Цель. Провести сравнительный анализ отдаленных результатов применения голометаллических стентов и гибридных протезов при лечении расслоения аорты I типа.

Введение. Сердечно-сосудистые заболевания (ССЗ) атеросклеротического генеза остаются ведущей причиной смерти во всем мире [1, 2]. Артериальная гипертония и ишемическая болезнь сердца (ИБС) обусловливают около 50 % случаев развития хронической сердечной недостаточности [3, 4]. При этом и артериальная гипертония, и ИБС в различных формах ее проявлений (фибрилляция предсердий, инфаркт миокарда), и сахарный диабет 2 типа являются факторами риска тромбоэмболии легочной артерии (ТЭЛА), значительно повышая вероятность ее развития [5]. В свою очередь ТЭЛА является базовой клинической ситуацией и фактором риска для формирования у части пациентов хронической тромбоэмболической легочной гипертензии (ХТЭЛГ) [6–8]. Проанализирован реализованный прогностический риск смертельного сердечно-сосудистого события, определенный по шкале SCORE, в течение ближайших 10 лет у пациентов с ХТЭЛГ и летальным исходом после легочной эндартерэктомии (ЛЭЭ) в отдаленном послеоперационном периоде.

Актуальность. Инфицирование сосудистого протеза является серьезным осложнением в сердечно-сосудистой хирургии, характеризуется тяжелым течением и высокой смертностью. Несмотря на то что антибактериальные покрытия для сосудистых протезов широко распространены, в мире продолжаются работы по их улучшению. Цель. Разработка и экспериментальное изучение свойств герметизирующего покрытия с антимикробным эффектом для синтетических сосудистых протезов из дакрона. Методы. Использовали 2 типа сосудистых протезов: протез № 1 (полотняный ткацкий раппорт) с исходным уровнем водопроницаемости 78,8 ± 2,7 мл/см2/мин, протез № 2 (саржа 2/1 + атлас 6/4) — уровень водопроницаемости 549,8 ± 20,7 мл/см2/мин. Разработали оригинальную методику желатиновой пропитки, выполнили сканирующую электронную микроскопию, тесты на водопроницаемость и устойчивость к радиальному перегибу. Антибактериальную активность желатиновой пропитки с ванкомицином оценили диско-диффузионным методом на средах с Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 и Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 путем измерения зон задержки роста микроорганизмов после 24-часовой инкубации. Для этого использовали образцы, выкроенные из протезов с пропиткой, содержащей ванкомицин (опытная группа) и не содержащей ванкомицин (контрольная группа). Результаты. Желатиновое покрытие на образцах визуализируется в виде тонкой ровной пленки и обеспечивает нулевую водопроницаемость. Негативным эффектом является увеличение жесткости и, соответственно, радиуса перегиба. Введение ванкомицина в покрытие привело к значительной задержке роста в культурах микроорганизмов: средний диаметр зоны задержки роста в культуре Staphylococcus aureus составил 15,60 ± 0,65 мм, в культуре Enterococcus faecalis — 14,40 ± 0,66 мм. В протезах, не обработанных ванкомицином, не обнаружили зон задержки роста. Заключение. Обработка желатиновой пропиткой с раствором ванкомицина — простая профилактическая мера для предотвращения роста грамположительных бактерий на материалах сосудистых протезов. Поступила в редакцию 14 ноября 2022 г. Исправлена 15 декабря 2022 г. Принята к печати 19 декабря 2022 г. Финансирование Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (проект № 22-15-20005). Конфликт интересов Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов. Вклад авторов Концепция и дизайн работы: И.Ю. Журавлева, А.А. Шаданов, Д.А. Сирота Сбор и анализ данных: А.А. Шаданов, Л.М. Самойлова, С.В. Владимиров, Т.П. Тимченко, Н.Е. Лучников, Е.В. Карпова Статистическая обработка данных: А.А. Шаданов Написание статьи: А.А. Шаданов, Л.М. Самойлова, Т.П. Тимченко, А.Г. Едемский Исправление статьи: Д.А. Сирота, И.Ю. Журавлева, А.В. Богачев-Прокофьев, А.М. Чернявский Утверждение окончательного варианта статьи: все авторы

The analysis of the gained experience in treatment of patients with pathology of the arch and descending portion of the aorta is suggestive that the 'frozen elephant trunk' technique is an effective and safe method. In this connection, there is an increasing need for universal hybrid devices characterized by ease of use and durability in various aortic pathologies. Discussed in the article is the state of the art of the technology of treatment of patient with aortic arch pathology by means of hybrid grafts, followed by comparative analysis of currently used vascular hybrid prostheses, and although none of the hybrid grafts available worldwide is either universal or ideal, the grafts for the 'frozen elephant trunk' procedure continue to be improved, which will inevitably lead to wide implementation of this technique.

This article is a review briefly characterizing the state of the art of hybrid surgery of the thoracic aorta using the frozen elephant trunk technique worldwide and in Russia, also discussing unsolved problems of fundamental science, being key issues in creation of new models of hybrid prostheses of the thoracic aorta. The main attention is paid to the problem of radial stiffness of the stent-graft portion of the prosthesis. Performed is a detailed analysis of the factors influencing this characteristic of the sent graft: shape, size and number of cells of the stent element, thickness of the nitinol wire it is made of, method of edge connection, nitinol properties depending on the alloy grade and methods of thermoforming. It is shown that excessive stiffness leads to the development of d-SINE syndrome. This is followed by discussing the problem of optimal stiffness of stent grafts, based on the design of stent graft elements and elastic properties of the wall of the true channel of a dissecting aortic aneurysm. Also proposed is an approach to solving the problem of d-SINE, consisting in creation of conical stent grafts and/or a gradual decrease of radial stiffness of stent elements in the direction of the distal portion. Comprehensively addressed are disadvantages of the graft portion of the prosthesis, in 95% of items made of polyethylene terephthalate fiber: susceptibility to degradation associated with manufacturing defects and intraoperative microdamages, abrasive effect in the zone of contact with stent elements, partial postoperative hydrolysis and an inflammatory reaction to a foreign body, often being clinically pronounced. Also touched upon are certain aspects of creating hermetic coatings of the graft portion, with the use of vancomycin possessing low cytotoxicity as part of an antibacterial component being promising. As a whole, it is demonstrated that advances in creating a novel generation of hybrid prostheses should be associated with new approaches and materials, to be obtained at the junction of medicine and fundamental sciences.

Хроническая тромбоэмболическая легочная гипертензия является отдаленным последствием тромбоэмболии легочных артерий. Формирующаяся хроническая обструкция легочных артерий и вторичные изменения микроциркуляторного русла легких приводят к прогрессирующему повышению легочного сосудистого сопротивления и давления в ветвях легочной артерии с развитием тяжелой дисфункции правых отделов сердца и сердечной недостаточности. Проведен обзор научных работ и положений национальных рекомендаций по диагностике факторов риска хронической тромбоэмболической легочной гипертензии и ее рецидивов; намечены способы улучшения прогноза при легочной тромбоэмболии в ближайшем и отдаленном периодах. Поступила в редакцию 17 января 2021 г. Исправлена 1 марта 2021 г. Принята к печати 19 апреля 2021 г. Финансирование Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки. Конфликт интересов Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов. Вклад авторов Концепция и дизайн работы: А.М. Чернявский, А.Г. Едемский, Д.С. Гранкин, Е.Н. Кливер Написание статьи: О.Я. Васильцева Исправление статьи: Е.Н. Кливер Утверждение окончательного варианта статьи: все авторы

