In the period of the epidemic rise in the incidence rate of influenza in 2015-2016 on the basis of infectious hospitals in Simferopol, Arkhangelsk and Samara, there performed a multicenter to evaluate the effectiveness and economic feasibility of two alternative treatment regimens for influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 patients. The study included 88 patients with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. Patients of the main group (n = 46) received complex therapy with the use of antiviral (oseltamivir) and immunomodulating (interferon gamma) agents. Patients of the control group (n = 40) received only antiviral therapy (oseltamivir). To assess the effectiveness and economic feasibility of the two different treatment regimens, the outcome of the disease was analyzed: the discharge the hospital up to the 10th day of the illness and no symptoms of the disease by the 3-6th day of treatment. The supplementation of recombinant interferon gamma in the treatment regimen of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 patients was found to promote the faster release of catarrhal and respiratory symptoms of the disease: the absence of dry cough by the 3-6th day of treatment (RR = 1.43, 95% CI: 0.86 - 2.38), rhinitis (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.05-1.40) and dyspnea (RR= 1.28, 95% CI: 1.06-1.54). In addition, the supplementation of recombinant interferon gamma in the treatment regimen of patients with influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 promoted a significant shortening of time of the recovery and discharge from the hospital (RR =1.39, 95% CI: 0.97 - 2.00). Clinical and economic analysis of the use of two alternative treatment regimens has shown the supplementation of recombinant interferon gamma in the therapy of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 patients to be economically favorable

The article provides the summarized data of clinical trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of kagocel used to prevent and treat influenza and acute respiratory viral infections of different etiologies. The results of numerous preclinical and clinical trials suggest that the kagocel substance is highly safe and that it is appropriate to use the drug for the treatment and prevention of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections of another etiology.

The use of immunoglobulin preparations for the postexposure prevention of tick-borne encephalitis as the main therapeutic and prophylactic agent fails to have enough high efficiency. For the postexposure prevention and treatment of tick-borne viral encephalitis the use of preparation tioloroin seems to be appropriate. Objective. To determine the expedience of the use of the preparation tiloron for the emergency prevention of tick-borne viral encephalitis and to evaluate its effectiveness in the treatment of patients with febrile and meningeal forms of this infection. Materials and Methods. The evaluation ofpost-exposure prophylaxis of tick-borne was carried out in two groups of individuals (each group was consisted of 100 cases), suffered from the suction of ticks infected by encephalitis virus. Both groups sought for medical help in the first 48 hours after the moment of the tick suction. None of the victims has not been vaccinated against the disease and had no serological markers of infection. According to existing regulations, patients in both groups received post-exposure prophylaxis antiviral tick immunoglobulin in the standard dose. Patients of the second group additionally received an interferon inducer drug tiloron. For the evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of the drug tiloron there was executed the analysis of clinical and laboratory picture of verified tick-borne viral encephalitis in 40 patients treated at "Republican Hospital for Infectious Diseases" of the city of Syktyvkar in the period from 2010 to 2015. There were studied the dynamics of clinical symptoms, haematological and biochemical markers, CSF, certain immunological indices: CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8, IgM and IgG. For the comparative assessment of the effectiveness of treatment, all the examined patients were divided into 4 groups depending on the clinical diagnosis and ongoing taken causal treatment. Results. Among the patients received post-exposure prophylaxis with inclusion of the preparation tiloron, the disease developed significantly less often, without the formation offocal forms. The use of tiloron in combination therapy reduced the duration of main clinical manifestations in patients with febrile and meningeal forms of the disease, contributed to a more rapid rehabilitation of cerebrospinal fluid, recovery of subpopulations of T-lymphocytes. Conclusions. Immunomodulating inductor tiloron is effective in complex treatment and prevention of tick-borne viral encephalitis.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 3 to 5 million cases of influenza are registered every year worldwide, of which 250--500 thousand are fatal. Epidemics of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections occur most often in winter, however, outbreaks may also be recorded in the autumn-winter and winter-spring periods. Sporadic cases of ARVI occur at any time of the year. Factors contributing to the development of flu epidemics include: high density of population in metropolitan areas; adverse environmental factors; inadequate immunization coverage; poor hygiene during epidemics; unhealthy eating habits (unbalanced, excessive). Groups at risk of severe and complicated course of influenza and ARVI are young children, the elderly, and patients suffering from chronic disorders of the upper respiratory tract, bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular systems, as well as people with immunodeficiency. [1]

Objective: to study the activity of proapoptotic signal protein caspase-3 for determination of peculiarities of apoptosis regulation under liver chronic diseases.Subjects and methods. The immunohistochemical analysis of caspase-3 activity in 5 liver biopsies of the patients with mono infection of chronic hepatitis B and 5 liver biopsies of the patients with mixed infection of tuberculosis, chronic hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus was fulfilled. Morphological and morphometric analysis of serial microphotographs was performed using an image analysis system (microscope Leica DM 2500, digital camera Leica DFC320 R2 and a computer).Results. The activity of caspase-3 as dark brown granularity was revealed in all tis-sue components of liver (hepatocytes, epithelium of bile ducts, endotheliocytes, Kupffer cells of sinusoids, in compositions of lymphohistiocyte infiltrations). The maximal activity was discovered in hepatocytes nuclei. The expression of caspase-3 was significantly higher in liver biopsies of the patients with mixed infection. It is typical that the immunoreactive hepatocytes had not any morphological marks of apoptosis.Conclusion. The caspase-3 expression of proapoptotic signal protein caspase-3 may serve as an early marker of liver damage including the possibilities of apoptosis development.

