Le lait maternel est unique sur le plan biologique et nutritionnel. Sa composition évolue constamment pour répondre au mieux aux besoins de l’enfant jusqu’à 6 mois. La culture du biberon est en train de laisser progressivement place à celle de l’allaitement maternel comme en témoignent les dernières données épidémiologiques françaises. Si le taux d’initiation de l’allaitement maternel (AM) atteint en effet 76 à 86 % selon les régions, seuls 22 % des nourrissons restent allaités exclusivement à 6 mois. Dans les sociétés industrialisées, les jeunes mamans ont rarement vu d’autres mamans allaiter avant de le faire elles-mêmes. Avec les sorties précoces de maternité, beaucoup de femmes se trouvent désemparées face à d’inévitables petites difficultés. Les centres ressources (protection maternelle et infantile [PMI], pédiatres, généralistes, consultantes en lactation, association de soutien, etc.) vont alors avoir un rôle à part entière mais ne doivent pas diffuser des conseils inappropriés et/ou contradictoires. Combien d’interruptions d’allaitement pour une poussée de fièvre, une prescription médicamenteuse, un mamelon douloureux ou pire un renoncement à l’AM après une naissance prématurée ? C’est en se rapprochant au mieux des dernières connaissances sur la physiologie de la lactation qu’un allaitement maternel a le plus de chance de bien démarrer et de se prolonger sans douleur.

Background. To reach nutritional standards, human milk has tohave 2 g/dL of protein. In 2013, Lafeber stated that when human milk is fortified up to 2 g/dL, it may increase its osmolality up to 500 mOsm/kg. He also warned that care must be taken when adding a drug or vitamins to human milk.Aim. We studied, for the first time, the impact of adding multi-vitamins (ADEC) on human fortified milk osmolality. Method. The osmolality of 36 pasteurized, fortified human milk samples was measured. The amount of milk required as a solvent to maintain osmolality below 500 mOsm/kg was then determined.Results. The osmolality of 2 mL of fortified human milk reached up to 750 mOsm/kg when the multivitamins ADEC was added. The osmolality decreased proportionately as the solution was diluted and if vitamins are added in two half-doses each time. It is only with 20 mL of milk that the osmolality lowers to its initial rate of 430 mOsm/kg. The stronger the milk's fortification is, the greater impact it has on the milk's osmolality.Conclusion. New nutritional recommendations for premature infants are needed. In the meantime, when the fortified milk intake is under 20 mL, it is preferable to extend parenteral intakes with fat-soluble vitamins or reduce doses of vitamins in milk. Also, we should use enriched human milk as a fortifier and be cautious with indiscriminate fortification or when adding drugs and electrolyte solutions. (C) 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

OBJECTIVES:Congenital chylothorax is a rare disease and prognostic factors are key element in properly informing parents. This study aimed at determining the prenatal factors associated with neonatal survival in a cohort of liveborn infants with congenital chylothorax.STUDY DESIGN:Observational monocentric cohort study including all liveborn neonates consecutively admitted for congenital chylothorax.RESULTS:Neonatal mortality was 32% (16/50). Prematurity (or birth weight), persistence of hydrops at birth and the absence of thoracoamniotic shunt procedure were significantly associated with mortality, whereas prenatal diagnosis of pleural effusion, side of pleural effusion, hydrops fetalis and amniodrainage were not. In case of prenatal diagnosis of hydrops fetalis, the reversal in utero of hydrops fetalis was significantly associated with survival (P=0.001). In case of thoracoamniotic shunting, the interval between thoracoamniotic shunting intervention and delivery was significantly longer for patients who survived (P=0.03).CONCLUSIONS:Thoracoamniotic shunting and reversal of hydrops significantly improves survival, whereas prematurity worsened outcome of liveborn infants with congenital chylothorax. Our data also suggest that the interval between thoracoamniotic shunting and birth appears to be crucial; the longer the interval, the more likely is the reversal of antenatal hydrops and neonatal survival.

