Рассмотрены сферы применения наночастиц (НЧ) серебра в сельском хозяйстве. Приведен обзор литературы, посвященной использованию соединений НЧ серебра в животноводстве при кормлении и лечении сельскохозяйственных животных. Рассмотрены основные направления внедрения наносеребра в практику при защите культурных растений и их возделывании. Авторы представляют свои основные результаты исследований в этой области. Препарат “Арговит”, созданный на основе НЧ серебра и поливинилпирролидона, снижает антибиотикочувствительность, адгезивную и антилизоцимную активности патогенов родов Enterococcus, Salmonella и Escherichia, которые определяют возникновение, развитие и проявление инфекционных болезней у животных. Обнаружено, что нанокомпозиты серебра, представляющие собой НЧ серебра, погруженные в матрицы из природного полисахарида (арабиногалактана) или гуминовых веществ, обладают антибактериальным эффектом к бактерии, вызывающей кольцевую гниль картофеля. При этом нанокомпозиты оказывают стимулирующее воздействие на растения картофеля in vitro. Представленные сведения подтверждают перспективность широкого применения НЧ серебра в сельском хозяйстве.

Изучено влияние нанокомпозита селена, инкапсулированного в матрицу каррагинана (НК Se/Кар), на бактерию, вызывающую кольцевую гниль картофеля Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus (Cms), и растения картофеля in vitro. По данным электронной микроскопии НК Se/Кар состоит из сферических наночастиц селена широкого диапазона размерности, образующих агрегаты. Обнаружено, что нанокомпозит не обладает бактериостатической и антибиопленочной активностью в отношении бактерий Cms. Эксперименты, проведенные на растениях, показали стимулирующее влияние НК Se/Кар на биометрические показатели и снижение негативного эффекта заражения картофеля Cms. Установлено незначительное накопление селена в тканях картофеля после его обработки НК Se/Кар (0.01–0.03% воздушно-сухой массы). Полученные результаты позволяют рассматривать НК Se/Кар как агент для стимуляции развития сельскохозяйственных растений.

This paper reports the synthesis of nanocomposites of selenium and tellurium on a polymer matrix: arabinogalactan. Their physicochemical and biological properties are presented in detail. Studies of the parameters of acute toxicity and sex sensitivity to the nanocomposite of selenium and arabinogalactan show the following. The nanocomposite is characterized as a substance with a low acute toxicity hazard in the acute intragastric route of entry; no differences in the sex sensitivity of animals are revealed. The concentration dependences of the cytotoxicity of composites for human HEp-2 and ECV-304 cell cultures, as well as the green monkey kidney fibroblasts (Vero B), are studied during the investigation of biological properties of the nanocomposites of Te and Se with arabinogalactan. It is found that the Te and Se nanocomposites exhibit a different dependence of cytotoxicity on the concentration in all cultures studied. The nanocomposite of arabinogalactan with elemental selenium is shown to have a bactericidal effect against the causative agent of the ring rot of potato Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus.

В условиях наблюдающегося глобального потепления климата фитопатогенные микроорганизмы активно распространяются на восточные и северные территории. Однако не известно, каким образом такие патогены будут влиять на вегетацию и продуктивность культурных растений. Примером такого микроорганизма является возбудитель кольцевой гнили картофеля грамположительная бактерия Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus. В большинстве стран мира этот организм является карантинным, однако в России он к таковым не относится. В настоящей работе изучали взаимодействие возбудителя кольцевой гнили с картофелем в климатических условиях Восточной Сибири (Иркутская область) в виде продолжительного эксперимента, включающего заражение клубней перед закладкой на хранение, анализ его влияния на прорастание клубней, вегетацию и продуктивность картофеля. Осенью клубни заражали возбудителем кольцевой гнили с применением метода высечек, помещали на хранение, спустя период хранения, весной, анализировали длину и количество проростков. Затем клубни высаживали в почву в естественных климатических условиях, наблюдали за вегетацией. Осенью определяли урожайность. Показано, что заражение возбудителем кольцевой гнили подавляло рост проростков после хранения, но не имело отрицательного эффекта на стадии вегетации и образования картофеля. Показано, что заражение не оказывало значительного негативного эффекта на продуктивность картофеля, а в случае заражения бактерией штамм Ас1405, даже увеличивало этот показатель. По-видимому, такой эффект может быть связан с особенностями трофических взаимодействий между патогеном (возбудитель кольцевой гнили) и растением-хозяином (картофель), а также с климатическими условиями Восточной Сибири.

