Abstract. The ontogeny of fruit crops and varieties is composed of individual morphological cycles, each of which has its own requirements of the temperature regime. One of the most important cycles in the formation of flower buds is the development of archesporial tissue in their anthers during winter-spring development, which, in turn, consists of several stages (phases I, II, III). They require a certain amount of active temperatures for their passage. Their deficiency (or excess) can lead to a suspension of ontogeny or even death of flower buds.This paper presents a scientific approach to determining the boundaries of active temperatures necessary for the passage of ontogenesis phases in the buds of pear varieties in the winter-spring and summer periods. Until now, the calculation of the sums of average temperatures received by plants is usually carried out above +5 ºС (active) and above +10 ºС (effective), which does not meet modern requirements for studying the production process and needs to be adjusted. Objective indicators of active temperature limits for pear varieties in specific phases of winter-spring and summer development have been determined. For the Williams variety, the optimal temperature for going through the “budbreak” phase (reduction division) is +6 °C. For varieties Leven, Kieffer – +5 °С. For the Lyubimitsa Klappa variety – +7 °C. It turned out to have the highest active temperature limit. Consequently, this variety has increased thermophilicity compared to the other three varieties studied.The work reveals the possibility of a more correct study of the needs of specific varieties in the amount of temperatures required to pass through each phase of ontogenesis. Its results are important for revealing the mechanism of interaction “genotype-temperature environmental conditions” when controlling the production process of fruit crops and their varieties in various growing environmental conditions in order to increase yield and for further breeding. Key words: variety, pear, temperature regime, production process

An important area for improving the effectiveness of agri-food systems under stress conditions is the selection of highly drought- and heat-resistant varieties. The present study aims to develop new approaches to the evaluation of these characteristics, taking into account the ability of varieties to successfully pass through the stages of fruit bud differentiation at high summer temperatures, without their development being suppressed. An analysis of climatic conditions in the Kuban horticultural zone of Krasnodar Krai for 1989–2022 revealed the occurrences of temperatures above +30...+35 C that suppress fruit bud differentiation in fruit crops, thus indicating the need for new data on the stress response of varieties. The variability structure of drought resistance indicators was studied using data for three years (2019, 2021, and 2022): tissue water content and leaf water-holding capacity in sweet cherry varieties grafted on VSL-2, including those bred by an institute (‘Slavyanka’, ‘Kavkazskaya’, ‘Kavkazskaya Uluchshennaya’, ‘Volshebnitsa’, and ‘Alaya’). Their high dependence on seasonal conditions was established. The effect of high temperatures on fruitbud differentiation in cherry varieties was evaluated. The adaptability of plants and varieties to the lack of moisture and high summer temperatures was noted to be inextricably linked. The focus was on a comprehensive approach to evaluating drought and heat resistance in the selection of the best sweet cherry forms that are able to develop normally and set fruitbuds at high temperatures. The latter characteristic should be taken into account when entering varieties into the State Register of Breeding Plantations to establish the possible cultivation limits of the proposed plants and to create new varieties having a higher resistance to temperature stresses. Drought and heat resistant sweet cherry genotypes capable of tolerating summer stresses and regularly yielding crops were identified. The following varieties were found to be resistant to high temperatures: early ripening period – ‘Kavkazskaya’ and ‘Slavyanka’; average ripening period – ‘Volshebnitsa’, ‘Kosmicheskaya’, and ‘Summit’; late ripening period – ‘Alaya’ and low-growing clone of ‘Drogana Zheltaya’.