The system of genetic control of innate immune responses to influenza infection and gene function allows for the development of systemic treatment of influenza with a focus on the phenotype of mutations based on individual genetic susceptibility to severe disease and/or the development of complications.

By force of hormonal and physiological changes occurring in the body throughout pregnancy, in the case of the flu, pregnant women are at greater risk of developing complications. In this regard, the study of clinical and pathogenetic features of influenza in pregnant women deserves special attention. So, on the basis of epidemiological data over the past few decades, WHO experts have included pregnant women in groups at risk of severe (complicated) course of the flu. The flu for a pregnant female is a dangerous infection, representing a real threat to the health of the expectant mother and her child. The clinical picture of influenza in pregnant women can vary significantly, and severe complications combine with the development of a pathology of pregnancy, which ultimately exacerbates the condition as well an expectant mother as the fetus. For the study both of the character of the clinical course of influenza in pregnant women and the mechanism of the immunosuppressive state FGBU "Influenza Research Institute" performed a simple multi-center comparative study on the base of the infectious-disease units of the GBOU "NGMU" and the Medical University "KrasGMU named after. prof. V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The obtained results allowed to reveal some clinical and immunological features of the course of influenza in pregnant women: at the peak of the disease there was noted a significant inhibition of induced production of IFN-γ.

Influenza is an acute infectious disease caused by influenza virus (Orthomyxoviridae family) which affects up to 15% of the world population in the cold season. The relevance of the disease is reflected in the statistics: every year, up to 500 million people get sick with influenza globally, of which 2 million cases are fatal. The situation in Russia is reflected in the following figures: 27.3 to 41.2 million people get sick with influenza and ARVI annually. Every 6th-7th Russian is involved in the epidemic process.

Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever is severe acute infectious diseases accompanied by the development of severe systemic inflammatory response followed by the addition of disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiple organ failure. Since 1976 in Africa regularly observed disease outbreaks among humans caused by different types of Ebola virus. Modern epidemic in West Africa began in Guinea in February 2014 and is still going on, coming out of the country and distributed in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) on December 14, 2014 recorded 18,603 cases of them confirmed EVD 11807, fatal 6915. From July 2014 to currently registered sporadic cases EVD among health care workers caring for patients, as well as among tourists returning from countries affected by the epidemic is already outside of West Africa. Due to the limited use of specific antiviral therapy with special attention to the management ofpatients with EVD should be paid to the intensive and timely pathogenetic therapy. Today, the only way to reduce morbidity and mortality among people from EVD is awareness on the risk factors of infection and the use ofpersonal protective measures.

Manifestation of functional capabilities of an any cell in the body is largely determined by intracellular metabolism, changing his parameters in dependence on the specifity of the pathological process. Indices with high informativeness and relevance for the recording features of intracellular processes in most of exogenous and endogenous effects on the cells are activity of enzymes in them and their lipid profile.

Aim – to evaluate the effectiveness of immunomodulating drug Galavit in patients with uncomplicated influenza. Materials and methods. Non-randomized single-center comparative study was performed. Patients with influenza (male, average age – 25,1 ± 1,3 years, n = 45) were divided into 2 groups. Study group (n = 20) from the time of admission received the drug Galavit in addition to symptomatic and detoxification therapy. Patients in the control group (n = 25) received only symptomatic and detoxication therapy. The criterion of effectiveness of the preparation was positive dynamics of clinical symptoms and the results of clinical blood. Results. For the 2nd day of the disease 15 % of patients of the group returned to normal body temperature (in the control group, none of the patients had normal body temperature to the 2nd day of illness). By the 5th day of observation, 95 % of the study group patients showed normalization of body temperature (in the control group – 84 % of patients). Catarrhal symptoms resolved faster in patients of the main group than in patients of control group. Patients treated with Galavit observed normal levels of white blood cells and ESR by the moment of hospital discharge, in the control group leukocytosis and increased ESR remained. Conclusion. Galavit drug reduces the duration of catarrhal and intoxication syndrome in patients with influenza, effect positively on hematological parameters: helps reduce the number of white blood cells, stab shift, normalization of ESR.

