Eğitim, toplumların kimliğini ve geleceğini şekillendiren en temel unsurlardan biridir. Osmanlı Devletinin son dönemlerinden Türkiye Cumhuriyetinin kuruluş sürecine uzanan bu çalışma, eğitim tarihimizin en kritik kırılma noktalarından biri olan Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu öncesindeki din eğitimi tartışmalarını medrese ve mektep ekseninde ele almaktadır. Eserde, geleneksel medrese sistemi ile Batı tarzı modern mektepler arasında ortaya çıkan eğitim ikiliğinin toplumsal, fikrî ve kültürel yansımaları incelenmektedir. Çalışma, dönemin TBMM zabıtları ve süreli yayınları ışığında, eğitimde yaşanan dönüşümün arka planını, kamuoyundaki tartışmaları ve yeni eğitim anlayışına yönelik beklentileri ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırma, medreselerin zamanla değişen şartlara uyum sağlayamaması ile mekteplerde verilen din eğitiminin yetersizliği arasındaki gerilimi analiz ederek, eğitimde birlik fikrinin nasıl bir toplumsal ihtiyaç hâline geldiğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca Tevhid-i Tedrisat sonrasında din eğitiminin kurumsal serüveni ve bu süreçte ortaya çıkan yeni tartışmalar da ele alınmaktadır. Bu eser, Türkiyede din eğitiminin tarihsel dönüşümünü anlamak isteyen araştırmacılar, eğitim tarihçileri ve sosyal bilimler alanına ilgi duyan okuyucular için önemli bir kaynak niteliği taşımaktadır.

Abstract Soft tissue chondromas are rare soft tissue tumors of hand and foot. Clinically, benign soft tissue chondsromata are seen as small (3 cm), slowly growing, firm-nonmobile, nontender tumors in the hand and foot. ln this study, were two female patients aged 30 and 35 are presented These patients are treated with complete local exicision appears to be the treatment of choice. There is no evidence of recurrence in the follow-up period. Clinical and histopathological evidences of this tumor have been discussed in the view of diagnosis and differential diagnosis and reviewed literatures. ÖzetYumuşak doku kondromu el ve ayakta görülen nadir benign bir tümördür. Klinik olarak, kücük boyutta (3 cm), yavaş büyüyen, yumuşak, ağrısız-duyarsız kitle şeklinde görülür. Çalışmada, her ikiside kadın olan 30 ve 35 yaşında, falangeal lokalizasyonlu iki olgu sunulmuştur. Tümör lokal olarak geniş rezeksiyonla tedavi edilmiş ve takip süresi içinde herhangi bir lokal nüks ve fonksiyonel kusur görülmemiştir. Literatür gözden geçirilerek, patolojinin klinik ve histopatolojik özellikleri tanı ve ayırıcı tanı bazında incelenmiştir.

Abstract Recently, transarthoscopic surgical procedures have been used increasingly because of short period of post-operative rehabiliation, minimal morbitidy, and because it can be performed on an outpatient basis. In this report osteochondritis dissecans, treated transarthoscopically will be discussed. ÖzetMorbiditenin düşük olması, ayaktan uygulanabilmesi ve ameliyat sonrası rehabilitasyon süresinin çok kısalması nediniyle transartroskopik cerrahi girişimleri son yıllarda giderek artan oranlarda kullanılmaya başlanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada transartroskopik diz cerrahisi uygulanmış bir osteokontritis dissekans olgusu tartışılacaktır.