To reach nutritional standards, human milk has to have 2g/dL of protein. In 2013, Lafeber stated that when human milk is fortified up to 2g/dL, it may increase its osmolality up to 500 mOsm/kg. He also warned that care must be taken when adding a drug or vitamins to human milk.We studied, for the first time, the impact of adding multivitamins (ADEC) on human fortified milk osmolality.The osmolality of 36 pasteurized, fortified human milk samples was measured. The amount of milk required as a solvent to maintain osmolality below 500 mOsm/kg was then determined.The osmolality of 2mL of fortified human milk reached up to 750 mOsm/kg when the multivitamins ADEC was added. The osmolality decreased proportionately as the solution was diluted and if vitamins are added in two half-doses each time. It is only with 20mL of milk that the osmolality lowers to its initial rate of 430 mOsm/kg. The stronger the milk's fortification is, the greater impact it has on the milk's osmolality.New nutritional recommendations for premature infants are needed. In the meantime, when the fortified milk intake is under 20mL, it is preferable to extend parenteral intakes with fat-soluble vitamins or reduce doses of vitamins in milk. Also, we should use enriched human milk as a fortifier and be cautious with indiscriminate fortification or when adding drugs and electrolyte solutions.

ObjectiveTo review prevalence, management and prognostic factors of pulmonary stenosis (PS) in monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) pregnancies complicated by twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS).MethodsRetrospective study over the last 10years in a single referral center. We reviewed fetal echocardiography data of all MC twin cases with diagnosis of isolated PS. We assessed fetoscopy characteristics of those that underwent laser coagulation. We collected data regarding perinatal outcome, neonatal echocardiography and cardiac management.ResultsWe found 24 cases of isolated PS among 2091 MCDA pregnancies. Among 1052 complicated MCDA that underwent fetal laser surgery, 22 (2.09%) developed PS of which 20 were diagnosed prenatally. Two cases were diagnosed in uncomplicated MCDA pregnancies (0.2%). Four of 22 (18.18%) cases with TTTS showed in utero regression after laser treatment. Thirteen newborns (65%) required valvular dilatation. Peak systolic velocities in the pulmonary artery trunk (PSV-PA) at diagnosis and the interval between the diagnosis of TTTS and that of PS were significantly different (p<0.001 and p=0.05 respectively) between PS requiring cardiac intervention and those who did not.ConclusionAn elevated PSV-PA at the time of PS diagnosis and a short time-interval between fetoscopic laser surgery and PS diagnosis are predictive of the need for interventional treatment after birth. (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Définir les facteurs pronostiques de survie chez les nouveau-nés atteints de chylothorax congénital. Étude rétrospective mono-centrique des 29 nouveau-nés hospitalisés en réanimation pour chylothorax congénital entre 1999 et 2009. Recherche de facteurs de risque de décès en uni-varié par test de Fisher ou de Mann-Whitney. 11/29 enfants sont décédés (38 %), 6 d'insuffisance respiratoire, 3 d'insuffisance rénale organique et 2 de cause mixte. Sur 4 autopsies, 2 ont retrouvé une hypoplasie pulmonaire, 1 des lymphangiectasies pulmonaires. Les facteurs de risque de décès sont : l'importance de la prématurité (p = 0,039), l'absence de drainage anténatal (64 % de décès versus 22 % ; p = 0,048), la présence d'une anasarque postnatale (75 % de décès versus 24 % ; p = 0,028), la naissance en état de mort apparente (p = 0,01), la nécessité d'une évacuation pleurale postnatale (p = 0,019), l'association à une pathologie générale (83 % de décès versus 26 % ; p = 0,018). La sévérité du chylothorax congénital est principalement liée à son association avec une insuffisance respiratoire constitutionnelle, persistant malgré un bon contrôle de l'épanchement pleural postnatal.