Increasing fruit crops requires the introduction of a new strategy – biologization of fruit growing, i.e. introduction of innovative technologies for the design of new varieties that are breakthrough in yields and product quality, as well as development of algorithms for the optimal placement of existing varieties in macro-, meso- and microecological niches based on digital technologies. Тhe study presents contemporary innovative strategies for: introduction of innovative technologies for the selection of fruit crops with a quantitative assessment of contributions to the yields of seven genetic and physiological systems (GPS), which manage fruit crops and varieties; selection of parent pairs based on the degree of adaptability of varieties in a specific phase of development to limiting environmental factors – phase selection – rather than on the basis of general qualitative indicators (winter hardiness, drought tolerance and others; management of the production process of varieties in each phase of ontogenesis based on estimates of the positive contributions of each of the seven GPS to the crops and the combination of the GPS with the maximum positive contributions to the crop in one future variety; use of digital technologies and improvement of tools for rational placement of varieties in macro-, meso- and microecological niches. Тhe paper shows the ways of applying elements of new strategies for a dramatic increase in fruit crops to ensure, with their simultaneous use, an increase in yields by 200-250%.

The yield of fruit crops depends significantly on the climatic conditions of growing. High-temperature stresses of the summer growing season can lead to a decrease or even death of the crop. In the Krasnodar Territory, more and more new records of the onset of high temperatures are observed in the summer months, when the average daily temperature exceeds the climatic norm by 4-7 degrees. The purpose of the study is to study the sustainability of apple tree trips for summer high-temperature stresses, an assessment of the interaction in the system "Genotype of stock-scion/stock combinations of apple tree-habitat" in the conditions of a changing climate, as well as identifying the rootstocks that are most adapted to the soil-climatic conditions of the South of Russia. The relevance of the work is due to the enhancement of harmfulness of high-temperature stresses during the passage of the most important stage of laying the generative organs of the future harvest and ripening the current. An assessment of the drought-resistance of the apple trees in conditions of an elevated temperature background was carried out. Apple tree Prikubanskoy cultivar on semi-dwarf rootstock CK 2 and dwarf rootstock M 9 and CK 7, had the greatest leaf boom and their better water-holding ability. The most productive were the trees on the M 9 and SK 7 stocks. In the trees on the semi-dwarf stocks, the highest and steadily growing yield was on the SK 2 stock. Consequently, the implementation of genetic-physiological systems of adaptability of drought-resistant briefings determined the level of yields of the graft trees of the apple tree. The use of apple trees with a high biopotential of resistance to abiotic stress is an element of biologized compensation for the damaging effect of climatic stressors in the ecologized technology for the production of gardening products.

The stability of fruiting of fruit crops is highly dependent on exposure to natural environmental factors, primarily climate. For fruit crops (especially stone fruit) most destructive were negative air temperatures in winter and spring, which was revealed with the execution of this research. With the aim of developing a new approach to stabilization of production process of fruit crops in conditions of climate fluctuations assessment of plant adaptation of two peach cultivars (Golden Jubilee and the Veteran) in different ecological zones of horticulture (the Kuban and the Western foothills of the Krasnodar territory) for two long periods - 1985-2000 and 2001-2020), covering climate change. The new approach provides for the evaluation of plant production process of the studied cultivars on the manifestation of their adaptation to low temperatures in the winter-spring period in the particular phases of ontogenesis, with the consideration of the fluctuations of climate. The matrix of flower buds stability of the studied peach cultivars was worked out for each phase of winter-spring development. The probability of occurrence of stressful temperatures that destroy their crops over two long periods of years, taking into account climate change, was established. The most vulnerable periods of onset of temperature stress for peach cultivars in various areas of horticulture were identified. It shows the change in the ranks of their adaptation to the destructive temperatures of the winter-spring period (in time and space). Suggestions are given for adjusting the rational placement of peach cultivars, taking into account the success of the production process. The algorithm of a new approach to the stabilization of the production process of cultivars of fruit crops is presented.

The North Caucasus is the main area of commercial production of fruit. Sustainable crop growth requires knowledge about the complex impact of natural resources (climate, relief, soil) on the productivity and production process of plants. The paper shows a systematic assessment of fruit crops in a changing climate. A method has been created that includes in the study not the whole mass of system attributes, but the main “essential variables”. A special complex language has been elaborated, since modern extremum methods are incompatible with concepts such as “frost resistance”, “drought resistance”, “heat resistance” and others. These problems are solved with the help of digital modelling and GIS- technologies. Based on the assessment of the suitability conditions in the winter-spring period for fruit crops, relief and soil a layered ecological maps of rational distribution, combined into the integral (for 159 regions of Northern Caucasus) has been created. The subject for further research is the knowledge of specific backbone links between elements of the interaction of “genotype-environment” system, the characteristics of the structure of these relationships that determines the integrity of a complex object (varieties of fruit crops) and evolving in his new - emergency - properties when growing conditions change. These knowledge allow to reveal the mechanism of interaction “genotypeenvironment” and lead to control of production process of fruit crops in a changing environment. Rational distribution of varieties according to the phases of development (customisation of varieties under the conditions of the environment) taking into account the relief and soils would increase yields by 1.5-2 times without additional financial injections and provide 80% quicker flow of production process.

Modern breeding, especially when fruit plants cultivated for decades at the same location are concerned, requires a new strategy to develop cultivars resistant to abiotic limfactors of the environment. A more in-depth analysis of genotype–environment interaction phenomena is needed, as modern studies have shown that the level of plant productivity and yields is determined not by specific “genes of quantitative traits”, but mainly by the emergent (newly occurring when a lim-factor of the environment changes at the ontogenetic and phytocenotic levels) effects of the genotype–environment interaction (GEI). New knowledge is needed about the values of contributions to the productivity of a cultivar made by each of the genetic–physiological systems of plant adaptability (GPS-ad) when exposed to a particular lim-factor of the environment at a particular phase of ontogenesis. For the first time, aiming at finding promising peach genotypes for further breeding, we studied their adaptability to low temperatures in different horticulture zones of Krasnodar Territory. Shifts in the effects of low-temperature environmental stressors in the developmental phases of cultivars (produced by climate change) were analyzed in the time interval of 1985–2018. The presence of hereditary adaptive reserves for increasing peach productivity for each phase of development in the process of studying the phenomena of GEI was disclosed. Recommendations are given to breeders on phase-to-phase breeding of future cultivars: how to protect their production process at each developmental phase from negative effects of low temperatures.

Work was carried out to evaluate the protective and adaptive reactions of fruit crops to the temperature stresses of the winter-spring period (using peach varieties as an example in the Krasnodar Territory). Peach is one of the most demanding crops for temperature stresses of the winter-spring period. The levels of destructive air temperatures (ºС) for fl owering buds of 3 peach varieties were elaborated: Collins, a medium frost resistance; Favourite Morretini, an Italian variety of low frost resistance; Sochny, a variety of breeding Nikita Botanical Gardens with high frost resistance in phases of winter-spring development. The study covers two long periods (1985-2000 and 2001-2019) in three horticultural zones of the Krasnodar Territory – the Kuban horticultural zone (Krasnodar weather station), Piedmont zone (Goryachy Klyuch weather station), Steppe zone (Tikhoretsk weather station). The manifestations of destructive low temperatures were revealed for each analyzed variety for each period in each studied horticultural zone. The reactions of varieties to destructive temperature stresses of the winterspring period in time and space of the Krasnodar Territory are shown. It has been established that against the background of exposure to environmental limiting factors (low temperatures in the winter-spring period) in the development of fl ower buds of peach varieties under conditions of climate fl uctuations, there’s a change going on in the spectra (sets) of gene products that determine the one and the same quantitative trait – frost resistance, which leads to change the ranks of varieties on this basis. It was determined that in the present time, Sochny variety should be placed in the Kuban, Piedmont and Steppe zones. Favourite Morretini and Collins can be successfully grown in Kuban zone. The results of the research allowed us to make recommendations on the rational placement of peach varieties, taking into account their protective and adaptive reactions to the stresses of the winter-spring period.

