The paper discusses priority scientific tasks related to the study of small bodies in the Solar System, identifies the most promising objects for investigation from a spacecraft on a flyby trajectory and the sample return mission, and develops proposals for the preliminary composition of scientific instruments for remote asteroid research methods. A long-term and phased Russian scientific program for studying small Solar System bodies using spacecraft with electric propulsion has been proposed. The project is designed in such a way as to explore the largest number of scientifically interesting asteroids using a smaller number of spacecraft. A design concept for a small spacecraft to investigate near-Earth asteroids on a flyby trajectory and a main spacecraft for studying metallic asteroids in the Main Belt and sample sample return has been developed. A ballistic analysis of the flyby of five near-Earth asteroids and three metallic asteroids in the Main Belt is presented, as well as a ballistic analysis of the sample return mission from a Main Belt asteroid. The option of sample return using the nuclear tug Zevs is also considered.

Статья посвящена проекту «Спектр-УФ», который развивается, используя имеющийся запас времени до его запуска. Изложен текущий статус проекта, при этом акцент сделан на появившихся изменениях в проекте. The article presents an overview of the Spektr-UF project, which is outlines the current status of the project, with emphasis on the changes that have appeared in the project.

The article discusses the development of the circuitry of acousto-optic (AO) laser displacement interferometers (LDI) and the values of resolution and speed of controlled displacements achieved by them. The issues of frequency matching of blocks of AO LDI are discussed: AO modulator, photodetector device (FDD) and frequency generator. The features of phototransformation of the FDD under its illumination by three spatially combined optical streams are studied. Of these, two streams are of different frequencies, created as a result of diffraction in the AO modulator and are used to measure the phase shift from the controlled displacements of the object in the AO LDI. The third optical stream is amplitude-modulated with a frequency close to the difference frequency of the first two optical streams. This technique leads to a twofold transfer (double heterodination) of the phase shift from the offsets to the electrical signal of the difference frequency between the three optical streams. The schemes of AO LDI with a constant value of the frequency of the amplitude-modulated optical flow and with its auto-tuning are considered. The features of the use of cooled FDD in AO LDI are discussed.

The article discusses the issues of improving strainresistive pressure sensors (PS) for their joint use with modern achievements of fiber optics (FO). The possibilities of implementation and features of FO pyrometric compensation of the temperature error of semiconductor and resistive strain-resistor, optical and/or electrical heating of the strain gage for selfcalibration of the pyrometer, power supply by optical radiation transmitted through a light guide with galvanic isolation of the PS circuit, increased noise reduction and fire and explosion safety are considered. Noise properties of semiconductor and resistive strainresistor are also considered.

The article deals with the construction of measuring circuits of pressure sensors based on a strain gauge included in the resistive divider scheme as a phase interpolator, and a phase-locked frequency (PLL) system and a small-range phase meter. The possibility of its use for the implementation of the phase-to-digital conversion of the phase shift F from the change in the resistance of the strain gage ΔR under the action of pressure ΔP to the output digital signal ΔN is considered. A metrological analysis of the measuring circuit is carried out, taking into account the noise level in the signal and the possibility of its suppression using the PLL system. The issues of measuring the temperature of a strain gauge with a fiber-optic pyrometer and calibrating it by heating the strain gauge with an electrical signal or optical radiation are discussed.

В статье обсуждаются вопросы внедрении в грунт исследуемого небесного тела двухблочного инерциального пенетратора, состоящего из антенного и головного блоков. Показано, что при ударном внедрении в грунт небесного тела такого пенетратора без отделения антенного блока от головного создание канала устойчивой радиосвязи возможно при образовании кратера c большим углом раскрытия с формой от конусообразного до полусферического. Для существенного снижения скорость сближения антенного блока с небесным телом и возникающей соответствующей перегрузки наиболее перспективно высокоскоростное отделение, например, за счет отстрела антенного блока от головного.

Abstract—A general description is given of the international (with Russia as the key contributor) project World Space Observatory–Ultraviolet (WSO–UV; in Russian named SPEKTR–UF). The project is aimed at creating a large space observatory for observation in the UV part of the spectrum (110–310 nm). The project has been underway for quite a long time. There are no outstanding engineering issues. Because of several factors not related to technology, the launch of the observatory has been postponed to 2025. The cushion of time allows for a possibility of improvements in the project scheme. The scientific program has been refined; a new design of the field camera has been prepared; a new spectrograph will be installed according to the cooperation agreement between Roscosmos and JAXA (Japan); a new, more optimal orbit has been selected; a system for collecting proposals has been developed and an experimental call for proposals has been launched, etc. Thus, the overall picture of the project has acquired new touches. This paper briefly describes the current status of the project, focusing on these new touches.