AIM:The aim of our investigation was to analyse the results of autotransplantation, creation of a neobifurcation or prosthetic repair of the internal carotid artery during the in-hospital and long-term follow-up periods.PATIENTS AND METHODS:The study included a total of 241 patients presenting with and treated for extended atherosclerotic lesions of the internal carotid artery from 2016 to 2019. The patients were divided into three groups depending on the surgical modality employed: group 1 - autotransplantation of the internal carotid artery (27.8%, n=67), group 2 - creation of a neobifurcation (55.2%, n=133), and group 3 - prosthetic repair of the internal carotid artery (17.0%, n=41). The duration of the postoperative follow-up period amounted to 24.8±11.9 months. The outcome measures selected were as follows: all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, haemodynamically significant restenosis, and a composite endpoint (death + myocardial infarction + ischaemic stroke + haemodynamically significant restenosis).RESULTS:During the in-hospital postoperative period we registered 1 (2.4%) ischaemic stroke in the group of prosthetic repair, with no significant inter-group difference revealed (p=0.08). In the remote period of follow-up, no statistical differences were revealed for the following outcome measures: all-cause mortality (group 1: 7.5%, n=5; group 2: 10.5%, n=14; group 3: 14.6%, n=6; p=0.49); cardiovascular-related death (group 1: 4.5%, n=3; group 2: 6.7%, n=9; group 3: 12.2%, n=5; p=0.31); myocardial infarction (group 1: 1.5%, n=1; group 2: 3%, n=4; group 3: 4.9%, n=2; p=0.59). However, the patients in the group of prosthetic repair of the internal carotid artery were found to have the highest incidence rates of ischaemic stroke (group 1: 3%, n=2; group 2: 3%, n=4; group 3: 14.6%, n=6; p1-2=0.1; p1-3=0.02; p2-3=0.008), haemodynamically significant restenosis (group 1: 0%, n=0; group 2: 0%, n=0; group 3: 14.6 %, n=6; p1-2>0.99; p1-3=0.000; p2-3=0.000), and higher values of the composite endpoint (group 1: 12 %, n=8; group 2: 16.5%, n=22, group 3: 48.8%, n=20; p1-2>0.99; p1-3=0.000; p2-3=0.000).CONCLUSION:Prosthetic repair of the internal carotid artery for an extended atherosclerotic lesion is a less preferable method compared with autotransplantation and creation of a neobifurcation, as evidenced by the highest incidence rates of ischaemic stroke, haemodynamically significant restenosis, and higher values of the composite endpoint in the remote period of follow up.

Total left-sided haemothorax is a rare and severe complication of acute DeBakey type III aortic dissection. The primary aim of treatment is immediate arrest of haemorrhage and stabilization of the haemodynamic status of the patient. Endovascular isolation of the ruptured thoracic portion of the aorta using a stent graft (TEVAR) has recently become the 'gold standard' in treatment of acute, rupture-complicated aortic dissections of this localization. Described in the article is a clinical case report concerning successful endovascular treatment of a seriously ill patient with dissection of the thoracoabdominal portion of the aorta, rupture and massive haemorrhage into the left pleural cavity. The patient underwent endoprosthetic repair of the descending aorta in the setting of a hybrid operating room under local anaesthesia, followed by drainage of the left pleural cavity. The postoperative period was uneventful with no complications. The patient was discharged in a satisfactory condition on day 10 after the emergency surgical intervention. An important advantage of TEVAR for aortic ruptures is a minimally invasive nature of the procedure, consisting in no need to perform either sternothoracotomy or to connect a heart-lung machine, thus decreasing surgical wound, reducing the risk of perioperative life-threatening haemorrhage, and contributing to early activation of the patient.

Aim. To assess the short- and long-term outcomes of myocardial re- vascularization (MR) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Material and methods . In the period from April to August 2020, 550 patients with CAD and ACS were included in the register. Emergency percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (n=499) and on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (n=51) were performed. The follow-up period lasted 6 months. The pattern of complications after MR and effects of COVID-19 were analyzed. Results. The studied cohort is represented by patients with CAD >65 years old. ST segment elevation ACS was detected in 23%, acute myocardial infarction — in 59,1%, in other cases — unstable angina. During hospitalization after MR, atrial fibrillation prevailed among cardiovascular complications (4,7%). During this period, 29 (5,3%) patients was diagnosed with COVID-19. In the short-term period after MR, 3 (0,5%) people died due to COVID-19 complications-. In the long-term period after MR, 4 (0,7%) cases of non-fatal stroke were registered, while repeated MR — in 7,1%. The all-cause mortality rate was 1,3% (n=7), of which 57,1% of patients died due to COVID-19 complications. In the subgroup of patients who underwent CABG, the greatest number of in-hospital complications was noted, where exudative pleurisy, atrial fibrillation and anemia prevailed. Of the patients with COVID-19, pneumonia in the short-and long-term posto perative periods was recorded in 48,3 and 61,3%, respectively. Pneumonia is associated with respiratory failure, cardiac dysfunction, and anemia. The risk of COVID-19 pneumonia during the entire follow-up period was higher in patients with ACS who underwent CABG (odds ratio, 19,4; confidence interval: 13,3-26,1; p<0,001). The overall survival rate was 98,7%. Conclusion. COVID-19 infection in patients with ACS after MR effects pattern of postoperative complications. The proportion of COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with ACS in hospital, short- and long-term postoperative periods after MR significantly exceeds that in the general population. The leading factor associated with COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with ACS is on-pump CABG.

