A priority in the prevention and correction of immune disorders in athletes is the use of products with high nutrient density, fortified with various nutrients or bioactive compounds, as well as probiotic microorganisms. Probiotics help to maintain the gut microbiota, which is actively involved in the absorption of substances and energy and increases the host immune resistance. Dietary fiber, resistant to digestion in the small intestine, is fully or partially fermented in the large intestine and acts as an essential substrate for the growth and regulation of metabolic activity of normal flora, improves peristalsis and digestion. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of a multi-strain probiotic in combination with dietary fiber on the immune status of basketball athletes during the training period. Material and methods. The study was conducted with the participation of 30 male basketball athletes aged 18 to 24 years. The athletes were randomly divided into 2 groups of 15 people. Athletes in the main group received 1 capsule of multi-strain probiotic (≥1.25×1010 CFU of 10 probiotic strains of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli) and 40 g of corn bran (as a source of dietary fiber) for 23 days. Athletes in the control group received 1 placebo capsule containing maltodextrin and breadcrumbs (40 g/day). Subpopulations of peripheral blood lymphocytes were studied by flow cytometry: T lymphocytes, T helper cells, T cytotoxic lymphocytes, NK cells, NKT cells, B lymphocytes, as well as lymphocytes carrying activation markers and apoptosis marker antigen. The content of cytokines in blood serum [FGF, Eotaxin, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1ra, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12(p70), IL-13, IL-15, IL-17A, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, PDGF-BB, RANTES, TNF-α, VEGF] was determined using a multiplex immunoassay. Results. Calculation of the absolute number of lymphocytes revealed a tendency (0.05<p<0.10) to a decrease in T helper cells by the end of the observation period in athletes of the main group (497.60±27.67 vs 632.67±65.20 cells/μL), as well as a decrease (p<0.05) in the expression of the CD95/Fas apoptotic marker on peripheral blood lymphocytes of athletes of the main group compared to the beginning of the study (41.53±5.78 vs 69.53±11.79 cells/μL). At the end of the study, a significant increase in IL-9 level was found in the control group [(Me; min-max) = (0.33; 0.21-0.48) vs (0.26; 0.09-0.38) pg/ml; p<0.05; in comparison with the initial indicator]; as well as the tendency (0.05<p<0.10) towards an increase in the levels of IL-15, IL-1ra and RANTES was revealed. In the main group, at the end of the study, the level of G-CSF significantly decreased [(0.36; 0.03-0.95) vs (0.53; 0.14-1.36) pg/ml, p<0.05]. At the end of the observation period, blood serum levels of FGF, G-CSF, IL-13, IL-2 and RANTES in the athletes of the control group exceeded these indicators in the athletes of the main group whereas no significant differences in the studied cytokines were detected between the control and the main groups at the beginning of the study. Conclusion. The results of observation of basketball athletes who consumed a multi-strain probiotic in combination with corn bran (sources of arabinoxylans) in addition to the main diet for 23 days indicate a decrease in the inflammatory process activity and peripheral blood lymphocyte apoptosis, which confirms the effectiveness of probiotics and dietary fiber in sports nutrition.

Currently, due to the increase in the distribution and accumulation of microplastics and nanoplastics (MP and NP) in the environment, their negative impact on human health has become a global problem. The purpose of this research was to analyze the results of the studies on the effect of MPs and NPs on the body and evaluate their impact as pathogenetic factors of immune status disorders in vitro and in vivo. Material and methods. The search for literary sources was carried out in the PubMed Internet resource, and the Scopus and Web of Science databases were also used. The Springer and Elsevier websites were used to access the full text of the articles. Results. MP and NP enter the human body through ingestion of food, water, as well as through inhalation and contact with the skin. The results of the studies indicate that MP and NP particles, entering the human body, can move along with the blood and accumulate in various organs: the liver, spleen, heart, lungs, thymus, reproductive organs, kidneys and brain, i.e., to overcome the blood-brain barrier. The immune system is the main regulatory and protective system of the body, playing a major role in the recognition and destruction of foreign antigens of a viral, bacterial and chemical nature. Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens. Macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells (NK cells), and leukocytes (neutrophils) phagocytize antigens and present them to adaptive immune cells. It has been established that the damaging effect of MPs and NPs on immunity (immunotoxicity) is mainly due to the presence of oxidative stress with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP). The toxicity of MPs and NPs is realized by reducing the expression of the Nrf2 factor (a redox-sensitive transcription factor that regulates antioxidant protection) and the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. In addition, it was found that the inflammatory process after exposure to MP and NPs is mediated by the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines: IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-33 and a decrease in the expression of cytokines: IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-33 and TGF-β1, which leads to activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and cGas/STING pathways. Conclusion. Analysis of the data of MP and NP effect on the immune system indicates the presence of aseptic chronic inflammation, which requires studying the causes and mechanisms of the development of inflammatory processes.