The article presents a method for determining the elastic deformations arising from the mechanical contact of a spherical tip and a product, which makes it possible to exclude the influence of material deformations like «pile-up». Paper discusses the construction of a hybrid 3D scanning fiber-optic measuring head (FOMH) with the formation of scanning laser beam motion within the angular sector of the 180°×180° hemisphere based on a low-coherence interferometer, a spatial light modulator based on a fiber-optic piezoscanner and a «fisheye» lens. The possibilities of high-precision two-coordinate measurements of the scanning laser beam due to the use of an acousto-optic modulator in the FOMH feedback sensor as a space-sensitive transducer are considered.

Дано общее описание международного (при ведущей роли России) проекта «Спектр-УФ» (международное название «Всемирная Космическая Обсерватория – Ультрафиолет»), направленного на создание крупной космической обсерватории для работы в УФ-участке спектра (110-310 нм). Проект развивается уже довольно длительное время. Нерешённых технических вопросов нет. В силу ряда обстоятельств нетехнического плана запуск проекта отнесён на 2025 год. Определённый запас времени позволил рассмотреть возможности некоторых улучшений в структуре проекта. Уточнена научная программа проекта, подготовлен новый проект камеры поля; в рамках кооперации рассматривается возможность установки нового прибора – спектрографа (Япония), выбрана другая, более оптимальная орбита; разработана система сбора заявок и начат экспериментальный сбор заявок и т.д., так что общая картина проекта приобрела новые штрихи. В данной работе кратко описан текущий статус проекта, и основное внимание уделено этим новым штрихам. A general description of the international (with the main role of Russia) project «Spectr-UF» (international name «World Space Observatory – Ultraviolet») aimed at creating a large space observatory for operation in the UV part of the spectrum (110-310 nm) is given. The project is already developing for quite a long time. There are no outstanding technical issues. Due to a number of circumstances of the non-technical plan, the launch of the project was assigned to 2025. A certain amount of time allowed us to consider the possibility of some improvements in the structure of the project. The scientific program of the project has been clarified, a new project of the field camera has been prepared; within the framework of cooperation the possibility of installing a new device – a spectrograph (Japan) is being considered another more optimal orbit has been selected; a system for collecting applications has been developed and experimental collection of applications has begun etc., so that the overall picture of the project has acquired new touches. This paper briefly describes the current status of the project and focuses on these new touches.

The article deals with the basics of a new approach to contact measurements of the size of products with the possibility of compensation of contact elastic deformations due to the measurement of the size of the contact zone and determine its center. The combined use of corundum measuring tips and a built-in measuring microscope allows this to be achieved by video recording of the contact area. The expressions for the dependency of the contact elastic deformation of the contact areas for the three options of contacting the spherical terminal are obtained for: flat, convex and concave surfaces of products. The possibility of determining the coordinates of the center of the contact zone is discussed. There are analyzed the experimentally obtained images of contact zones in the coverage of non-coherent optic flow. The possibilities of improving the quality of registration of images of the contact zone are considered.

The article is devoted to the use of jet-drop optical measuring systems for measuring shape deviations, including surface roughness of products during processing. The issues of image transmission, focal length control due to the merger of several drops of one or more hydraulic streams are considered. The issues of image transmission by moving and falling drops on the surface of the processed product are discussed. The paper presents a method for calculating the performance requirements for registering a microscope image together with a moving droplet, depending on its size, the liquid used and the speed of its movement. The developed method of calculating the positioning error of moving droplets for one – and two-axis control of the trajectory of the droplet flow is considered.

Гидроструйный способ контроля параметров технологических процессов в

Aspects of the design of small spacecraft with electric propulsion power plants for investigating minor bodies in the Solar System are examined. The results of design and ballistic analysis of transfer into an orbit of terrestrial asteroids using electric propulsion thrusters are given. The possible concept design of the spacecraft is determined and the structure of a small spacecraft with an electric propulsion power plant is presented. Parameters of the electric propulsion power plant of a small spacecraft for a flight to the minor bodies of the Solar System are estimated.

Проведены обоснование и выбор направлений исследований в части целевых задач лунохода, условий его функционирования, использования опыта и решений предыдущих разработок, а также научно-технического задела по проектам автоматических космических аппаратов нового поколения.Определен объем необходимой адаптации перелетно-посадочной платформы космического аппаратапрототипа для доставки и ввода в действие лунохода, выбрана компоновочная схема расположения лунохода.Сформированы предложения по проектному облику космического аппарата с луноходом и его составных частей. Ключевые слова: