INTRODUCTION The study of the ontogenesis of neurotransmitter systems is relevant not only to understand the development of the central nervous system. The new horizons that have appeared in research into the use of stem cells in the repair of damaged neurons are allowing attempts to be made to imitate the differentiation and maintenance of the type of affected neuron. To achieve this, it is necessary to understand which signals direct the differentiation and the molecules that guide their maturation, their survival and the maintenance of their functionality. Furthermore, the early emergence of these systems during ontogenesis has led us to question their participation in the regulation of the development of the central nervous system. AIMS To describe the most significant events in the development of the neurotransmitter systems and to discuss some of the processes that take part in the ontogenesis of the nervous system. DEVELOPMENT The study will offer a chronological review of the sequence of molecular events in the main neurotransmitter systems that allow the phenotype to be established and the appearance of receptors and transporters. Likewise, the role they play in events like neurogenesis, proliferation, differentiation and neuronal migration will also be outlined. CONCLUSIONS The neurotransmitter systems regulate events that range from neurogenesis to both radial and tangential cortical migration, as well as intervening in the correct maturation of their own system.

Este ensayo es titulado Las calamidades de la vejez, ya que la descripcion que sigue obedece fundamentalmente a lo que me ocurre a mis 82 anos de edad. Ademas, describira tambien lo que le ocurre a otros ancianos, colegas, condiscipulos y conocidos. La vejez es esa calidad de vida que se adquiere por causas de edad, y que muchos dicen que comienza al alcanzar los 60 anos. De acuerdo con las cifras del Instituto Nacional de Geografia y Estadistica de Mexico, INEGI, hasta 2008, el promedio de vida de la poblacion mexicana es de 75.1 anos, 77.5 para las mujeres y 72.7 en los varones. Esos datos asientan tambien que el estado de Quintana Roo es la entidad en que se hallan los mas longevos 78.2 anos, le siguen Oaxaca 74.2, Chiapas 74.1, Veracruz 73.9, y Guerrero 73.5 anos. Segun los datos del INEGI en el Segundo Conteo de Poblacion y Vivienda 2006 la poblacion de la tercera edad crecio en terminos absolutos y relativos, ya que en el ultimo quinquenio el total de la poblacion mayor de 60 anos, paso del 7.1% en el ano 2000 al 8.1 por ciento, esto es se incremento en 1.4 millones

International Journal of Developmental NeuroscienceVolume 26, Issue 8 p. 876-877 Article [P2.30]: Low tryptophan diet disturbs neuronal migration during ontogeny M.G. Flores-Cruz, Corresponding Author M.G. Flores-Cruz n/[email protected] Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, MexicoCorresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorA. Escobar, A. Escobar Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, MexicoSearch for more papers by this author M.G. Flores-Cruz, Corresponding Author M.G. Flores-Cruz n/[email protected] Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, MexicoCorresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorA. Escobar, A. Escobar Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, MexicoSearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 November 2008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.09.155Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume26, Issue8Abstracts to the 17th Biennial Meeting of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience, 1‐5 June 2008, Asilomar, USADecember 2008Pages 876-877 RelatedInformation

OBJECTIVE To describe and compare the clinical impacts of neurocysticercosis (NC) caused by Taenia solium in humans and pigs.METHODS Comparative study of the brains of 16 asymptomatic pigs and 35 human NC cases (15 asymptomatic and 20 symptomatic).RESULTS In humans, cysticerci were more frequently located in the ventricles and subarachnoid space at the base of the brain (11.8%vs. 1.6%; P = 0.001 and 25.9%vs. 0%; P < 0.0001, respectively) while in pigs, cysticerci were more frequently found in the parenchyma (44.4%vs. 7.6%; P < 0.0001). In human brains, 75.9% of the cysticerci were calcified, while in pigs all cysticerci were in the vesicular stage.CONCLUSION The duration of infection and the host-parasite relationship (such as immune reactivity and brain haemodynamics) differ between humans and pigs. This may account for the different distribution and stage of the cysticerci among humans and pigs.

Adrenal chromaffin cell (ACC) transplants, alone or combined with levodopa treatment, were used in attempted therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). In a previous study, we demonstrated that levodopa caused chromaffin cell death either by necrosis or by apoptosis in cell culture. Here we report the beneficial effect of a water‐soluble derivative of fullerene C60 (a novel molecule with potent antioxidant properties) and of ascorbic acid when applied to chromaffin cell cultures exposed to levodopa. Both antioxidants remarkably increase the ACC survival and prevent cell death, including apoptosis. Although ACC transplants are not currently considered as an option for PD treatment, these observations should help in exploring the possibilities of preventing the neurotoxicity generated by levodopa and in envisaging new strategies for PD treatment by combining the clinical use of levodopa and potent antioxidants. Chemical properties of fullerene related to biological uses are discussed. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

The results reported herein address the question of synaptogenesis between adrenal chromaffin cells and striatal neurons. The release of dopamine from chromaffin cells in the presence of striatal neurons was also examined. Co-culture of newborn rat chromaffin cells and striatal neurons at 1:1 ratio was made. Cultures were examined morphologically using immunocytochemistry and ultrastructural techniques (transmission electron microscopy), while quantitation of dopamine in the culture media by HPLC-ECD was also determined. Neurite outgrowth from chromaffin cells was enhanced in the presence of striatal neurons and numerous synaptic-like contacts between these two cell types were observed. Higher concentration of dopamine was also present in the co-culture medium as compared with those containing only chromaffin cells. The development of synapses between these two types of cells may give support to the functionality of transplants in human cases of Parkinson disease (PD).

The parasitic infection of the central nervous system due to Cystiacercus cellulosae usually affects the intracranial structures. The spinal form of neurocysticercosis is uncommon, anatomically confirmed cases range from 0.77 to % among all cases of neurocysticercosis. Even fewer cass appear as spinal intramedullary cysticercosis (SIC); no than 49 confirmed cases have been reported in the literature. One case of SIC is reported here. The patient showed both motor and sensory symptoms that improved after One year later he is working again and only pperreflexia has been detected. Although the magnetic resonance imaging studies showed a cystic intramedullary lesion it was considered to be spinal glioma; only after histologic Study was the exact diagnosis made. The clinical symptomatology in these cases is due to compression of descending and ascending spinal tracts; the clinical diagnosis may be suspected in countries where cysticercosis is endemic. Modern neuroimaging techniques provide higher possibilities of accurate diagnosis; however, it can only be established with certainty by histologic study of the surgical specimen.