Abstract In department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology of Akdeniz University, 238 diagnostic and surgical arthroscopic procedures have been carried out between the years of 1983-1990, these cases have been evaluated in the respect of local anaesthetic and arthroscopic techniques, complications and arthroscopic diagnosis of them. The mean age of the patients was 31.8 years (range 11-80 years) and 175 were male, 63 were female. No complications were observed releated with anaesthetic and arthroscopic techniques. We found out 88.8% diagnostic accuracy of arthroscopy of meniscal pathology under local anaesthesia. If it is used by experienced arthroscopic surgeon, this metod is suggested to be very safe, reliable and inexpensive alternative to other type of anaesthesia. On the other hand, this method is particularly important in the assessment of dynamic evaluation of motions ofpatellofemoral joint and localization of triggerpoints of painful knee. It is also offers possibility to the surgeon to use it on outpatient arthroscopy. ÖzetBu çalışmada, 1983-1990 yılları arasında, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Anabilim Dalında, lokal anesteziyle yapılmış 238 artroskopik işlem, uygulamış olduğumuz anestezi ve artroskopi tekniği, komplikasyonlar ve artroskopik bulgular açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Olguların 175’i erkek, 63’ü kadın olup, ortalama yaş 31.8 yıl (11-80 yaş arası) bulunmuştur. Hiç bir olguda anestezi ve artroskopi uygulamasına ait komplikasyon gözlenmemiş, menisküs lezyonu açısından lokal anesteziyle uygulamada, artroskopik tanısal doğruluk %88.8 olarak saptanmıştır. Özellikle deneyimli artroskopist tarafından uygulanması durumunda, tanısal artroskopi açısından genel anestezi ile eşit düzeyde kolaylık sağladığı, ayrıca düşük maliyeti, uygulama kolaylığı, poliklinik artroskopisine olanak sağlaması, dizdeki ağrılı noktaların değerlendirilmesiyle dinamik patelleofemoral eklem incelemesindeki üstünlükleri gibi avantajları vurgulanmıştır.

Abstract In this article primer aseptic necrosis of the acetabulum in an 15 years old boy is reported. He complained of pain in the right hip for 10 months. The laboratory finding were normal. X-Ray showed retardation of the acetabulum and sclerotic bone in the weight bearing portion of the acetabular roofs and some bone destruction as a muitiloculer appearance. ÖzetAsetabuler aseptik nekroz literatürde çok nadir olarak bildirilmektedir. Bu yazıda 15 yaşında bir erkek hastada bilateral lokalizasyonlu olan ve 12 ay süreyle takip edilen primer asetabuler aseptik nekroz sunulmuşq literatür gözden geçirilmiştir.

Abstract In the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology of Akdeniz University between the years of 1983-1989, 72 meniscus Iesions were obtained, applying arrthroscopy on their knee joints. In these cases, comparing the arthrotomy and arthroscopy results, diagnostic value of arthroscopy was ascertained. Mean age of the patients was 30.8 years and 59 were male, 13 were femaie. General anesthesia was used in wnıch the cases arthrotomy has been applied after arthroscopy and local anesthesia was used only when arthroscopy has been applied on diagnostically. No complications were observed according to arthroscopy at the end of our study. ÖzetAkdeniz Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Ortopedi ve T ravmatoloji Ana Bilim Dalında 1983-1989 yılları arasında 72 olguya artroskopi yapılarak menisküs Iezyonu tanısı konulmuştur. Bu olguların artrotomi sonuçları ile artroskopi bulguları karşılaştırarak artroskopinin tanısal değeri saptanmıştır. Olguların 59 u erkek, 13’ü kadın olup ortalama yaş 30.8 dir. Aynı seansta artrotomi yapılan olgularda genel, tanısal artroskopilerde ise Iokal anestezi kullanılmıştır. Artroskopiye bağlı hiçbir komplikasyon görülmemiş ve çalışmamız sonucunda meniskus Jezyonlarında artroskopinin tanısal değeri % 97.22 olarak bulunmuştur.

Abstract Diagnostic arthroscopy was applied in the knee of 45 cases who had sports injury the Department of Orthopaedic Surgeıy and Traumatology of Akdeniz University between the years of 1985-1988. Mean age of the patients was 23 years and 41 were male, 4 were female. 34 of cases were licensed (amateur of professional) sportsman and 11 cases were injuried during sportİve acivities. In our study, the results of diagnostic arthroscopy were presented and clinical and arthroscopical findings were discussed in the view of diagnostic accuracy. ÖzetAkdeniz Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Anabilim Dalında, 1985-1988 yılları arasında, spor travması nedenli diz yakınmalarıyla başvuran 41’i erkek 45 olguda (yaş ort.23) tanısal artroskopi yapılmıştır.Olguların 34’ü lisanslı sporcu olup, 11’de ise yaralanma sportif aktivite esnasında olmuştur. Bu çalışmada elde edilen artroskopi sonuçları, menisküs lezyonlarıyla birlikte bulunan patolojiler ve klinik-artroskopik tanısal doğruluk oranı açısından yorum sunulmuştur.

