Currently, Newcastle disease (ND) is highly contagious viral infection of birds, characterized by pneumonia, encephalitis, multiple pointed hemorrhages and defeat of internals is spread in various regions of the world.To the present, all isolated ND viruses (Paramyxoviridae, Paramyxovirus) are divided into two classes, representing the diverse and constantly developing group of viruses.Despite universal vaccination, the disease is difficult to control, and in connection with this the ND causal agent is listed among the most important pathogens.In recent years, studies on the genetic variability of the ND strains in Kazakhstan were not conducted, although many transcontinental migratory routes of wild birds, the main carriers of the pathogens, are crossed exactly here.The present study was conducted to examine the characteristics of the circulation, as well as the isolation and characterization of isolates of Newcastle disease virus that caused the disease of poultry in different regions of Kazakhstan in 2010, 2012 and 2013.Using 10-day-old developing chicken embryos (DCE), we studied virus isolates from dead hens at ND outbreaks in poultry farms and private yards in Almatinskaya, North Kazakhstan and Zhambylskaya provinces of Kazakhstan.The mean death time of embryos (MDT) and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) were estimated.Viral RNA was isolated and used for PCR.Amplified products were further detected, purified and sequenced.The obtained nucleotide sequences were analyzed using Sequencher v. 4.5 (Gene Codes Corporation, USA).A set of nucleotide sequences from an international database GenBank was used to construct the dendrogram and determine the genotype.Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences was performed using Mega 6.06 and the following parameters: Statistical Method -Neighbor-joining; Test of Phylogeny -Bootstrap method; No. of Bootstrap Replications -500; Model/Method -Kimura 2-parameter model.Studies have shown that the ND virus causes outbreaks both among vaccinated and non-vaccinated poultry.The ND isolates belong to velogenic strains.All of them had a proteolytic cleavage site 110 GGRRQKRF 117 in the fusion protein, which is characteristic of the Vpathotype.The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the F-gene showed that the virus from dead birds of those vaccinated at the poultry farm in Almatinskaya Province belongs to VIId genotype, while the isolates from non-vaccinated birds of the private farms in Almatinskaya, Zhambylskaya and North Kazakhstan provinces belong to VIIb genotype.According to the obtained information, despite the geographical distance of outbreaks, the same ND virus genotypes are circulating in the territory of Northern Kazakhstan and in the southern regions of the country.Wide spread of the virus in Kazakhstan requires from veterinary services to develop effective control measures with regard to ND molecular epidemiology.

The clostridial bacteria emerged from dead saiga in 2010 - 2013 were identified on the basis of 16S rRNA gene as perfringens species and by the presence of plc gene, encoding only alpha- toxin and were classified as type A. The genetic variation of Clostridium perfringens alpha- toxin strains emerged from saiga was characterized in 2010 - 2013. N- and C- domains of Clostridium perfringens alpha- toxin strain structure, emerged from the saiga in 2010 - 2012 showed a very high conservatism. The structure of Clostridium perfringens alpha- toxin strain, 2013 revealed previously unknown mutations - 4 amino acid substitutions: Ala13Thr (threonine -> alanine), Val47Ile (valine, isoleucine ->), Ala202Asp (alanine -> aspartic acid), Thr205Ala (threonine -> Alanine) in the N- domain of alpha- toxin and 1 replacement of Ser363Pro (serine -> proline) in the C- domain. We may assume that this mutation affects the reduction of alpha- toxin toxicity and as a result, causes Clostridium perfringens pathogenicity reduction. The degree of identity in the N- terminal catalytic domain of alpha- toxin reaches 98.4% and in C domain responsible for the binding to membranes the identity makes 99.2%. Plc gene sequence of the strains Clostridium / Saigas / 2010 / ZKO / KZ, Clostridium / Saigas / 2011 / ZKO / KZ, Clostridium / Saigas / 2012 / Kostanay / KZ and Clostridium / Saigas / 2013 / Kostanay / KZ are deposited in the GenBankdatbase under the numbers KP143658, KP143659, KP143660, KP143661, respectively.

The recombinant strain Flu-NS1-124-Omp16 (H5N1) of the influenza virus expressing the brucellar Omp16 gene was constructed on the basis of the technology of reverse genetics for the purpose of developing vector antibrucellosis vaccine. The obtained recombinant strain is a genetically stable construction. This stability is confirmed by the comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the HA, NA, and NS genes of the recombinant vector virus Flu-NS1-124-Omp16 (H5N1) expressing the Omp16 gene of the Brucella abortus (genBank: AAA59360.1). The comparative analysis showed that the nucleotide sequence of the Ns gene of the first and the fifth passage level of the Flu-NS1-124-Omp16 (H5N1) virus corresponded for 100% to the initial part of 12ААS2TC_124Omp16g containing the chimera NS1-124-Omp16 in the composition of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) plasmids pHW2000. Total identity with HA and NA genes of the strain А/AstanaRG/6:2/2009 (H5N1) was shown by the comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences of HA and NA genes of the first and the fifth passage level of the recombinant strain Flu-NS1-124-Omp16 (H5N1). The recombinant vector virus Flu-NS1-124-Omp16 (H5N1) expressing the brucella Omp16 gene maintains the genetic stability during 5 passages in 10-day developing chicken embryos.

The diagnostic oligonucleotide microarray for subtyping of human and animal influenza A viruses (iAVs) was developed. We proposed a simple method of the fluorescent labeling of genomic segments of all known iAVs subtypes, the composition of the hybridization buffer, as well as the software of the data processing. 48 iAVs strains of different subtypes were analyzed using our microarray. All of them were identified, while 45 of 48 strains were unambiguously subtyped.