An assessment was made of hematological parameters of peripheral blood and structural and functional changes in the adrenal glands in stress-unresistant rats (passive-defensive type of behavior in the open field test) after exposure to light deprivation and physical activity during the spring equinox. The experiment showed that light deprivation for 10 days reduces the total number of leukocytes, the absolute content of monocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes and the level of corticosterone in the peripheral blood compared to the intact group, that was on a natural lighting regime. Histological analysis of the adrenal glands of this group showed, that in the zona fasciculata under such conditions there was nuclear hypertrophy, an increase in the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of adrenocorticocytes and a decrease in the size of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex of rats in relation to the intact group. Physical activity in the form of forced swimming until complete fatigue for 5 days in a row in natural light in stress-unresistant rats did not change the parameters of the peripheral blood of animals, however it led to an increase in the area of the cytoplasm, the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, as well as the formation of nuclear hypertrophy of adrenocorticocytes in the fascicle adrenal zones, which indicated the preparation of cells for increased synthetic activity. Keeping rats for 10 days in complete darkness before forced swimming every day for 5 days, on the one hand, formed a hypoxic state and exhaustion of the adrenal glands, on the other hand, stabilized the leukocyte pool of peripheral blood compared to similar indicators in intact rats.

The results of a study of titanium nickelide devices used for the formation of compression anastomoses in patients with digestive system diseases and describes the techniques of compression fistula formation using these devices has been presented. Besides, the paper presents clinical experience in the formation of anastomoses between the organs of gastrointestinal tract for the treatment of 96 patients with various pathologies of digestive organs. 116 compression anastomoses were applied in our clinic. Anastomotic dehiscence was found in three cases (2,6%) which are described in details in the article. In all patients, the devices evacuated from the digestive tract in a natural way for 14 days. Fibrotic scope examination performed after an operation showed that created anastomoses corresponded to the dimensions of used structures. A soft scar by primary healing type was formed on the parts with compression anastomosis. Using titanium nickelide devices for the formation of compression anastomoses between the gastrointestinal organs will improve the quality of fistula formation, reduce mortality and postoperative complications.

Here, we studied the effect of the Gly-Pro peptide on the reactivity and adaptive potential during the stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system by carbachol under the conditions of successive combined effects of three stressors: immobilization, surgical intervention, and the injection procedure. Consistent combined effect of the surgical intervention in the form of the ligature application to the pyloric stomach, the immobilization, and the saline injection procedure under the carbachol allowed to identify 4 typer of responses. These types were characterized by different combinations of corticosterone contents, and separate leukocyte subpopulations. All responses were accompanied by the stress development, as indicated by the adaptation intensity index. The most prominent stress reactions were observed in animals after the immobilization and surgery, and the combined effects of saline and carbachol injections. Through the modulation of the parasympathetic link of the autonomic nervous system, and probably the direct effect on the adrenal glands, Gly-Pro changed the corticosterone levels, individual leukocyte subpopulations, and the adaptation intensity index under multicomponent stress. In the case of the simultaneous peptide and carbachol administration, it apparently activated the resistant (resistance, counteraction) pathway of adaptation, and in the case when it was administered before carbachol, – the tolerance (endurance, patience) pathway.

We report here studies on the effects of the peptide glycylproline (Gly-Pro) on measures of reactivity and adaptive potential on stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system with carbachol in conditions of sequential exposure to the combined actions of three stress factors: immobilization, surgery, and an injection procedure. Sequential combination of surgery (application of a ligature to the pylorus of the stomach), immobilization, and the procedure of injecting physiological saline on the background of carbachol allowed four types of response in rats to be identified. These variants were characterized by different combinations of levels of corticosterone and different leukocyte subpopulations. All response variants were accompanied by development of stress, as indicated by the adaptation intensity index. The most profound stress reactions were seen in animals after immobilization and surgery and the combination of injection of physiological saline and carbachol. By modulating the parasympathetic compartment of the autonomic nervous system and, probably, a direct influence on the adrenals, Gly-Pro altered the corticosterone content and different leukocyte subpopulations and the adaptation intensity index in multicomponent stress. When peptide was given simultaneously with carbachol, it appeared to act via the resistance (counteraction) pathway of adaption, while when given in advance, before carbachol, it operated via the tolerance (stamina, endurance) pathway.

The article contains the results of a study of nickelid titanium devices used for the formation of compression anastomoses in patients with digestive system diseases and describes the techniques of compression fistula formation using these devices. Besides, the article presents clinical experience in the formation of anastomoses between the organs of gastrointestinal tract for the treatment of eighty-seven patients with various pathologies of digestive organs. One hundred and nine compression anastomoses were applied in our clinic. Anastomotic dehiscence was found in three cases (2,7%) which are described in details in the article. In all patients, the devices evacuated from the digestive tract in a natural way. The average period of device rejection accounted for 14 days. Fibrotic scope examination performed after an operation showed that created anastomoses corresponded to the dimensions of used structures. A soft scar by primary healing type was formed on the parts with compression anastomosis. Using nickelid titanium devices for the formation of compression anastomoses between the gastrointestinal organs will improve the quality of fistula formation, reduce mortality and postoperative complications.

