Patients with a liver cirrhosis are at high risk for a number of complications that significantly reduce their life expectancy. The purpose of the study was to conduct a retrospective analysis of fatal cases of liver cirrhosis during the 20-year period. Material and methods. In the pathologoanatomic department of the V. T. Zaycev Institute of General and Urgent Surgery of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine». A retrospective analysis of the medical records for the period 2001-2020 (20 years) was performed in order to study the lethal cases of liver cirrhosis during the 20-year period. To analyze the dynamics of the number of deaths from liver cirrhosis we used dynamic series indicators. To compare two independent groups, we used Student's t-test for signs with Gaussian distribution and Mann-Whitney U-test for signs with non-normal distribution. Results and discussion. Over 20 years, the dynamics of the number of deaths changed unevenly. The analysis of the efficiency indicator, which was calculated against the previous level (2001), showed a decrease in the indicator for the 20-year period only in 2002 and 2004, namely by 79.8 and 81.5% respectively. In other years there was only an increase in the indicator as compared with the previous level. In the years 2001-2010 371 patients died, their average age was 52.2±13.7 years. Most of them were males: 263 cases (70.9%) with an average age of 49.9±13.1. The number of dead women was 108 (29.1%) with an average age of 57.9±13.7 years. According to their age structure, most of the patients were 41-60 years old: 50.1% of males (137 cases) and 45.4% of females (49 cases). From 2011 to 2020 years 378 patients died, their average age was 54.9±12.9 years. Most of them were males: 284 cases (75.1%), average age - 53.5±12.3 years. The number of deceased women were 94 cases (24.9%), average age - 58.9±13.9 years. According to the age structure, most of the patients were 41-60 years old: 78.4% of males (152 cases), 24.9% of females (37 cases). Conclusion. When comparing the two semiannual periods 2001-2010 and 2011-2020, we found that in 2011-2020 there was a significant increase in the number of deaths from liver cirrhosis at ages 41-60 years from 50.1% to 78.39%, (p <0.05) and in both cases men predominated. Among causes of death, depending on complications, bleeding from varicose esophageal and gastric veins was found to be the most important (66.0% and 53.2%, respectively), but this indicator decreased in 2011-2020 (p <0.05). Bleeding occurred more frequently in men than in women (p <0.05). In 2001-2010, the mean age of women was significantly higher than that of men (58.5±7.1 and 49.5±6.4 years, respectively), (p <0.05), and in contrast, in 2011-2020, the mean age of men was significantly higher than that of women (59.1±6.6 and 52.3±6.9 years, respectively), (p <0.05)

SARS-CoV-2 is a new coronavirus causing global pandemic COVID-19 throughout the world, the clinical manifestations of which may include not only respiratory syndrome and systemic manifestations, but also eye symptoms. The purpose of the study. This study processed and presented to the scientific community the latest scientific evidence from the world literature regarding the effect of tear film quality on protective properties against SARS-CoV-2 and on further risks of COVID-19 infection in dry eye disease. Many studies have proven the presence of ACE2 as well as TMPRSS2 expression in the conjunctival and corneal epithelium and detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the tear fluid of infected patients, which indicates the ocular tissue tropism to the virus and its possible transmission through the ocular surface. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in conjunctival or tear samples may depend on viral load and secretion, as well as on sampling time during the course of the disease. It has been suggested that SARS-CoV-2 is prone to exist on the surface of the eye in the early stages of conjunctivitis, and the viral load decreases after a few days. However, cases of virus detection without conjunctivitis may indicate that SARS-CoV-2 can cause latent and asymptomatic infection. With the introduction of protective anti-epidemic measures such as protective masks, the rapid increase and progression of dry eye disease has begun, which leads to decreased ocular surface immune mechanisms, and could potentially increase the risks of SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission. The mechanisms of protection of the healthy ocular surface and possible ways to combat SARS-CoV-2 were reviewed. And the potential causes of increased ocular surface infections during a pandemic were also shown. Through wearing of protective masks, there is additional dispersion of air around the eyes and accelerated evaporation of tear fluid with its thinning and rupture, which contributes to the progression of the prevalence of dry eye disease. The information confirmed by research has already appeared in the literature. This ocular surface condition has been defined by the term "MADE" – dry eye associated with wearing a mask. Dry eye disease, in turn, is a multifactorial ocular surface disease that results in tear film instability, hyperosmolar stress, and a cascade of inflammatory responses. This initiates ocular surface damage, impaired immune status, pathological apoptosis of conjunctival and corneal cells, and loss of basic protective function. Conclusion. Thus, given the obvious decrease in the immune defense mechanisms of the ocular surface in dry eye disease, which is a vulnerable place for virus penetration, this area deserves further in-depth study

Цель. Разработка алгоритма ранней диагностики тромбоза вен портомезентериального конфлюенса у пациентов после выполнения резекционных вмешательств на поджелудочной железе (ПЖ), сопровождавшихся резекцией либо повреждением воротной вены (ВВ) и ее ветвей, для своевременной хирургической коррекции развившихся осложнений. Материалы и методы. Представлен анализ результатов хирургического лечения 269 пациентов, которым выполнили различную по объему резекцию ПЖ, из них у 15 (5,6%) выполнены еще различные варианты резекции/реконструкции ВВ и ее ветвей, а у 6 (2,2%) пациентов отмечено непреднамеренное повреждение вен портомезентериального конфлюенса. Ишемически-реперфузионные повреждения печени возникли у 17 больных, у 4 больных выявлен тромбоз ВВ и ее ветвей. Результаты. На основании оценки выраженности исследованных параметров выделены три степени тяжести послеоперационной острой печеночной недостаточности (ОПН). Средняя и тяжелая степени послеоперационной ОПН требуют существенной коррекции проводимой интенсивной терапии. Из-за тромбоза ВВ и ее ветвей 3 из 4 больных умерли в раннем послеоперационном периоде. Хирургическая коррекция данного осложнения была выполнена 2 больным. Выводы. Тяжелая ОПН у данных пациентов может быть следствием тромбоза ВВ и ее ветвей, поэтому необходим постоянный мониторинг проходимости сосудов портомезентериального конфлюенса. Выявление тромбоза ВВ требует выполнения тромбэктомии с пластикой ВВ, что дает основания рассчитывать на благоприятный результат лечения.

