This paper presents two rare case reports with one common feature. Patients with thyroid nodules, who had undergone a comprehensive clinical evaluation based on standard algorithms according to their preoperative diagnosis of “Multinodular goiter, grade II”, were scheduled for surgical treatment (thyroidectomy). Postoperative morphological examination revealed, however, the extremely rare neuroendocrine tumor – paraganglioma – that simulated multinodular goiter with tracheal compression. Our analysis of these clinical cases showed common systematic mistakes that were committed during conventional, standardized preoperative examination, resulting in certain difficulties in the treatment of these patients.

The article uses a clinical case of primary hyperparathyroidism in young patient with hyperplastic parathyroid gland localization in tissues of thyroid gland as an example to study the matters of cytological, histological, clinical and laboratory diagnostics of such pathology. It provides a literature reference on the difficulties of establishing a cytological and histological diagnoses, sets out the peculiarities of morphological pattern, discusses the tactical matters of primary hyperparathyroidism management, indications for surgical treatment and case follow-up of patients.

The article is determined to the analysis of different types of plastic reconstruction of the external nose with local and combine flaps after radical surgery in oncology. Reconstruction of the external nose is discussed under consideration of experience of our research center, which includes surgical treatment of 35 oncologic patients.

The aim was to determine the different regiments of adjuvant therapy after radical surgery in patients with oral cancer based on the prognostic factors. 2-years disease-free survival in group with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy was 71.4%; in the adjuvant radiotherapy group - 66.2%. The neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy demonstrated only 57% 2-years disease-free survival. Our results demonstrate that adjuvant radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy combined with cisplatin is more effective in treatment of the patients with oral cancer.

Since 1906, as it was known G. Crile has proposed a new surgical approach to the head and neck cancer which was being called the radical neck dissection. Since that it has modified greatly. The neck dissection become more «functional», it means without any loss in radicalism this operation gives the best opportunity to preserve important anatomical structures. However the way of incision was also modified. The most common surgical approach is the so-called T-form incision. No doubt it is the most useful and adjustable way of incision as many surgeons suppose. There are a lot of publications in scientific magazines during the last few years where some researches propose to use in case of tumors of the upper aerodiges-tive tract the so-called «single transverse neck incision». In this article we observe our experience in applying this way of incision through the neck dissection. Technical scheme and the analysis of postoperation complications are also included.

One hundred and seventy-two preventive neck dissections were performed in 159 oral SCC patients. The study revealed the possibility of skip metastases in the lower cervical lymphatic nodes thus confirming the necessity for their removal in elective neck dissections.

The study included 159 patients with oral SCC in which metastatic patterns were evaluated after preventive lymphatic node dissection. Lymphatic node metastasis were found out in 24.5% of patients with the most common sites in subdigastrial (IIA) (69.2%) and submandibular (IB) (34.2%) and medium deep jugular (III) (28.2%) nodes. Involving of the IV level (lower deep jugular nodes) was noted in 5.2% of cases, both VA and VB - 2.6%. These results advocate preventive neck dissections in order to eliminate possible metastasis on all levels.

Over 30 years, chemotherapy for recurrent and metastatic head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has remained practically unchanged; its gold standard has been a combination of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. The emergence of the target drug cetuximab has given head and neck tumor specialists a powerful tool to modify standard treatment regimens. The paper presents a brief literature review of the state-of-the-art of first-line chemotherapy for recurrent and metastatic HNSCC, as well as the authors clinical findings based on the analysis of treatment in 11 patients with recurrent HNSCC