Abstract This study was done to light the biomechanical responses of the medial collateral (MCL) and the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) of the knee joint were investigated and the results obtained were presented here.\nMCL was strained primarily at the valgus. On the other hand, it was strained both in extension and flexion. In extension and flexion, when internal and external rotations was applied, a strain in MCL occurs.\nLCL was also extremely strained in varus loading. During flexion and extension movements, it was observed a strain in LCL. In the flexion andextension, when it was forced to external rotation a strain was occurred in LCL, but not in internal rotation. When anterior Drawer Test (ADT) and posterior Drawer Test (PDT) were applied MCL was strained, but LCN not. \nIt was estabilished that MCL of the knee joint plays primarily role in the valgus stability; as a result of this concept it resists to rotation Ioadings and contributes to antero-posterior stability of the knee joint.\nIt was concluded that LCL primarily resists to varus stability and to a Iesser extent to rotational loading. ÖzetBu çalışma, diz ekleminde Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) ve Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) in muhtelif yönlerde yüklenmelere karşı verdiği biomekanik cevapları ortaya çıkarmak için yapılmıştır. MCL ve LCL’nin dizdeki stabiliteye iştirakleri incelenmiş ve sonuçları sunulmuştur. MCL Valgusda primer olarak gerilmiştir. Ayrıca ekstansiyonda daha fazla olmak üzere, flexionda da gerilmiştir. Flexion ve Extensionda, iç ve dış rotasyon uygulanırsa, MCL’de gerilme ortaya çıkmıştır. LCL de varus yüklemesinde aşırı derecede gerilmiştir. LCL’de Flexion ve extension hareketleri esnasında gerilme olmamıştır. Flexion ve extensionda dış rotasyona zorlandığında LCL’de gerilme olmuş, iç rotasyonlarda ise gerilme olmamıştır. Anterior Drawer Test (ADT) ve posterior Drawer Test (PDT) uygulandığında MCL gerilmiş, LCL ise gerilmemiştir. Diz ekleminde MCL’nin primer olarak valgus stabilitesinde rol oynadığı, bununla birlikte rotasyonel yüklemelere karşı koyduğu ve dizin antero-posterior stabilitesine iştirak ettiği tesbit edilmiştir. LCL ise öncelikle varus stabilitesine, az miktarda da rotasyonel zorlamaya karşı koyduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Abstract 60 wirst arthrographies in 58 patients (average age 30.2) who were admited ortopaedic clinics of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Akdeniz, were carried out in order to assess the value of the wrist arthrogaphy in cases who suffer from wrist pain and no considerable complication was identified. Pisortriquetral Recess was demostrated in 73% of the cases and capsular irregularity (synovitis, tendon sheath filling and Iymphatic drenage) was found in 32 out of 60 arthrograms (53.3%). The most frequent pathologic findings were Triangular Fibrocartilage tear in cases whose plain radiograms were negative (30%) and Midcarpal fillings in whom plain radiograms were positive (40%). ÖzetEl bileği ağrısının değerlendirilmesinde artrografinin değerini ortaya koymak amacıyla, 1985-1988 yılları arasında el bileği ağrısı nedeniyle Akdeniz Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Ortopedi polikliniğine başvuran 58 hastada (Ortalama yaş: 30.2) 60 el bileği artrografisi yapımış ve işleme ait belirgin bir komplikasyon görülmemiştir. Pisortriquetral recessus’un olguların % 73’de dolma gösterdiği, toplam 60 artrogramın 32’sinde de (%53.3) kapsül düzensizliği (sinovil, ekstensor tendona kaçış, lenfatik kaçış) saptandı. Direkt radyogramların negatif olduğu olgularda en sık görülen patolojik artrografik bulgu olarak Triangüler Fibrokartilaj yırtığı (%30)ve direkt radyogramların pozitif olgularda ise Midkarpal kaçış (%40) gözlendi.