BACKGROUND : The model of obesity under experimental conditions is reproduced by using high-calorie diets in animals. It has been established that metabolic disorders cause meta-inflammation not only in peripheral organs and tissues, but also in brain structures. The search for effective neuroprotective antioxidants to suppress inflammatory processes in the cerebral cortex in obesity is an urgent task due to the widespread prevalence of this disease. AIM : to evaluate the effect of minor biologically active substances — carnosine (CAR) and α-lipoic acid (ALA) on the cytokine profile of the frontal cortex of the left hemisphere of the brain in Wistar male rats with obesity induced by a high-calorie choline-deficient diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS : The studies were carried out on male Wistar rats with an initial body weight of 150±10 g. The animals were randomized by body weight into 5 groups. For 8 weeks, rats of the 1st (control) group received a complete modified diet of AIN93M; rats of the 2nd group consumed a high-calorie choline-deficient diet (HCHDR), the fat content of which was 45%, fructose — 20% of the energy value of the diet; rats of the 3rd group received HCHDR with the addition of CAR at a dose of 75 mg per 1 kg of body weight; rats of the 4th group received HCHDR with the addition of ALA at a dose of 75 mg per 1 kg of body weight; rats of the 5th group received HCHDR with the addition of the CAR + ALA complex in a total dose of 150 mg per 1 kg of body weight. Animals were removed from the experiment by decapitation under ether anesthesia. The levels of triglycerides (Tg) and free fatty acids (FFA) in blood plasma (mmol) were determined on a biochemical analyzer (Konelab 20i, Thermo Clinical Labsystems Oy, Finland). Content of cytokines and chemokines (pg/ml): GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ, MCP-1, M-CSF, MIP-1α, MIP-2, MIP-3α, RANTES, and TNF-α in cerebral cortex lysates were determined by multiplex immunoassay using a Luminex 200 analyzer (Luminex Corporation, USA). To assess the relationship between the level of cytokines in blood plasma and changes in their concentrations under the influence of HCCDR in lysates of the cortex of the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere of the brain, the ratio was calculated: the level of cytokines pg/ml in blood plasma [1]/the content of cytokines pg/ml in lysates (pl/ lys) for each sample. RESUL T S : On the model of obesity in rats, the presence of an inflammatory process in the cerebral cortex was established, as evidenced by an increase in the content of pro-inflammatory factors: IL-2, M-CSF, MIP-1α and RANTES and a decrease in the content of immunoregulatory cytokines of varying severity: IL-10, IL17A, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, TNF-a, MIP-2 and MIP-3α in group 2 rats. (HCHDR) compared with the control group. Enrichment of HCHDR with biologically active substances: CAR, ALA or their complex, ensured the normalization of lipid metabolism, as evidenced by the decrease in the ratio of circulating Tg to FFA in the blood serum of rats to control values: 1st gr. (control) — 1,04±0.23; 2nd gr. (HCHDR) — 1,64±0.63; 3rd gr. (CAR) — 0,98±0.31; 4th gr. (ALA) — 0,86±0.31; 5th gr. (CAR+ALA) — 1,02±0.38. Enrichment of HCHDR with CAR, ALA or their complex led to a decrease in the content of pro-inflammatory and apoptosis-regulating cytokines and chemokines in the cortex of the frontal lobe of the rat brain: IL-1α, IL-2, IL-17A, M-CSF, MCP-1, MIP3α and RANTES, along with an increase in the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, which indicates the suppression of the inflammatory process induced by the consumption of HCHDR in rats. CONCLUSION : The data obtained indicate the prospect of using CAR and ALA or their complex as neuroprotective antioxidants to reduce the inflammatory process in brain structures in obesity.