Background. The main clinical manifestations of thyroid gland (TG) diseases are associated with the influence of thyroid hormones on the cardiovascular system. At the same time, hypothyroidism as well as hyperthyroidism increase the risk of arterial hypertension. Based on this, the development of an experimental model that combines thyroid pathology and hypertension is relevant. From this point of view, the hypertensive SHR rats is a valuable object of study, since the course of arterial hypertension in these animals corresponds to the signs of human hypertension. Objective. Study of the dynamics of the morphological parameters of the thyroid gland in SHR rats with prolonged administration of propylthiouracil (PTU). Methods. Female SHR rats were used in the experiments; drinking water contained a 0.1% solution of PTU. TG was taken on the 17th, 25th, 31st, 39th and 47th days of the experiment, subjected to histological examination and staining with hematoxylin / eosin according to standard methods. We analyzed the average height of the follicular epithelium, the average follicle area, the nuclear cytoplasmic ratio (NCR) of thyrocytes, the ratio of the number of thyrocytes to fibroblasts per 50 μm2 (T/FB). Results. It was established that the height of the epithelium, NCR, and the area of the follicles change irregularly during the intake of PTU: at first, fluctuations of indicators are observed, and starting from 31st day they are stabilized. In general, after 47 days of receiving PTU, the average height of the follicular epithelium increased by 0.7 μm, the average area of the follicles – by 182 μm2, and NCR – by 0.11. In the stroma of the gland, activation of fibroblast proliferation was observed as evidenced by a decrease in the T/FB ratio from 2.87 to 0.54. Conclusion. When using a solution for drinking with 0.1% PTU for 47 days characteristic changes of hypertrophy and hyperplasia are observed in the thyroid tissue of hypertensive SHR rats. Stabilization of morphological parameters is observed after 30 days of taking PTU.

МОРФОМЕТРИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ДЕСТРУКТИВНОГО ИНДЕКСА ЛЕГОЧНОЙ ТКАНИ ПАЦИЕНТОВ

The article presents the biographic data about professor K. N. Kulchitsky. It concerns his scientific and practical contribution to the development of histological investigations in Kharkov Imperial University and in London University College. Consideration is also being given to the social and political activity of the scientist, including as Minister of Education for all of Russia Imperia.

The morphometric parameters of liver stellate reticuloendotheliocytes fetuses and newborns born to mothers with iron deficiency anemia have been studied. It was found that the severity of the morphometric parameters of hepatic stellate reticuloendotheliocytes depends on the severity of maternal anemia. The maximum level of compensatory-adaptive mechanisms stellate reticuloendotheliocytes seen with iron deficiency anemia of moderate severity, whereas in severe anemia observed depletion of adaptation mechanisms of oppression and signs of cellular metabolism.

Electron microscopic studies revealed that the depth and severity of degenerative and destructive processes in the liver cells increases in proportion to the severity of iron deficiency anemia in mother. The ultrastructure of hepatocytes changed with the growth of the severity of iron deficiency anemia from compensatory adaptation to destructive forms. Trigger the development of degenerative and destructive processes in the liver is mitochondrial dysfunction.

This investigation is based on a study of indicators of liver weight and weight of fetuses and newborns from mothers with iron deficiency anemia, preeclampsia and diabetes. When maternal iron deficiency anemia and preeclampsia becomes mild to moderate severity these lead to compensatory increase in liver weight and body weight of the fetuses. When maternal iron deficiency anemia and preeclampsia becomes severe, on the contrary, there is intrauterine growth retardation, which is manifested by progressive reduction in body weight and liver weight (malnutrition) as a measure of depletion of compensatory-adaptive reactions of the fetus. Moreover, when the maternal preeclampsia occurs this process is more difficult than in maternal iron deficiency anemia. When the mother's diabetes mild, similar to, but more intense than in maternal iron deficiency anemia and preeclampsia, there is both increase in body weight and liver weight of the fetus. When the mother's diabetes moderate to severe there is or fetal macrosomia with hepatomegaly or microsomia with liver hypotrophy. The mother's severe diabetes is expressed more intensely than the mother's moderate diabetes.

First studied features of defeat of the thymus in women with generalized myasthenia flowing on a background atrophy and hyperplasia of thymus with further development of criteria of before and after the operating prognosis of thymectomy. It is set that GM in women flows on a background atrophy of thymus with making progress thymycal (suppressor) insufficiency or on a background hyperplasia with thymycal hyperactivity and these morphological displays GM in a thymus have different pathogenesis. By the criteria of ineffectiveness of thymectomy at GM it is necessary to count atrophy of thymus, absolute deficit of T-suppressor-cell in the parenchyma of thymus and whey of blood, deficit of IgG and IgA, in the whey of blood.