Изучали изменение активности гваякол-зависимой пероксидазы у 2-х сортов картофеля (Solanum tuberosum L.), различающихся по устойчивости к возбудителю кольцевой гнили Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus (Cms). Клубни картофеля заражали Cms, а также обрабатывали монойодацетатом натрия (МИА) и прогревали при 45 оС. Активность пероксидазы анализировали в листьях растений на стадии бутонизации и цветения. Показана зависимость между устойчивостью к патогену и активацией пероксидазы. У устойчивого сорта картофеля активность пероксидазы возрастала при переходе к фазе цветения и при инфицировании патогеном. Этого не происходило у восприимчивого сорта. В то же время предпосадочная обработка клубней прогреванием и МИА ингибировала повышение активности пероксидазы. Полученные данные указывали, что МИА и прогревание могут оказывать длительный физиологический эффект на растения картофеля.

Abstract To search the antiseptic agents capable to decontaminate the plants from pathogens the combined effect of moderate heat shock (45°С) and glycolisis inhibitor monoiodoacetate (MIA) on survival of potato pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus (Cms) and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. Under optimal temperature cultivation (26°С) MIA had no toxic effect on S. cerevisiae but decreased viability of Cms. The lethal effect of MIA significantly increased during heat treatment at 45°С. MIA in the range from 0.1 to 1 mM decreased the thermotolerance of Cms and S. cerevisiae cells in 10-10000 folds in dependence from time of treatment. A minimal concentration of MIA capable to affect the thermotolerance was 0.1 and 0.3 mM for S. cerevisiae and Cms, respectively. The effect of MIA on Cms and yeast survival during heat shock was stronger in logarithmic phase than in stationary ones.

EPPO BulletinVolume 34, Issue 2 p. 323-325 National regulatory control systemsFree Access Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus First published: 10 September 2004 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2004.00737.x European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization PM 9/2(1) Organisation Européenne et Méditerranéenne pour la Protection des Plantes AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Specific scope This standard describes a national regulatory control system for Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus. Specific approval and amendment First approved in 2003-09. Introduction Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, causing bacterial ring rot of potato, is an A2 quarantine pest for EPPO and for the European Union. It has a restricted distribution within the region, mainly being found in the north and east of the region. This reflects its biology, since persistence of the disease is favoured by cool moist conditions. Prevention of further spread of the pest within the region is achieved mainly by international measures. If countries can demonstrate that they are pest-free areas, or can establish pest-free areas within their territories, potatoes and plants from these areas will not be subject to the ring-rot restrictions which otherwise apply. These ring-rot restrictions, specified as pest-specific phytosanitary requirements in EPPO Standard PM 2/51(2), are intended to form part of the phytosanitary regulations of the EPPO countries concerning import of plants and plant products. Outline of the system A national regulatory control system is recommended to all the EPPO countries for the detection, containment and eradication of the organism if present, and provides sufficient guarantees to allow export of potatoes within the region, in conformity with EPPO Standard PM 2/51. This system is described in the present standard and is equivalent to the relevant EU Control Directive (EU, 1993). Visual inspection of potato tubers is not adequate to prevent the spread of ring rot because symptoms appear late in the growing season and the disease is often latent. Ring-rot control therefore depends primarily on the use of certified seed potatoes and on the testing of seed-potato samples by internationally agreed methods for detection and identification of C. m. sepedonicus. Whenever the disease is found, adequate measures are needed to contain and suppress it, with the aim of eradication, especially by delimitation of the regulated area and by restriction of the cultivation of potato, and control of volunteer potatoes, for several years. Since C. m. sepedonicus can also survive through the contamination of surfaces in stores, on potato-harvesting equipment, on transport vehicles and packaging material, etc., requirements are needed with respect to hygiene. The national regulatory control system is devised to ensure that countries which demonstrate that they apply it can export potatoes and other plants on the same basis as countries which have demonstrated that C. m. sepedonicus does not occur. Its effect is that they can export both from areas where C. m. sepedonicus is known not to occur and from areas where