration morphological markers of carcinogenesis and metastasis concerned with disbalance of biochemical indices were observed. The possibility of using wedge dehydration to detect cancer is shown.