Chronic inflammation in adipose tissue, peripheral organs and some compartments of the brain are among pathogenetic factors in obesity. The use of bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic activity in the composition of specialized products and dietary supplements is considered as an approach in the diet therapy of obesity and related conditions. The aim of the research was to study the effect of a complex supplement containing resveratrol and L-carnitine (RC supplement) on the immunological parameters of inflammation (the profile of cytokines and regulatory proteins) in rats fed a balanced or hypercaloric diet. Material and methods. Male Wistar rats received for 63 days a standard balanced diet (SD) or a high-carbohydrate-high-fat diet (HFCD) with an excess of total fat and fructose, as well as RC supplement at a low (25 mg/kg body weight as Res and 300 mg/kg body weight as L-Car) or high (50 and 600 mg/kg body weight, respectively) dose. The content of leptin, ghrelin, cytokines and chemokines in blood serum (BS), lysates of white adipose tissue (WAT) and spleen, amygdala and hippocampus of the brain, the content of regulatory proteins Akt, IRS-1, GCK-3a/b, p70/S6, BAD, m-TOR, PTEN and S6 ribosomal protein in the amygdala and hippocampus have been studied the by multiplex immunoassay. Results. In rats that consumed RC as part of SD, there was a decrease in the levels of leptin and its ratio with ghrelin, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-12p40 and IL-12p70, IFN-γ) in BS and WAT, chemokines (MCP-1, M-CSF, MIP-2) in WAT. Some of these effects were more pronounced at a low dose of RC than at a large dose, and some of them were also canceled or changed in direction in animals treated with HFCD. In the amygdala, RC consumption increased the content of both pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines; the most significant was the increase in IL-7 levels in animals fed SD, and RANTES in animals fed HFCD. In the hippocampus of rats, the RC intake had an insignificant effect on the levels of cytokines and chemokines. Akt-1 kinase and the substrate of the insulin receptor IRS-1 were the main targets of RC action in the regions of the brain. Conclusion. The complex dietary supplement RC exerted a hypoleptinemic effect, revealed certain anti-inflammatory effects and modulated a number of the brain factors influencing behavioral responses in obesity. However, the synergistic effect of resveratrol and L-carnitine in the composition of the supplement wasn't not observed, and the effectiveness of its action decreased in conditions of a hypercaloric diet consumption.

Objectives: Transresveratrol (Res) and l-carnitine (l-Car) are proposed to alleviate metabolic and immune disorders and increase physical activity in obese individuals. This study aims to estimate the effect of Res and l Car in rats with diet-induced obesity.Methods: Male Wistar rats were fed a diet with excess fat and fructose (high-fat high-carbohydrate diet [HFCD]) supplemented with Res and l-Car at doses of 25 and 300 mg/kg of body weight, respectively, for 63 d. An assessment of grip strength, behavioral reactions, as well as biochemical, morphological, and immunological parameters, was performed.Results: Res supplementation did not affect energy consumption, but l-Car increased when animals had free access to feed. Body weight gains were the highest in animals fed the HFCD, lowest in rats receiving the control balanced diet, and intermediate in animals receiving Res and l-Car. Feeding with Res and l-Car canceled the decrease in long-term memory in rats fed the HFCD, as well as reduced anxiety and increased mobility. With both supplements, bilirubin, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein levels in the blood plasma returned to normal values, but only l-Car increased the ratio of aspartic and alanine transaminases. In addition, l-Car lowered the levels of leptin and ghrelin and increased transforming growth factor beta 1 in the blood plasma, and consumption of Res was accompanied by a decrease in interleukin-17A and increase in interferon gamma in spleen lysates. Moreover, l-Car reduced the number of cells with lipid inclusions in the liver.Conclusions: The consumption of Res and l-Car leads to a significant reduction in dyslipidemia and inflamma-tion with potentially favorable changes in behavioral responses.(c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