The use of ocular inserts (OS) as vehicles for the delivery of antimicrobial agents to the eye is rapidly growing. In fact, the intraOS can deliver the antibiotics to the ocular surface after ophthalmic surgeries i.e., cataract. This was a rational progress of pharmaceutical field given that the conventional dosage forms i.e., drops present many limitations. Considering this fact, in this study novel nanofibrous inserts based on poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and poly(lactic acid) prepared via electrospinning process and used to load an antibiotic drug, moxifloxacin. The used aliphatic polyesters are biocompatible but do not present mucoadhesion which is essential for ocular drug delivery. Therefore, two known mucoadhesive agents, hyaluronic acid and xanthan gum, were blended in various concentrations (0.1 and 0.2%) and used for the coating of the fibers. The fibrous inserts have mean diameters in the range 500-1000 nm. The inserts showed stability over time, improved water uptake and improved mechanical properties. In vitro cytotoxicity studies revealed the biocompatibility of the structures. From in vitro release studies, a controlled release rate was depicted while the inserts demonstrated desirable antimicrobial properties. It can be concluded that the coated OS can be potent ocular delivery carriers of moxifloxacin battling against eye infections. [GRAPHICS] .

Teknolojik gelişmeler ve küresel anlamda gerçekleşen değişimler insan doğasını değiştirmektedir. Bu değişim insan hayatının tüm aşamalarına doğrudan etki etmektedir. Bu noktada insana ve insan yaşantısına yönelik olarak araştırmalar gerçekleştirmek kaçınılmaz bir hal almaktadır. Sosyal Bilimler alanında gerçekleştirilen tüm çalışmalar insanı, insan yaşantısını ve insan doğasını anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. İnsanı anlamak adına ortaya koyulan bu eserde farklı disiplinlerden farklı çalışmalar ele alınmış ve bir nebze de olsa bu amaca ulaşmak için bir basamak inşa edilmeye çalışılmıştır.

OBJECTIVES: Patients undergoing cardiac surgery are considered at high risk for developing drug-related problems (DRPs) due to comorbidities and complexity of drug treatment. This study aimed to identify DRPs in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and to develop and implement a framework to reduce potential risks associated with drug treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Prospectively designed quasi- experimental study. METHODS: This study consisted of observational (risk assessment and framework development) and interventional (framework implementation) periods and was conducted at a department of cardiovascular surgery in a university hospital. An expert panel evaluated the causes of DRPs. Then a framework was developed in consensus to identify safeguards to be implemented during the interventional period. RESULTS: A total of 200 patients (100 patients per study period) were included. During the observational period, a total of 275 DRPs and 487 causes were identified; 74.5% of DRPs were not solved. For the risk analysis, 487 causes were evaluated and only 32.6% were considered acceptable risk. By implementing the framework in the interventional period, 215 DRPs and 304 causes were identified and 386 interventions were recommended by a clinical pharmacist. A total of 342 (88.6%) interventions were accepted by a health care team, and 128 (59.5%) DRPs were completely solved. For the risk analysis, 304 causes were evaluated and 84.9% were considered acceptable risk (P P < .001 compared with the observational period). CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to reduce risk levels or prevent occurrence of DRPs by implementing a framework for risk management developed by a multidisciplinary care team in areas such as cardiac surgery where time is limited.

Abstract Objectives: We aimed to investigate the the role of non-functional High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) in the form of binding to Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) in patients with Coronary Artery Disaese (CAD) regarding to progression of atherosclerosis. Methods: Twenty-one patients who underwent multivessel CABG using internal mammarian artery (IMA), radial artery (RA) and saphaneous vein (SV) grafts between November 2019 and April 2020 were obtained. Using CD31 to identify endothelial cells; LOX-1 expression in all cells in culture was evaluated. Findings: The study consists of 21 patients, 17 (80.9%) males and 4 (19.04%) females. We found a significant positive correlation between HDL and LOX-1+ in the specimens explanted from any type of grafts (SV, r=0.60; RA, r=0.48; IMA, r=0.53). ~28% of variation in LOX-1+ for IMA (F=7.03; p<0.05), ~36% of variation in LOX-1+ for SV (F=10.10; p<0.05) and ~24% of variation in LOX-1+ in the RA (F=5.64; p<0.05) were explained by HDL. Conclusions: In cases with high LOX-1 receptor expression, HDL binds to LOX-1 and loses its function. Assessment and monitoring of HDL and LOX-1 may help physicians to predict which patients may be harder to treat and allowing for appropriate intervention. Keywords: Atherosclerosis, Coronary artery bypass grafts, Cardiovascular disease, LOX-1, Lipoprotein.