Irrational placement of crops without taking into account the “genotype-environment” interaction leads to significant economic losses, especially in conditions of climate change in the manifestation of thermal stress-factors. The purpose of the work is to ensure the stability of the perennial crops fruiting from the position of maximum realization of their hereditary basis in various growing conditions. Using the methods of genetic-physiological, biological, genetic-physiological, meteorological data and digital technologies, a new approach was proposed for managing crop productivity on the example of fruit crops varieties. The importance of the development increases dramatically due to the fact that its use provides stabilization of the fruiting of perennial crops varieties in specific areas of cultivation, taking into account climate change. Using research results will reduce the risk of yield loss from environmental stress-factors. On the basis of a long-term analysis (1986-2018), the probability of manifestation of the temperatures of the winter-spring period, which are destructive for apricot plants, has been studied in different zones of the Krasnodar Territory. The critical minimum temperatures for the fruiting of apricot genotypes of different frost resistance of Krasnoshchekiy (lowered) and 1-22 hybrid (increased), breeding of North Caucasus Federal scientific center of horticulture, viticulture, winemaking for the phases of their development were determined. The manifestations of the minimum temperatures of the winter-spring period were estimated for 30 meteorological stations of the Krasnodar Territory based on data from an analysis of exceeding their critical values in the development phases of the studied varieties. Their response (also in the context of phenological phases) to the temporal and spatial dynamics of limiting factors of the environment is analyzed. The obtained data for each meteorological station is imported into the geographic information system ILWIS, and interpolated to obtain the results of rational distribution of the studied varieties of apricot in the form of digital maps. The constructed digital maps of rational distribution of specific varieties by development phases reveal the adaptive potential of varieties in the conditions of climate change. A new approach to managing the productivity of fruit crops varieties on the example of apricot in various zones of the Krasnodar Territory is proposed.

The reaction of two pear varieties (Kieffer with reduced winter hardiness and Leven with increased winter hardiness) on the changing climatic conditions of winter-spring period from 1986 to 2018 on the territory of Krasnodar region was studied. The critical minimum temperature is detrimental to flower buds of the studied varieties in different phases of the winter-spring period. Thermal stress manifestation in time and space is calculated. Digital maps of dynamic changes in the periodicity of the temperature conditions in the winter-spring period for the analyzed pear varieties are compiled. A digital computer analysis of the evaluation of frost hazard territories of Krasnodar region for pears in changing climate conditions was carried out. The proposed scientific approach suggests the need for a transition from registering the impact on the productivity of fruit crops and their varieties of individual environmental factors to evaluate their relationship and interdependence over specific phases of development. It will allow more efficient use the natural potentials of crops, varieties and growing environments without additional capital investments.

The results of analysis of long-term changes in the risk of apricot damage in spring frosts in the Krasnodar region are presented. The phenomenon of changing the ranks of the probability of the manifestation of low-temperature minima in two long-term periods (19852000 and 2001-2017) is revealed. It is shown that the change of ranks from the first to the second period occurs for varieties Krasnoshcheky and Gerdel 1-22 practically the same throughout the research area, which indicates a very weak contribution of ecological differences between geographic points in the phenomenon of genotype-environment interaction. The variety of New Jersey is almost consistently ranked third (the most unstable) in all regions except for Ust-Labinsk in the period 1985-2000. It is shown that apricot varieties differ in frost-resistance homeostasis. Variety Krasnoshcheky in period 1 and period 2 has differences in the probability of manifestation of low-temperature minima 29.7 and 35.3; variety Zherdel 1-22 25.2 and 29.5; and the grade of New Jersey is 25.0 and 41.1. The most homeostatic frost resistance in the Gerdel variety is 1-22.