В работе представлены метаналитические аспекты активности КФК спортсменов различных видов спорта, проведенные в рамках модели «серого ящика» при планировании многофакторного пассивного эксперимента. Конечная модель плана пассивного эксперимента была представлена как 2х4х5х6, а ведущим методом анализа являлся - двухфакторный дисперсионный анализ. В качестве фиксируемых факторов были использованы: пол (фактор А, два уровня), тип тренировки (фактор В, четыре уровня), вид спорта (фактор С, шесть уровней), стресс нагрузка (факто D, пять уровней, а в качестве зависимой переменной рассматривается активность КФК-ММ (Ед/л). Установлено, что пол имеет значимую статистическую ассоциацию с видами спорта, а активность КФК-ММ мужчин соответствующих видов спорта всегда достоверно выше, чем у женщин. Также установлено, что тип тренинга недостоверно влияет на активность КФК-ММ, а стресс- фактор достоверно влияет на активность КФК-ММ.

The paper dwells on the results obtained via long-term monitoring over food grain (wheat, barley, corn, oats, and rye) contamination with mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). From 1989 to 2018 6,800 grain samples from Central, Southern, Volga, Ural, Siberian, North-Caucasian, Far Eastern, and North-western Federal Districts (FD) of the RF were analyzed. Depending on a year harvest, DON occurrence varied from 0 to 42 % and maximum toxin content reached 6.65 mg/kg. Over the whole examined period 10 % samples turned out to be contaminated and one forth of them contained the toxin in quanti- ties exceeding maximum permissible levels (MPL). DON occurrence amounted to 24–42 % in years of mass epiphytoties (1989, 1992 and 1993) as well as in crops gathered in 2014 and 2017; DON was detected in quantities exceeding MPL in 9–27 % of examined samples in those years. 78 % contaminated samples came from Southern and North-Caucasian FD and another 10 % were from Far Eastern FD. A significant correlation between DON occurrence and a number of rainy and sunny days in May was established on the example of wheat samples from Krasnodar region. Analysis of contamination dy- namics has revealed that over the last years there has been an ascending trend in frequency of DON detection in wheat that came not only from regions where Fusarium head blight was widely spread but also from regions in North-western, Siberian and Volga FD. Health risks related to DON intake with wheat grains processing products were assessed; the assessment revealed that DON intake higher than tolerable daily intake (TDI) for the residents of Southern and North-Caucasian FD in 1992, 1993, 2014 and 2017. Average occurrence of DON was 4.2; 11.9; 3.0 and 0.6 % for barley, corn, rye, and oats samples and its maximum contents amounted to 8.95; 0.95; 0.96 and 0.44 mg/kg accordingly. Just as it was the case with wheat, the most of contami- nated samples came from Southern, North-Caucasian and Far Eastern FD. Contamination tended to grow for all the exam- ined grains and it calls for relevant measures aimed at controlling food grains safety