It is established that lithium is accumulated in the above-ground part of agrimony (Agrimoniapilosa L.), the aqueous extract of which exhibits lithium-specific chronobiological activity in rats. The chronobiological study was carried out during the winter solstice on 40 adult male rats divided into three groups: control (intact animals treated with purified water and the extract purified from lithium) and two test groups. Animals in the test groups were administered the aqueous extract of A. pilosa in the morning (8.00 am) and evening (19.00 pm) in amount corresponding to receiving lithium hydroxybutyrate in a dose of 10 mg/kg (p.o.). From the sixth to seventh day of experiment, without canceling this treatment, pilot testing (open field test, rectal temperature measurement) was started at 9 am and continued every 4 h over a period of 48 hours. The primary chronograms were statistically processing by analysis of variance, spectral analysis, and cosinor analysis. The quantitative determination of lithium in the above-ground part of A. pilosa L., its extract and brain of animals was carried out by flame photometry on a SOLAAR Series S spectrometer (Thermo Scientific Co., United States) equipped with a flaming atomizer operating in increased deuterium background correction emission mode. It was found that aqueous extract of the above-ground part of A. pilosa L. contained up to 8.5 ± 0.4 μg/g lithium; in the extract purified by ion-exchange chromatography, this amount was reduced to 1.4 ± 0.2 pg/g. All control animals exhibited external and internal desynchronism. Under the action of herbal extract, the daily dynamics of behavioral activity and rectal temperature in animals acquired a rhythmic character and became consistent with the external day-night cycle.

In experiments using cluster analysis of the behavioral activity of rats in the "open field" test, the animals were divided into three groups with different types of behavior and response to the first presentation of the test: (i) active-search (all the studied reactions are expressed), (ii) intermediate, and (iii) passive-defensive (lowest level of activity). Differences in the indices of carbacholine-stimulated gastric secretion in rats of different groups were manifested by greater secretion of the stomach and lower digestive capacity of gastric juice observed in rats with active-search and intermediate types of behavior in the "open field" test in contrast to rats with passive-defensive type. Combined administration of cholinomimetic and glycyl-proline (Gly-Pro) lead to decreased proteolytic activity of gastric juice in rats with active-search behavior in the "open field" test, decreased volume of gastric secretion in rats with an intermediate type of behavior, and increased volume of juice and its decreased digestive ability in rats with passive-defensive behavior.

Physiological and biomedical experiments were performed. We estimated the parameters of tree main levels of physiological systems as a response of an organism to stress. Mechanisms of physiological defense of an organism against stress should be considered systemically. The response of physiological systems of animal organism was modeled by the activation of latent functional reserves by various exposures to stress (abdominal surgery, cranial electrotherapy stimulation, cranial electrotherapy stimulation with simultaneous administration of droperidol, aminazine, vetranquil, and carbacholine).

We have studied the effects of chlorpromazine, acepromazine, droperidol, and transcranial electroanesthesia upon evacuation function of the stomach in piglets and the effects of leu-enkephalin and glycyl-proline upon secretory activity of the stomach in dogs and rats during surgical stress to optimize anesthetic dosage. All pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical methods of anesthesia used in the experiments were implemented by actiovating stress-limiting systems in post-operational period. Leu-enkephalin, apart from stimulating the stress-limiting factors of neurohumoral systems of the organism, shifted the vector ratio of aggressive and protective factors of gastric mucosa toward strengthening of the latter. The opposite trends of changes in the secretory activity of the stomach of rats in response to surgical stress can be leveled using glycyl-proline as a component of anesthesia.

In dogs with initially high level of gastric secretory activity (stimulated by carbachol), both preliminary and post-stressor infusion of glycilproline (Gly-Pro) (i) increased the gastric juice volume, the acidity, and the rate of hydrogen ion production inhibited by stress and (ii) potentiated the stress-induced decrease in the proteolytic activity. In the animals with initially low level of gastric secretion, the preliminary introduction of Gly-Pro led to an increase in the gastric juice volume, while the post-stress treatment reduced the juice volume, the acidity, the rate of production of active hydrogen ions (increased by immobilization). In both groups of animals, an increase in the content of fucose was observed in experiments with preliminary introduction of Gly-Pro.

The results of chronic experiments on dogs showed that leu-enkephalin in doses 1, 7, and 9 microg/kg produced different effects on the gastric secretion and excretion on the background of various stimulants. The maximum protective effect of opiate was produced in a dose of 7 microg/kg. The peptide effect depended on the gastric secretion stimulator used: on the background of carbachol and pentagastrine, the activity of acidic and peptic factors was decreased and the protective factors of gastric juice were increased. In the case of histamine, leu-enkephalin increased the juice acidity and mucus secretion, but decreased the activity of pepsin and the excretion of ammonia from the stomach.