Background and aim: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common neurological disorders. Metals are important for the maintenance and preservation of homeostasis and dysregulated metal homeostasis has an impact on neurodegeneration. Environmental factors are considered to contribute to MS risk and progression. Heavy metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) are widely found in the environment and because of their toxic nature, they pose a great danger to human health. Metallothioneins (MTs) play important roles in metal homeostasis and detoxification of heavy metals. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between levels of heavy metals (As, Cd, and Pb) and MT levels in MS patients and also to assess the oxidative stress status of patients. Method: Fifty subjects (20 healthy subjects and 30 MS patients) were included. Demographic characteristics of the patients, plasma MT levels, blood Cd, As, and Pb levels, as well as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) levels, were determined. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were investigated as a marker of oxidative stress. Results: MT levels were slightly higher in the MS group (p > 0.05). As Cd and Pb levels were significantly higher in the control subjects. MDA levels were significantly higher in MS patients. Conclusion: Our results support the relevance of MT and MDA levels in MS. Further clinical studies with larger cohorts will provide more insights into these factors.

Background Although there are considerable amounts of data on the outcomes of pediatric patients who have undergone Fontan repair, little is known about having Fontan completed in adulthood. The study presented the midterm results of our unit's experience with the Fontan completion procedure in adult patients with functionally univentricular hearts. Methods Between 2014 and 2023, 16 adult patients underwent total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) completion. Relevant information was retrospectively collected. Results Sixteen patients with a median age of 19 years (18-21 years) were included. Median arterial oxygen saturation was 76% (70-80.75%), and 62.5% of the patients were New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III. The median mean pulmonary artery pressure was 14 mm Hg (9.5-14.5 mm Hg). Nine patients (56%) had heterotaxy syndrome, and the median time between the last operation and TCPC was 15.5 years (6.75-17.5 years). The median durations for bypass and cross-clamp were 160 minutes (130-201 minutes) and 120 minutes (84.5-137.5 minutes), consecutively. The postoperative course was straightforward in all. The median arterial oxygen saturation before discharge was 89.5% (85-90%), and 68.75% of the patients were NYHA Class II. Follow-up was complete for all patients with a median of 24 months. There was no early or late mortality or significant morbidity during the study period. Conclusion We concluded that the intra-extracardiac Fontan technique was feasible for meticulously selected adults undergoing TCPC completion, as evidenced by an acceptable mortality rate and a satisfactory midterm outcome, including improvements in their NYHA functional class. However, the long-term consequences must be monitored.

Growing concerns regarding global warming, climate change, air pollutants and rising energy demand, have triggered many researchers to explore better, alternate renewable energy resources. Hexanol, a next generation fuel, which can be derived from renewable resources, has emerged as a promising candidate due to its higher energy density, greater calorific value, higher cetane number, lower latent heat of evaporation, lower hygroscopic, and lower corrosiveness when compared to the light alcohols such as methanol, and ethanol. Furthermore, it has higher flash point, and low volatility, making it safe for storage and transportation. This study provides an in-depth analysis of research on hexanol usage in diesel engines. First, the feedstocks, production methods, environmental and human health impacts, supply and demand, and the fuel application of hexanol are reported. Subsequently, different hexanol variations including single, binary blends (hexanol-biodiesel and hexanol-diesel), ternary blends (hexanol, biodiesel and petroleum diesel) and multi-blends applications are separately reviewed and compared to petrol diesel. Hence, this study clearly demonstrates the effects of hexanol on the combustion parameters, performance, and exhaust emissions of diesel engines. Consequently, it highlights general conclusions and future proposed research directions. The utilization of hexanol as a drop-in fuel has been thoroughly summarized to guide and inform future research efforts.