The study of the relationship between hematopoiesis and metabolism is now particularly relevant in view of the high incidence of alimentary dependent diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this regard, pathogenetic factors of this disease development are studied actively in order to choose adequate drug therapy and usage of bioactive substances with antioxidant properties. The aim of the study was to study the pathogenetic relationship of hematological disorders and imbalance of growth factors, leptin and ghrelin in male Wistar rats in the model of the initial stage of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease development and to assess the regulatory effect of minor bioactive substances - carnosine and α-lipoic acid. Material and methods. The studies were performed on male Wistar rats with initial body weight 150±10 g within 8 weeks. Animals were divided into 5 groups (n=8 in each). Rats of the control group received a complete modified diet AIN93M, in which soybean oil was replaced with sunflower oil and lard (1:1). Rats of the experimental groups consumed high-calorie choline-deficient diet (HCCDD), in which fat content was 45%, fructose content - 20% of the energy value of the diet. Rats of the 2nd group were fed HCCDD without any supplements, the 3rd group - with the addition of carnosine (75 mg/kg body weight), the 4th group - with the addition of α-lipoic acid (75 mg/kg body weight), the 5th group - with the combined addition of carnosine and α-lipoic acid in a total dose of 150 mg/kg body weight. Hematological values were determined on a hematological analyzer. The content of ghrelin and leptin, as well as growth factors GM-CSF and M-CSF in blood plasma and adipose tissue lysates, was determined by multiplex immunoassay using xMAP technology. Results. Rat intake of HCCDD resulted in decreased hemoglobin levels and red blood cell scores compared to controls. Diet enrichment with carnosine and α-lipoic acid did not have a reliable effect on these indicators. Carnosine intake had a protective effect on erythrocyte volume, a decrease of which was recorded in other experimental groups. HCCDD stimulated the growth of the absolute number of leukocytes in peripheral blood due to granulocytes and mononuclears. The enrichment of HCCDD with carnosine and α-lipoic acid led to a further increase in leukocytosis, the maximum level of which was observed in the group of rats fed HCCDD, simultaneously enriched with carnosine and α-lipoic acid (14.86±1.48×109/l compared to 8.67±1.23×109/l in control). All diets used in the research had no effect on the number of erythrocytes and platelets in the peripheral blood of rats. The use of both HCCDD alone and in combination with carnosine or α-lipoic acid intake had a negative effect on the level of growth factors GM-CSF and M-CSF in blood plasma and adipose tissue. The consumption of HCCDD caused an increase in leptin blood level (8.54±0.69 compared to 2.58±0.37 pg/ml in control, р<0.05), which was normalized by enriching the diet with carnosine and α-lipoic acid. Ghrelin blood level significantly decreased in all experimental groups compared to the control: by 30% in rats fed and by almost 50% when carnosine and α-lipoic acid were added to HCCDD. The intake of α-lipoic acid led to hormone level changes in adipose tissue lysates, leptin content decreased (2.31±0.11 vs 2.77±0.15 pg/ml), while ghrelin level significantly increased (0.35±0.14 vs 0.20±0.06 pg/ml), compared with the control group (р<0.05). Conclusion. The revealed interrelation of parameters of the cellular composition of peripheral blood and hemoglobin content with the changes in the content of GM-CSF, M-CSF, leptin and ghrelin in blood plasma and adipose tissue indicates the mutual influence of the studied CSF, leptin, ghrelin and added antioxidants (carnosine and α-lipoic acid) on the regulatory mechanisms of hematopoiesis in rats fed HCCDD.

Specialized products and dietary supplements, enriched with complexes of minor biologically active substances (BAS), are often offered as components of therapeutic diets in the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome. At the same time, the possible effects of the interactions of BAS when consuming a multicomponent product have not been studied enough. The aim - to study the action on rats' organism of a complex supplement (RС), containing resveratrol (Res) and L-carnitine (L-Car), when consumed with a standard balanced or hypercaloric diet. Material and methods. Male Wistar rats received for 63 days a standard balanced diet (SD) or a high-fat-high-carbohydrate diet (HFCD) with an excess of total fat (30%) and fructose (20% solution instead of drinking water), or the same diets supplemented with RС in a low (25 mg/kg body weight as Res and 300 mg/kg body weight as L-Car) or high (50 and 600 mg/kg body weight, respectively) doses. The muscle grip strength, behavioral reactions in tests of the conditioned passive avoidance reflex (CPAR) and elevated plus maze (EPM) were studied. At the end of the experiment, the mass of adipose tissue and internal organs was determined together with the activity of microsomal and cytosolic liver enzymes for specific substrates, plasma biochemical parameters, liver morphology by lightoptical microscopy, accumulation of lipofuscin-like granules (LLG) in the liver and kidneys by laser confocal microscopy. Results. In the rats fed HFCD, compared with SD, there was an increase in the mass index of liver, total inguinal and retroperitoneal white adipose tissue, in the levels of glucose and triglycerides, in the activity of hepatic CYP1A1 and CYP3A monooxygenases, UDPglucuronosyltransferase, heme oxygenase, and simultaneous decrease of high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and quinone oxidoreductase activity. The RС intake stimulated the locomotor activity of rats in EPM, however, this effect was less pronounced against the background of HFCD consumption. In rats consuming SD (but not HFCD), the addition of RС caused an increase in search activity and anxiety according to the EPM and CPAR data. The effect on short- and long-term memory retention was statistically insignificant. RС intake did not have hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic properties but caused in low dose an increase in the ratio of the activity of transaminases AST/ALT in animals fed HFCD. The liver CYP3A activity increased in rats supplemented with RС in high dose fed HFCD. In the kidneys of animals, the consumption of RС resulted in increased accumulation of LLG. Conclusion. When studying the effect of the complex supplement RС on normal and obese rats according to the studied physiological, morphological and biochemical indexes, no positive effects were revealed, that would not have manifested themselves for Res and L-Car separate intake. No evidence of synergistic action of L-Car and Res were found, and some of the effects of the complex supplement can be considered as adverse. This requires careful assessment when combined using these substances in complex diet therapy of metabolic disorders in humans.

