The Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus transmitted to people by Aedes mosquitoes, usually Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The virus causes Chikungunya fever, a disease characterized by fever, nausea, headaches, rash, and persistent arthral­gia. Chikungunya fever may be associated with severe complications, including death. Since 2005, CHIKV has spread worldwide, leading to epidemics in Africa, Indian Ocean islands, Asia, and, most recently, in the Americas. Globally expanding pandemics with CHIKV rheumatic disorders and post-infectious complications are exacerbating public health problems. There is no specific vac­cine or drug to treat this viral infection. Analysis of the search for effective drugs in relation to CHIKV showed that, despite the diversity of research areas, as well as the use of modern advances in molecular biology, there are no etiotropic treatments or medic­inal immunobiological preparations (MIBPs) approved for use in practical medicine. However, new strategies for antiviral research are encouraging (inspire optimism?). Combined chemotherapy with interferons and antiviral agents is an appealing ther­apeutic strategy for providing increased antiviral activity and reducing drug concentrations.

Studies have been conducted to assess the effectiveness of Arbidol® in relation to the experimental form of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Syrian Golden hamster. It is shown that Arbidol® is most effective when used in therapeutic and prophylactic schemes. The coefficient of therapeutic action for virological, hematological and biochemical parameters was 57.5 and 65.0%, respectively (P

The results of the in vitro studies on the efficacy of medical nonspecific protective agents from various pharmacological groups showed that some drugs, such as velferon, alferon, betaferon, ribavirin and lopinavir were active against TOPC virus, that permitted to recommend them for estimation of their activity on laboratory animals. The data on the in vivo activity of pharmacological drugs with respect to TOPC virus are rather scanty and it is difficult to predetermine their efficacy. The danger of TOPC virus latent circulation among wild animals in China requires research of new efficient medical agents for protection of the people from the pathogen in the Russian Federation.

Studies have been carried out to study the effectiveness of the high-molecular inducer of interferon Larifan® in relation to the experimental form of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Syrian hamsters. It is shown that Lariphan® is effective when applied in a preventive scheme, and the scheme of emergency prevention. The coefficient of therapeutic action for virological, hematological and biochemical parameters was 57.5 and 65.0%, respectively (ð

The antiviral activity of the drug Kagocel®, which has a high safety profile and proven efficacy for the prevention and treatment of influenza and AVRI as an interferon inducer, was studied against a new pandemic strain of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro in Vero C1008 cell culture. The results of the study revealed that at the addition of the substance Kagocel® at the concentration of 5000 pg/ml into the cell culture 1 h before the virus infection and 1 h after, there was 100% inhibition of the cytopathic activity of the virus. It was also found that Kagocel® at the dose of 5000 pg/ml effectively suppressed the reproduction of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, vari­ant B, in Vero C1008 cell culture by 1.75 lg, the inhibition coefficient was 97.83 %.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a representative of the viruses of the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae, it belongs to the zoonotic arbovirus infections transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. In humans, this flavivirus causes a disease known as zika fever, etymologically related to yellow fever, dengue, West Nile and Chikungunya viruses. There is no specific treatment for zika fever, just as there is no vaccine or preventive measures available to date. A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of chemotherapy medications, interferon inducers and two classes of interferon α-, β-, and γ- showed that interferon drugs effectively inhibit the reproduction of Zika virus in Vero cell culture in a wide range of concentrations. Chemotherapy medications Triazavirin®, Virazole®, Zovirax®, Cytarabine®, and Ingavirin® did not affect the reproduction of Zika virus strain MR 766V in Vero cell culture. The size of negative Zika virus colonies was significantly reduced in the presence of Virazole® and Ribavirin® at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. zika virus, Triazavirin®, Ribavirin®, Ingavirin®, Reaferon-EU®, Rebif(fila)®, antiviral efficacy

The effectiveness of Ribavirin® was evaluated by the certainty of disease severity reduction and the coefficient of therapeutic action of drugs at the peak of the pathological process calculated by the following indicators: accumulation of the virus in the lungs, lung damage degree reduction, reduction observed in the severity of changes in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of white blood, as well as the severity of changes in biochemical blood parameters. Ribavirin® is most effective when used according to the emergency prevention regimen at a dose of 20 mg/kg (therapeutic action coefficient — 70%); at a dose of 40 mg/kg according to the therapeutic and prophylactic regimen (therapeutic action coefficient — 60%). Increasing the dose of Ribavirin® did not contribute to the therapeutic effectiveness of the drug.