The article deals with the results of surgical treatment of a male patient presenting with bilateral restenosis of stents in the internal carotid arteries 11 years after carotid angioplasty with stenting. Described herein are literature reports reflecting the state of the art of the problem, scarcity of studies, as well as some important issues still unresolved. Defined are the main indications for and contraindications to performing this type of reconstruction. The main stages of the operation are demonstrated. This is followed by describing a method of intraoperative protection of the brain, including invasive measurement of retrograde pressure. Besides, the most optimal terms of carrying out the second stage of treatment were determined, eventually demonstrating efficacy and safety of carotid endarterectomy for correction of this condition.

AIM:The aim of our investigation was to assess the remote results of valve-sparing aortic root reimplantation into the graft (Florida Sleeve technique) compared with reimplantation of the aortic valve into the graft (David technique) during surgical correction of ascending aortic aneurysms accompanied by concomitant aortic insufficiency.PATIENTS AND METHODS:Our single-centre, blind, prospective, randomized study carried out from 2011 to 2015 included a total of 64 patients with ascending aortic aneurysms and aortic insufficiency. The patients were randomized into 2 groups: group I - aortic root reimplantation according to the Florida Sleeve technique (FS group) and group II - reimplantation of the aortic valve according to the T. David technique in David I modification (D group). The groups did not statistically differ by the baseline clinical profile.RESULTS:The overall 7-year survival for the FS group and D group amounted to 83% and 85.6%, respectively (p=0.98). Assessing the competing risks of mortality related to cardiovascular or other causes revealed no differences. Freedom from prosthetic repair of the aortic valve in the remote follow-up period amounted to 92.8% and 85.8% for the FS group and D group, respectively (p=0.4). According to the obtained findings, the technique of a valve-sparing operation is not a predictor of either lethality (RR 0.98 (95% CI 0.23-4.15), p=0.98) or prosthetic repair of the aortic valve (RR 2.03 (95% CI 0.40-14.63), p=0.40) in the remote period of follow up.RCONCLUSION:Aortic root reimplantation inside the prosthesis according to the Florida Sleeve technique makes it possible to simplify and accelerate the procedure of aortic root reconstruction in patients with aortic root aneurysms and concomitant aortic insufficiency, demonstrating long-term results comparable with those of the David technique.

Presented herein is a clinical case report regarding hybrid surgical treatment for a saccular aneurysm of the aortic arch in a female patient. While undergoing a routine medical check-up she had been found to have fluorographic evidence strongly suggesting dilatation of the aortic thoracic portion. Based on the findings of further examination we determined the indications for surgical treatment of the thoracic portion of the aorta. The woman was subjected to reconstruction of the arch and the descending portion of the thoracic aorta according to the frozen elephant trunk technique.

Presented herein is the remote (more than 15-year follow up) result of successful surgical treatment of aortic coarctation complicated by septic aortitis and a false aneurysm of the anastomosis between the graft and the aortic arch. In 2002, after correction of aortic coarctation the woman was admitted to our Clinic with an incompetent proximal anastomosis and an infected aortic pseudoaneurysm. Taking into consideration the general and local septic process, repeat reconstruction of the thoracic aorta was impossible due to the risk for generalization of the infectious process and fatal complications. Therefore, the woman was subjected to extra-anatomical bypass grafting of the thoracic aorta with a synthetic graft from the ascending aorta to the infrarenal portion of the abdominal aorta in order to isolate the infection focus to be followed by removal thereof. The postoperative period turned out uneventful, with no complications. After 15 years, the woman was examined again, with her condition being stable. The findings of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated complete patency of the extra-anatomical bypass graft. The carotid-subclavian anastomosis functioned well, without narrowed portions. No infectious complications after the carried out operations were observed. Using extra-anatomical bypass grafting with exclusion from circulation and removal of the infected portion of the aorta along with the graft is one of reliable variants of treatment for such a severe complication as an infected false aneurysm.