современные проблемы дЗЗ из космоса, 15(3

The long-term dynamics of agrochemical properties for leached chernozem under an orchard monoculture has been studied. The objects of monitoring are two testing areas in the south (“Krasnodar”) and in the center of the European part of Russia (“Michurinsk”) without applying of organo-mineral fertilizers and chemical melioration to the soil. A significant decrease of the main fertility indicators within the soils humus horizon has been revealed during the period of intensive growth and stabilization of apple trees yields for the testing area in the south of Russia: a reduction in the nitrogen mineral forms stores and nitrification ability, and in exchange potassium stores. As for the area in the center of the European part of Russia, a trend for the content of mobile forms of phos-phorus and potassium decreasing during the growth and stabilization of apple yields has been revealed. The regression models obtained as a result of the anal-ysis were linear and revealed probable significant trend of the decrease for the observed indicators over time. Quantitative changes in the parameters of the organic matter content in soils within the boundaries of the testing area made it possible to identify the processes of dehumification: in conditions of monocul-ture at the natural level of fertility. During the period from 1990 to 2014, the depletion of soil organic matter contained 7.5%. It is shown that the processes of soil organic matter depletion occur differently under different soil and climatic conditions. It is established that apple plantations, consuming the amount of available forms of mineral elements needed for the forming of sustainable yields, create prerequisites for the development of processes of chernozems chemical degradation. Absence of fertilizers and chemical reclamation on this background contribute to aggravation of this process.

The long-term dynamics of agrochemical properties for leached chernozem under an orchard monoculture has been studied. The objects of monitoring are two testing areas in the south (“Krasnodar”) and in the center of the European part of Russia (“Michurinsk”) without applying of organo-mineral fertilizers and chemical melioration to the soil. A significant decrease of the main fertility indicators within the soils humus horizon has been revealed during the period of intensive growth and stabilization of apple trees yields for the testing area in the south of Russia: a reduction in the nitrogen mineral forms stores and nitrification ability, and in exchange potassium stores. As for the area in the center of the European part of Russia, a trend for the content of mobile forms of phos-phorus and potassium decreasing during the growth and stabilization of apple yields has been revealed. The regression models obtained as a result of the anal-ysis were linear and revealed probable significant trend of the decrease for the observed indicators over time. Quantitative changes in the parameters of the organic matter content in soils within the boundaries of the testing area made it possible to identify the processes of dehumification: in conditions of monocul-ture at the natural level of fertility. During the period from 1990 to 2014, the depletion of soil organic matter contained 7.5%. It is shown that the processes of soil organic matter depletion occur differently under different soil and climatic conditions. It is established that apple plantations, consuming the amount of available forms of mineral elements needed for the forming of sustainable yields, create prerequisites for the development of processes of chernozems chemical degradation. Absence of fertilizers and chemical reclamation on this background contribute to aggravation of this process.

The aim of this work is to study the functioning of fruit crops (on the example of apricot in the South of Russia) with the external factors acting on them in order to increase their productivity in conditions of climate change. Objectives: 1) to evaluate the range of tolerance of apricot culture at speci fi c moments of its life to the limiting factors of the growing environment; 2) to study the adaptability of the culture to changing climatic conditions for speci fi c phases of development. The changes of temperature conditions in the Krasnodarregion and the Republicof Kabardino-Balkariyafor 32 years (1986-2017) were analyzed. The duration of the period of manifestation of stress factors of the winter-spring period in the Kubanzone of Krasnodar region and its western foothills causing the death of apricot fl ower buds was studied. The manifestations of temperature stress factors in the winter-spring period in the Steppe and Foothill zones of Kabardino-Balkaria were studied in parallel (for comparison). Tendencies of shift of limiting factors in the main zones of apricot cultivation in these regions in the winter-spring period are noted. It is established that with the General global warming there is a local increase in the period of winter development of temperature stresses on the strength and frequency of their manifestations. Adaptive reactions of apricot on climate fl uctuations in time (32 years) and space (Krasnodarregion, Republicof Kabardino-Balkaria) are revealed. The obtained data should be used to “ fi t” the new environmental conditions to the requirements of the plant organism (in this case, for apricot culture).