it is known to occur, provided they lie outside any ‘regulated areas’ for C. m. sepedonicus, and the production system is regulated to prevent re-introduction. In practice, regulated areas are defined at the level of places of production. Control system This control system for C. m. sepedonicus has three objectives: • to determine if the pest is present in the country, and, if present, to locate it and determine its distribution • to prevent spread of the pest • to eradicate the pest where it is found. Detection C. m. sepedonicus should be considered as a notifiable pest. All persons suspecting or confirming presence of the disease should notify the fact to the NPPO. Systematic surveys should be conducted, designed according to the biology of the organism and the particular production systems of the country concerned (on the basis of risk assessment). They apply to potato crops and potatoes in store. Seed and other potato tubers should be sampled in store or shortly before harvest, and tested in the laboratory following EPPO Standard PM 3/25, equivalent to Annex 1 of the EU Control Directive (EU, 1993). In addition, other samples may be visually inspected by cutting tubers, and growing potato crops may be visually inspected at appropriate times. On the basis of the results of these surveys, which should be available on request, the pest-free status of the country can be confirmed or pest-free areas for C. m. sepedonicus can be established and their status maintained. Determination of distribution If an outbreak is detected by routine testing, or if a suspected outbreak is found, the NPPO should prohibit all movement of the material directly concerned and may as appropriate take various other safeguarding measures, such as prohibition of movement of other potatoes or other host plants from the place of production concerned. Suspect material should be submitted for confirmatory testing as soon as possible, following EPPO Standard PM 3/25 (OEPP/EPPO, 1990). The NPPO should preserve appropriate specimens (original sample, original extract, IF-microscope slides, aubergine extract, cultures of the organism, relevant documentation) for at least one month after finalization of the tests. If the outbreak is associated with material from another country, or the material presents a risk for another country, the NPPO of that country should be informed immediately. The NPPO should investigate the extent and primary source of the outbreak. This investigation should include testing at least all other potato lots grown at the place of production concerned and the clonally related potato stocks. As relevant, it should include: places of production growing or having grown potatoes clonally related or which have been in contact with infected material; places of production in contact with infected material through machinery, adjacent places of production, store houses and potato-cleaning and grading premises, etc. The NPPO should designate as ‘infested’: the lot from which the sample was taken; articles (machinery, packing material, store, etc.) which have been in contact with the lot; the field or unit of production, and the place of production, where the lot was grown. It should also determine the extent of ‘probable infestation’11 No positive test result, but a strong presumption that infection is possible. , considering, where relevant, all clonally related stocks, seed stocks which may have been in contact with possible infection, host plants, places of production, stores and machinery linked with the designated infestation. It should demarcate a regulated area, composed of places of production designated as ‘infested’ (quarantine area) and of places of production designated as ‘probably infested’. In some cases, the regulated area may extend into other countries, in which case the NPPO concerned will have to establish an equivalent regulated area. As a result of these operations, the extent of the area connected with the outbreak is determined, not only geographically but also in relation to production links and clonal links. Prevention of spread The planting of tubers or plants designated as ‘infested’ or ‘probably infested’ should be prohibited. To reduce the risk of spread of the disease with seed potatoes, all seed potatoes intended for marketing should meet not only the criteria laid down in EPPO Standard PM 4/28 (potato certification scheme) (OEPP/EPPO, 1999), but also certain additional provisions: tests for C. m. sepedonicus should be done at specific stages in the propagation system, either on each plant of the initial clonal selection or on representative samples of basic seed potatoes (or higher grades of propagation stock). If C. m. sepedonicus is detected (and confirmed by testing) in the seed potato production system, earlier propagations should be tested for the pest, including the initial clonal selection and systematically the basic seed potato clones. If no clonal or contact relationships are found, other basic seed clones or earlier propagations, including the initial clonal selection, should