We present three cases of successful transatrial transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation in patients with bioprosthetic mitral valve dysfunction. Patients with a high surgical risk, with severe heart failure due to bioprosthetic mitral valve dysfunction, were implanted with transcatheter prostheses using the transatrial approach. Transesophageal echocardiography and fluoroscopy-guided transcatheter mitral prosthetic valve positioning was performed. With a cardiac pacing at 180 bpm, a transcatheter valve was implanted. The transcatheter valves functioned properly after surgery. The patients were discharged in satisfactory condition.

Aneurysmatic dilatation of the aortic root and ascending portion of the aorta is one of the most complicated pathologies of the cardiovascular system. The 5-year survival rate does not exceed 13%. Especially difficult from the point of view of surgical reconstruction are variants of massive calcification of the aortic root. This article describes a case report concerning the Florida sleeve technique in a patient with diffuse calcification of the aortic root, involving the ostia of the coronary arteries. An important advantage of this type of intervention is technical simplicity consisting in no need for reimplantation of coronary artery ostia, thus decreasing the number of surgical manipulations and sutures on the aortic root, as well as reducing the risk of haemorrhage.

Pulmonary haemorrhage is one of the most severe complications of pulmonary endarterectomy. To the most effective methods of combating this potentially fatal complication belongs extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). In this article we describe a clinical case report regarding intraoperative use of central veno-arterial ECMO for pulmonary haemorrhage following thromboendarterectomy from the pulmonary arteries. According to the data of some authors, long-term ECMO support (for more than 4 days) may lead to such severe consequences as rethrombosis of pulmonary arteries and impairment of cerebral circulation. In our case we managed to avoid such complications, taking into consideration that the duration of ECMO amounted to 21 days. Resulting from the carried out comprehensive therapeutic measures by the time of discharge from hospital, a significant decrease in pulmonary artery pressure was achieved, with events of residual pulmonary hypertension.

The authors analyse herein their experience gained in performing the operation of exoprosthetic repair of the ascending portion of the aorta in patients presenting with an ascending aortic aneurysm. This is followed by assessing the results in the remote period. Over the period of follow up from 2012 to 2016 a total of 23 interventions were performed. The average duration of postoperative follow up amounted to 27±9.4 (2-40) months. In the remote period we managed to obtain the data for 20 (90.1%) patients. The patients were interviewed by means of either remote or face-to-face consultations during which we performed assessment of the dimensions of the thoracic portion of the aorta by the findings of MSCT angiography of the aorta. Health-related quality of life was evaluated by means of the Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire SF-36. No statistically significant changes of the aortic sizes were revealed in the remote period as compared with the findings at discharge from hospital. Neither were there repeat interventions related to the operation performed. According to the findings of the SF-36 questionnaire, patients mainly reported improved well-being as compared with that at discharge, including patients having endured coronary artery bypass grafting or prosthetic repair of the aortic valve. Experience shows that using the technique of exoprosthetic repair of the ascending portion of the aorta makes it possible to eliminate dilatation with satisfactory remote results. However, fuller and more reliable assessment of the results requires further studies.

The authors describe and analyse their experience gained in performing prosthetic repair of the thoracoabdominal portion of the aorta, combined with open aortic stenting using the Djumbodis uncovered metal stent. Over the period from 2013 to 2015 we performed a total of 16 hybrid interventions. All patients were found to have type B aortic dissection, with their false and true lumens patent. All patients underwent reconstruction of the thoracoabdominal aorta combined with open implantation of the Djumbodis uncovered metal stent into the area of lower thoracic and visceral arteries. The patients underwent either isolated prosthetic repair of the thoracic aortic portion - type A correction, or prosthetic repair of the thoracic and infrarenal portions - type B correction. In the postoperative period we performed MSCT angiography of the thoracic and abdominal aortic portions in order to control patency of the true and false lumens, patency of visceral arteries, to assess the diameter of the aorta, presence or absence of thrombosis. All five patients subjected to type B correction (100% of the total number of this type operation) were found to develop thrombosis of the false lumen, and eight patients undergoing type A correction (72.7% of the total number of operations of this type) were diagnosed with false channel thrombosis. There was 1 (6.3%) lethal case registered at the hospital stage in the group of patients with type A correction. There were no cases of neurological deficit, malperfusion of visceral organs or lower-limb ischaemia. Our experience shows that using hybrid technologies in surgery of the thoracoabdominal portion of the aorta is (appears to be) optimal from the point of view of decreasing intraoperative trauma, reducing the complications rate and without detriment to the radicality.