The antiviral activity of the drug Kagocel®, which has a high safety profile and proven efficacy for the prevention and treatment of influenza and AVRI as an interferon inducer, was studied against a new pandemic strain of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro in Vero C1008 cell culture The results of the study revealed that at the addition of the substance Kagocel® at the concentration of 5000 mg/ml into the cell culture 1 h before the virus infection and 1 h after, there was 100% inhibition of the cytopathic activity of the virus It was also found that Kagocel® at the dose of 5000 mg/ml effectively suppressed the reproduction of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, variant B, in Vero C1008 cell culture by 1 75 lg, the inhibition coefficient was 97 83 % Изучена противовирусная активность лекарственного препарата Кагоцел®, имеющего высокий профиль безопасности и доказанную эффективность для профилактики и лечения гриппа и ОРВИ в качестве индуктора интерферонов, в отношении нового пандемического штамма SARS-CoV-2 в экспериментах in vitro в культуре клеток Vero C1008 Результаты исследования выявили, что при внесении субстанции Кагоцел® в культуру клеток за 1 ч до инфицирования и через 1 ч после в концентрации 5000 мкг/мл отмечалось подавление цитопатической активности вируса на 100% Также было установлено, что Кагоцел® эффективно подавляет репродукцию вируса SARS-CoV-2, вариант В, в культуре клеток Vero C1008 в дозе 5000 мкг/мл на 1,75 lg, при этом коэффициент ингибирования по подавлению репродукции вируса составил 97,83%

Studies have shown that high-molecular inducers of interferon Larigan®, Ridostin®, and Rifastin cause «early» interferon production which amounts to maximum 3 hours after injection. Re-introduction of interferon inducers with an interval of 3 days does not cause the inhibition of interferon synthesis, i.e. refractoriness is not observed. Oral administration of a low molecular weight interferon inducer Arbidol® also stimulates the synthesis of endogenous interferon in the blood serum of rabbits, but in much lower concentrations. Reaferon® when administered intramuscularly to primates in therapeutically effective concentrations is detected in the serum of monkeys 6 hours after application. Reaferon® is not detected in the serum of monkeys after oral administration. It was also impossible to identify the drug after intramuscular administration in rabbits, even at high doses.

Studies have been carried out to study the effectiveness of the high-molecular inducer of interferon Larifan® in relation to the experimental form of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Syrian hamsters. It is shown that Lariphan® is effective when applied in a preventive scheme, and the scheme of emergency prevention. The coefficient of therapeutic action for virological, hematological and biochemical parameters was 57.5 and 65.0%, respectively (ð<0.05 and ð<0.01).

AIMStudy of immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a novel inactivated vaccine with chitosan against influenza A/H1N1/2009.MATERIALS AND METHODSInfluenza virus A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) strain was used in the study. Mice were immunized twice (21 day interval) with experimental samples of inactivated influenza vaccine: No. 1--without the addition of chitosan, No. 2--with addition of chitosan. The blood was obtained 21 days after the first and 10 days after the second immunization with the vaccines and was treated with RDE. Antibody levels were evaluated in HI reaction.RESULTSHI reaction method showed that antibody titers induced after immunization of vaccine No. 2 were higher than those induced after immunization with vaccine No. 1. Evaluation of protective efficacy of the vaccines against an experimental form of influenza infection in mice showed that after immunization with vaccine that does not contain chitosan the level of virus accumulation does not differ from the control statistically significantly (p < or = 0.05), at the same time the level of virus accumulation in the lungs of infected animals immunized with chitosan containing vaccine significantly (significantly with 95% probability) decreased by an average 3.01g when compared with control.CONCLUSIONComparative analysis of immunogenicity and protective efficacy of experimental samples of inactivated influenza vaccine against influenza A/H 1N1/2009 showed that the vaccine with the addition of chitosan stimulates the formation of a higher immune response and promotes a more significant suppression of influenza A infectious agent reproduction in the lung target-organ.

Analysis of the efficacy of Grippferon vs. the reference drugs Realdiron and Reaferon-EC against the influenza virus A(H1N1)/2009 in susceptible static cell cultures showed that in the concentrations tested it was efficient in inhibition of the virus cytopathic activity and generation of specific hemagglutinin.

The role of reamberin, a succinate-containing infusion preparation in correlation of pulmonary metabolic and respiratory disturbances in patients with obstetric puerperal sepsis was estimated. The prospective randomized study enrolled 43 patients with puerperal obstetric sepsis complicated by polyorganic deficiency (SOFA 8-10). Nineteen patients of the 1st group and 24 patients of the 2nd group were additionally treated with reamberin in a dose of 800 ml/day for 8 days. The venous and arterial difference by glucose, lactate, pyruvate, diene conjugates, malondialdehyde and ceruloplasmin was investigated. The blood gases were determined with the Ciba Corning 45 apparatus. Lower metabolic activity of the lungs with prevalence of the glucose anaerobic metabolism and lower activity of the intrapulmonary antioxidant protection were observed in the patients with obstetric sepsis. The use of reamberin in the complex therapy of obstetric sepsis promoted maintenance of the initial balance and anaeroibic and aerobic pulmonary metabolism, thus providing shorter terms of the decompensation and recovery of the lungs respiratory function.

Foreign experience with empirical management of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) due to coronavirus, genotype IV is described. It is indicated that the data on the efficacy of ribavirin with respect to SARS in the patients are contradictory. The efficacy of two chemotherapeutics, i. e. lopinavir and ritonavir used in the SARS foci is confirmed. The drugs are at present applicable all over the world in retrovirus therapy of HIV infected subjects. The search for efficient Russian unspecific medicines for control of SARS is actual.

High in vitro and in vivo efficacy of Ingavirin against the Mexican pandemic influenza virus A/H1N1/2009, strains A/California/04/2009 (H1N1) and A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) vs. the reference drug Arbidol was studied and verified when used therapeutically and prophylactically.