be tested. Controls for C. m. sepedonicus in the seed potato production system should be intensified in accordance with sound scientific and statistical principles. The holding and handling of C. m. sepedonicus should be prohibited, except under special licence. Eradication All tubers or plants of potato designated as ‘infested’ should be destroyed under conditions ensuring that all further spread of the bacterium is excluded. Possibilities for destruction include: heat sterilization, industrial processing at a processing plant with appropriate waste facilities, fermentation and composting under proper conditions, incineration, deep burial where there is no risk of seepage to agricultural land or surface water. All tubers or plants of potato designated as ‘probably infested’ should also be destroyed, as above. Such tubers may alternatively be distributed locally under the control of the NPPO for direct consumption, under conditions ensuring that repacking is not possible and that further spread is prevented. All equipment and other objects classed as ‘infested’ or ‘probably infested’ should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before further use (unless authorized otherwise by the NPPO), or destroyed. In order to ensure that C. m. sepedonicus does not survive at places of production which have been found to be infested, a programme of phytosanitary measures should be undertaken, with the aim of eradicating the pest from the place of production. The following requirements should be made. Within infested places of production • All machinery, storage facilities, etc. which have or might have been in contact with ‘infested’ or ‘probably infested’ potatoes or fields should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected according to EPPO Standard PM 3/nn (under development) before being used or moved. • Volunteer potato plants and other natural hosts of C. m. sepedonicus should be eliminated from all fields of the place of production. • On infested fields, no potatoes should be grown for at least 3 years and until no volunteer potato plants are found for 2 consecutive years. When potatoes are grown for the first time after the infestation was found, only ware potatoes should be produced from certified seed potatoes (with a laboratory test on the harvested tubers). When potatoes are next grown after an appropriate rotation cycle, either seed or ware potatoes may be produced from certified seed potatoes, with a laboratory test on the harvested tubers. Alternatively, infested fields may be left fallow or under close-cut pasture for 4 years. When potatoes are next grown, either seed or ware potatoes may be produced from certified seed potatoes, with a laboratory test on the harvested tubers. • In other fields in the infested place of production, in the first year, only ware potatoes may be produced from certified seed potatoes, with a laboratory test on the harvested tubers. In the second and third years, either seed or ware production from certified seed potatoes is allowed, with laboratory tests on tubers each year that potatoes are grown. Alternatively, in the third year, potatoes grown under official control from certified seed may be planted instead of certified seed potatoes. • Special provisions should be made for potatoes in the early stages of propagation of material coming from in vitro culture (where complete replacement of the growing medium is possible). For 3 years, within the regulated area22 i.e. within both ‘infested’ and ‘probably infested’ places of production. (or as long as the infested fields are subject to the above requirements) • Potato production, handling and storage should be kept under official supervision. • Harvested seed- and ware-potato stocks should be kept separate. • Only certified seed potatoes, or potatoes grown under official control, should be planted (but with additional restrictions within infested places of production, see above). • Harvested seed-potato crops should be tested for C. m. sepedonicus. • Machinery and stores should be cleaned and disinfected. • An official survey should be conducted (cf. under Detection). • All seed potato stocks within the regulated area should, if appropriate, be replaced over a suitable period of time. Footnotes 1 No positive test result, but a strong presumption that infection is possible. 2 i.e. within both ‘infested’ and ‘probably infested’ places of production. References EU (1993) Council Directive 93/85 of 4 October 1993 on the control of potato ring rot. Official Journal of the European Communities no. L259, 1– 25. Google Scholar OEPP/EPPO (1990) EPPO Standards PM 3/25 Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepdonicus, inspection and test methods. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 20, 235– 254. Wiley Online LibraryGoogle Scholar OEPP/EPPO (1999) EPPO Standards PM 4/28 Certification schemes – seed potatoes. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 29, 561– 567. Google Scholar Volume34, Issue2August 2004Pages 323-325 ReferencesRelatedInformation