The HIV epidemic has been going on for nearly thirty years, it is a heterogeneous, dynamic and highly resistant to countermeasures. The Leningrad Region and the city of St. Petersburg today are referred to the most affected regions of the Russian Federation, as nearly 1% of the population of this city has HIVpositive status. Despite the decline in the HIV infection incidence of the resident population of the Central District, the epidemiological situation for HIV infection remains to be tense, due to the increase in the cumulative number of HIV-infected and AIDS patients, the increase ofthe morbidity rate and mortality in co-infected patients with HIV/tuberculosis, activation of the output of the epidemic in vulnerable groups into the general population. At the same time, a cohort of HIV-infected patients with a high risk of late detection of tuberculosis continues to form

Interferon-gamma (IFN-y) is a pleiotropic lymphokine that have multiple effects on the growth and differentiation of various types of cells associated with innate immunity. IFN-y induces differentiation ofmyeloid cells, stimulates the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and class I antigens, it is a potent activator of macrophages which destroy antigenic molecules penetrating the cell. IFN-y is widely used for the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer, autoimmune and allergic diseases. Studies conducted in Research Institute ofInfluenza indicate that drugs IFN-y can be successfully usedfor prevention of influenza and acute respiratory infection (ARI) during the rise of incidence, as well as for the treatment - the first few days/ hours of the onset. The concomitant use of drugs as IFN-a and IFN-y on influenza and ARI can greatly improve the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy.

Acute respiratory diseases (ARD) are the most common in the structure of all infectious diseases. High antigenic variation of influenza viruses, adenoviruses and rhinoviruses slows down the process of creation of universal vaccines and leads to high incidence of developing resistance to direct-acting antiviral agents. Therefore, in the treatment and prevention of ARVI, it is reasonable to take medicines which activate the mechanisms of nonspecific immune response thus increasing the overall resistance of the organism. IFN-γ is a pluripotent cytokine with a strong etiotropic (antiviral) action and a potent immunomodulator. IFN-γ can be recommended for the prevention and treatment of influenza and ARVI during the peak of disease or in the first days/ hours of the disease onset. Concomitant use of IFN-α and IFN-γ against influenza and ARVI can significantly increase both prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy.

Dendritic cells (DC) are the most professional antigen presenting cells, which are the first to recognize the «danger signals» and trigger highly specific immune responses. However, the results ofstudies performed by some foreign and domestic authors, testify to a violation of the functional activity of DCs in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). In order to study the nature of the clinical course of various forms of CHC and for the assessment of the capability of DC to antigen presentation in the 2014-2015 in «Research Institute of Influenza» there was performed a simple comparative clinical study. DC obtained from patients with CHC were found to have high antigen-presenting activity due to the presence on their surface a high level of the expression of MHC class I and II. The maturation of DC is accompanied by a significant increase in the levels of expression of HLA-A, B, C and HLA-DR, irrespective of the degree of liver fibrosis, biochemical activity of alanine aminotransferase or level of viral load.

Система генетического контроля реакции врожденного иммунитета на гриппозную инфекцию и функции генов позволяет вести разработку системного лечения гриппа с ориентацией на фенотипические проявления мутаций с учетом наследственной предрасположенности индивида к тяжелому течению заболевания и/или развитию осложнений.

Objective : to study the activity of proapoptotic signal protein caspase-3 for determination of peculiarities of apoptosis regulation under liver chronic diseases. Subjects and methods . The immunohistochemical analysis of caspase-3 activity in 5 liver biopsies of the patients with mono infection of chronic hepatitis B and 5 liver biopsies of the patients with mixed infection of tuberculosis, chronic hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus was fulfilled. Morphological and morphometric analysis of serial microphotographs was performed using an image analysis system (microscope Leica DM 2500, digital camera Leica DFC320 R2 and a computer). Results. The activity of caspase-3 as dark brown granularity was revealed in all tis-sue components of liver (hepatocytes, epithelium of bile ducts, endotheliocytes, Kupffer cells of sinusoids, in compositions of lymphohistiocyte infiltrations). The maximal activity was discovered in hepatocytes nuclei. The expression of caspase-3 was significantly higher in liver biopsies of the patients with mixed infection. It is typical that the immunoreactive hepatocytes had not any morphological marks of apoptosis. Conclusion. The caspase-3 expression of proapoptotic signal protein caspase-3 may serve as an early marker of liver damage including the possibilities of apoptosis development.

В отличие от эпидемий гриппа, практически ежегодно поражающих население, пандемии случаются гораздо реже, но имеют более тяжелые медицинские и социальные последствия. Изучение характера течения всех современных эпидемий и пандемий в настоящее время приобретает особую актуальность.Пандемия гриппа A(H1N1) 2009 г. была вызвана вирусом смешанного (тройного) происхождения. В России первые три случая заболеваний были выявлены в Москве с 21 по 10 июня 2009 г. На Дальнем Востоке – на 2–2,5 мес позже по сравнению с европейской частью России. Однако эпидемия гриппа в России, вызванная вирусом гриппа A(H1N1)pdm09, началась и более стремительно развивалась именно на Дальнем Востоке. Наиболее высокая заболеваемость (10,2–10,3 на 100 человек) была зарегистрирована в городах Дальневосточного и Сибирского регионов.Филогенетический анализ позволил установить происхождение тройного реассортанта вируса A(H1N1)pdm09 из ви