Objective : comparative analysis of body composition indicators obtained by two methods of data registration — anthropometry and bioimpedance measurement, and analysis of the distribution of subcutaneous fat on the body of football players in accordance with the playing role. Materials and methods : аnthropometric measurements and bioimpedance studies of body composition were carried out in 24 football players of the Moscow football club of the second division professional football league. The average age of the athletes was 24.16 ± 0.87 years. Results : the survey involved 24 football players of the Moscow football club of the professional football league of the second division. The average age of the players was 24.16 ± 0.87 years. When determining the composition of the body using two methods, it was found that the calculation method and the bioimpedance method give different results. On average, the calculation method shows higher indicators of body fat mass (%FBM = 18.9 ± 1.04) than the bioimpedance method (%FBM = 14.7 ± 0.76), the differences are significant (p < 0.05). Moreover, differences in muscle mass are insignificant — in terms of BIA %SMM = 47.06 ± 0.59, according to the calculation method %SMM = 47.0 ± 0.63 (the differences are unreliable, p > 0.05). There were no differences in the component composition of the body of football players depending on the game role. The topography of subcutaneous fat on the body of athletes-football players has certain patterns, but does not depend on the playing role of athletes. Conclusion : the analysis revealed differences in the body composition data of football players obtained using two registration methods. The data of the study can serve as model criteria for body composition and the distribution of subcutaneous fat on the body of athletes for selection in football activities and for comparative characterization and discussion of the results of similar studies.

We studied the effects of the addition of large neutral amino acids, such as tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp), in mice DBA/2J and tetrahybrid mice DBCB receiving a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet (HFCD) for 65 days. The locomotor activity, anxiety, muscle tone, mass of internal organs, liver morphology, adipokines, cytokines, and biochemical indices of animals were assessed. The Tyr supplementation potentiated increased anxiety in EPM and contributed to a muscle tone increase, a decrease in the AST/ALT ratio, and an increase in protein anabolism in both mice strains. Tyr contributed to a decrease in liver fatty degeneration and ALT reduction only in DBCB that were sensitive to the development of obesity. The addition of Trp caused an increase in muscle tone and potentiated an increase in anxiety with age in animals of both genotypes. Trp had toxic effects on the livers of mice, which was manifested in increased fatty degeneration in DBCB, edema, and the appearance of micronuclei in DBA/2J. The main identified effects of Tyr on mice are considered in the light of its modulating effect on the dopamine neurotransmitter metabolism, while for the Trp supplement, effects were presumably associated with the synthesis of its toxic metabolites by representatives of the intestinal microflora.

В работе представлены метаналитические аспекты клинико-лабораторных показателей спортсменов циклических видов спорта, проведенные в рамках модели «черного ящика» при планировании многофакторного пассивного эксперимента. Конечная модель плана пассивного эксперимента была представлена как 23 , а ведущим методом анализа – трехфакторный дисперсионный анализ и многомерный анализ с использованием критерия Хотеллинга. В качестве фиксируемых факторов были использованы: пол (фактор А), на котором два уровня; вид спорта (фактор В) с двумя уровнями; условия тренинга (фактор С) с двумя уровнями, а в качестве зависимых переменных рассматриваются концентрация гемоглобина и гематокрит. Установлено, что пол, вид спорта, условия тренинга имеют значимую факторную нагрузку на эти зависимые переменные. Установлена достоверная парная межфакторная взаимосвязь между полом, видом спорта и условиями тренинга, где достоверно наибольшую по весу значимость имеет пол и вид спорта.

