The relevance of the new forms of ecologically safe, stable in composition, in functional activity, biodegradable preparations development with a complex positive effect on plants remains high and the presented work is devoted to acquaintance with the generalized results of interdisciplinary studies for the effect on the system of soil (soil substitute) - cultivated plants by nanocompositions created based on carbon (water-soluble polyhydroxylated, carboxylated and amino acid derivatives of fullerene C60) nanostructures with additions of microelements in certain concentration ratios. Based on the previously identified concentration ranges of the tested fullerene derivatives with a positive effect on plants when treating their seeds, introducing them into the soil, other root habitats and foliar exposure, their compositions with salts of microelements were developed and in a series of vegetation and field experiments under controlled favorable conditions and when modeling oxidative stress caused by UV-B irradiation, deficiency of soil moisture, deficiency of nutrients, phytopathogens, as well as in the natural conditions of the Leningrad region, the main mechanisms of positive impact (regulatory on vital systems, adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, protective) of the created nanocompositions on plants and the prospects of their application in plant growing are shown.

Root crops of the Cabbage family (radish, turnip, garden radish, Russian turnip) are valuable root vegetable crops widely cultivated in the world. Radish and garden radish belong to botanical species Raphanus sativus L., turnips belong to species Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapa, and Russian turnip to Brassica napobrassica L. The root crops are valuable for high concentration of vitamins B1, B2, B6, PP, C, essential amino acids and essential and mustard oils. The world collection of root plants of Cabbage family is represented by more than 2500 samples of garden radish and radish from 75 countries; 604 samples of turnip from 32 countries, 251 samples of rutabaga from 26 countries. The researchers from Russian Institute of Genetic Plant Resources named after N.I.Vavilov are involved in collecting, preserving and investigating genetic resources of root crops. The collection is being completed by expeditionary surveys, references from breeding institutions in Russia, extracts from foreign genetic banks and commercial acquisitions. The authors focus on the fact that cultivation of root crops in the Asian part of Russia requires varieties of garden radish, radish, turnips and Russian turnip not only with high yield potential, but also well adapted to local conditions, high nutritional value and high concentration of biologically active matters. Breeding of these crops should be aimed at improving their biological and consumer properties. The properties are seen as tasty varieties, ones with nutritional value that are able to keep juiciness of the pulp for a long time and resistant to biotic and abiotic environmental factors.

Выявлено влияние наноматериалов – углеродных и кремнезольных наноструктур и их производных – на устойчивость ярового ячменя к заболеванию корневыми гнилями. Установлено, что усовершенствование состава кремнезолей на основе 1 масс. % и 20 масс. % тетраэтоксисилана (ТЭОС) (рН 2–3 и 7–8) с макро- и микроэлементами (М) путем введения диоксида титана (TiO2) в форме анатаза, детонационного наноалмаза (ДНА) или его шихты, легированной бором (АШ с В), а также глицерина обеспечивало повышение их фитопротекторных свойств и существенно повышало устойчивость ярового ячменя к поражению возбудителем корневой гнили Cochliobolus sativus (S. Ito and Kurib.) после обработки семян. При этом положительное влияние на выживаемость растений и их дальнейшее развитие оказывали варианты кремнезолей: 20 масс.% ТЭОС (рН 7–8) с М, 2,5 масс. % ДНА; 1 масс.% ТЭОС (рН 2-3) с М и добавками отдельно или совместно 0,1 масс. % ТiO2 и глицерина. Микробиологические исследования поверхности семян ячменя позволили предположить возможную связь повышения устойчивости растений к фитопатогенам с регулирующим воздействием кремнезолей на численный состав эпифитных микроорганизмов и соотношение их таксономических и функциональных групп. Выявлено положительное влияние обработки семян производными фуллерена С60 с метионином и фуллереном С60 с треонином, а также его наносоставами на устойчивость растений к поражению возбудителем корневой гнили Cochliobolus sativus (S. Ito and Kurib.). При этом механизм их положительного влияния не связан с регулированием численности микроорганизмов на поверхности семян, а, по всей видимости, обусловлен способностью активизировать метаболизм и антиоксидантные способности растений.

The climatic conditions of the Nordic countries are similar to the conditions of the North-West region of the Russian Federation, which makes it possible to introduce interesting varieties for Russian breeding. Most of the local varieties of stubble turnips in the USSR were created using Scandinavian material. Local varieties are the source of the genetic diversity of vegetable crops. The work with such material is promising in terms of searching for sources and donors of valuable traits for breeding programs. 16 samples of local table turnips and stubble turnips from the Scandinavian countries were obtained from the Nordic genebank and a comprehensive study was carried out. Samples are described from the point of view of the existing agrobiological classification of turnip (M.A. Shebalina). Most of the local accessions are mixed populations of two or more types. It was found that the local accessions of Denmark, Norway, Finland and Sweden were represented by table turnips of the Karelian and Petrovsky types, a Tankard yellow type prevailed among the stubble turnips. A representative of a very rare variety type of turnip Kostenevskaya (Petrozavodskaya) was found. The fact of changing of the prevailing types of table and stubble turnips Scandinavian countries is probably connected with the introduction of the widespread European varieties of these cultures. Accessions of local Scandinavian stubble turnips have been identified as sources of productivity and valuable biochemical composition, exceeding the standard variety of Osterzundomsky. Gul Finlandsk, Norway (the Petrovskaya type), Ljusnedal, Sweden (May yellow greenhead type), Rana, Denmark, (the Bortfeld type) and Ova Daehnfeldt, Denmark (Tankard yellow) are promising sources for turnip breeding in Russian Federation.