В работе представлены непараметрические методы анализа данных с использованием рангового двухфакторного дисперсионного анализа и методов корреляционного анализа в рамках модели «черного ящика». Модель плана активного эксперимента была представлена 2 2 . В качестве фиксируемых факторов были использованы масса тела (МТ) и амплуа. В качестве зависимых переменных использовались показатели компонентного состава тела, полученные с использованием биоимпедансометрии. Установлено, что МТ имела значимую связь с такими показателями как рост, индекс массы тела (ИМТ), тощая масса (ТМ%), активная клеточная масса (АКМ%), скелетно-мышечная масса (СММ%), внеклеточная и внутриклеточная жидкость (ВнекЖ и ВнутЖ) с прямой зависимостью, а амплуа имел связь только с показателем СММ (кг). При этом для полузащитников характерно меньшее значение этого показателя по сравнению с защитниками.

The paper dwells on the results obtained via long-term monitoring over food grain contamination with such a mycotoxin as deoxynivalenol (DON); monitored grains include wheat, barley, corn, oats, and rye. From 1989 to 2018 6,800 grain samples were analyzed; they came from Zentralny, Juzhniy, Privolzhskiy, Uralskiy, Sibirskiy, Severo-Kavkazskiy, Dalnevostochniy, and Severozapadniy Federal Districts (FD) in the RF. Depending on a year when a specific crop was gathered, frequency of DON detection in food grain samples varied from 0 to 42 % and maximum toxin contents reached 6.65 mg/kg. Over the whole examined period 10 % samples turned out to be contaminated and one forth of them contained the toxin in quantities exceeding maximum permissible levels (MPL). DON detection frequency amounted to 24–42 % in years when mass epiphytoties occurred (1989, 1992 and 1993) as well as in crops gathered in 2014 and 2017; DON was detected in quantities exceeding MPL in 9–27 % examined samples in those years. 78 % contaminated samples came from Juzhniy and Severo-Kavkazskiy FD and another 10 % were from Dalnevostochniy FD. An authentic correlation between frequency of toxin detection and a number of rainy and sunny days in May was established on the example of wheat samples that came from Krasnodar region. Analysis of contamination dynamics has revealed that over the last years there has been an ascending trend in frequency of DON detection in wheat that came not only from regions where Fusarium head blight was widely spread but also from regions in Severozapadniy, Sibirskiy and Privolzhskiy FD. Health risks related to DON introduction with products obtained via wheat grains processing were assessed; the assessment revealed that DON was introduced in doses higher than conditional acceptable daily intake (ADI) for people living in Juzhniy and Severo-Kavkazskiy FD in 1992, 1993, 2014 and 2017. Average frequency of DON detection amounted to 4.2; 11.9; 3.0 and 0.6 % for barley, corn, rye, and oats samples and its maximum contents amounted to 8.95; 0.95; 0.96 and 0.44 mg/kg accordingly. Just as it was the case with wheat, the greatest share of contaminated samples came from Juzhniy, Severo-Kavkazskiy and Dalnevostochniy FD. Contamination tended to grow for all the examined grains and it calls for relevant measures aimed at controlling food grains safety.

Objective: evaluation of nutritional and energy value dietary intakes of elite athletes who engaged into biathlon. Materials and methods: 30 athletes (20 men and 10 women) were surveyed whose middle age was 20,9±0,75 и 19,4±0,5 years old, respectively. The studies were conducted in the immunology laboratory of Federal Researcher Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, and in the Federal Research and Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia. Study was conducted during pre-competition period, simultaneously with profound medical examination. Data collection of surveyed athletes' dietary intakes was carried out using questionnaire-polling method of 24-hour nutrition replication. The measure of consume food amounts was performed by using the «Servings album of products and dishes». The estimation of nutrients and energy consumption was carried out using an electronic database of the chemical composition of products and dishes. Results: estimation of the energy and nutritional value of the athletes diet has shown a discrepancy between the obtained values and the recommendations for this group of physical activity. Levels of diet's energy value amounted to 4043±230 (3732 – 4498 kcal/day) by men and 3479±156,4 (3228 – 3795 kcal/day) by women. The ratio of caloric intake of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the diets of athletes was 14.5%, 37.3%, 48.1% for men, and 15.8%, 33.3% and 50.8% for women, respectively. In this, for athletes who generally train endurance the recommended ratio of protein, fat and carbohydrates in the diet is 13-15%, 24-25% and 58-61%, respectively according to various literary data. Conclusions: among surveyed athletes, there was a tendency towards exceed energy intake due to fat (37.3±2.7% in men; 33.3±2.5% in women) and insufficient carbohydrate intake (48.1±3.1% and 50, 8±2.3%, respectively) with normal levels of protein intake (14.5±1.3% for men; 15.8±2.3% for women). Despite the fact that women had a higher intake of carbohydrates than men, the proportion of complex carbohydrates in the structure of the diet was 7.5% lower (p <0.05). These findings indicate the diet imbalance of this athlete’s category.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now a common liver disease affecting about a third of the world's population. In this regard, the issue of studying the pathogenetic factors of the development of this disease in order to select adequate drug therapy and biologically active substances with antioxidant properties regulating the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is of particular relevance. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of minor biologically active substances - carnosine and α-lipoic acid on hepatocyte apoptosis and the cytokine profile in the experimental model of the initial stage of NAFLD. Material and methods. The studies were performed on male Wistar rats with initial body weight of 150±10 g. Animals were divided into 5 groups of 8 rats each. Within 8 weeks, rats of the 1st group (control) received a complete modified diet AIN93M, in which soybean oil was replaced with sunflower oil and lard (1:1). Rats of the experimental groups consumed high-calorie choline-deficient diet (HCCDD), in which fat content was 45%, fructose content - 20% of the energy value of the diet. Rats of the 2nd group were fed HCCDD without any supplements, the 3rd group - with the addition of carnosine (75 mg/kg body weight), the 4th group - with the addition of α-lipoic acid (75 mg/kg body weight), the 5th group - with the addition of carnosine and α-lipoic acid in a total dose of 150 mg/kg body weight. The study of rat hepatocyte apoptosis was performed by flow cytometry. Hepatocytes were stained with annexin V and vital dye 7-aminoactinomycin, followed by detection on an flow cytometer. The content of cytokines and chemokines (IL-1α, IL-10, IL-17А, M-CSF, MIP-1α, MIP-3α, RANTES) in the cytoplasmic fraction of liver tissue was determined by multiplex immunoassay. Results and discussion. On the model of the initial stage of development of NAFLD in male Wistar rats the еnrichment of HCCDD with carnosine and α-lipoic acid had demonstrated a protective effect on hepatocytes with a decrease in apoptosis intensity to the level in control rats. Under the influence of HCCDD, an increase in the content of M-CSF and MIP-1α and a decrease in the levels of MIP-3α and RANTES, stimulating the migration and differentiation of various immunoregulatory populations to the parenchyma at an early stage of the formation of fatty hepatosis, in the cytoplasmic fraction of liver tissue were detected. Moreover, a decrease in the level of proinflammatory cytokines IL-17A and IL-1α and an increase in IL-10 produced mainly by Treg-populations indicate the absence of pronounced inflammatory changes in the liver of male Wistar rats at the initial stages of development of fatty dystrophy. Conclusion. Enrichment of HCCDD with both carnosine and α-lipoic acid in Wistar rats had a protective effect on hepatocytes with a decrease in apoptosis to a level in control rats. The increase in the IL-10/IL-17A ratio indicates the activation of anti-inflammatory mechanisms due to the functional predominance of Treg-cells over Th1/Th17 lymphocytes.

Objective: comparative estimation of anthropometric parameters and body composition of elite athletes, specialized in some non-playing sports – bobsleigh, biathlon, bullet shooting and snowboarding. Materials ant methods: anthropometric measurements and bioimpedance analysis of body composition of 180 women and men elite athletes at precompetitive period were held. Average age of surveyed men (n=107) was 21,7±0,8; women (n=73) – 23,1±1,5. Results: anthropometric data analysis indicated that athletes who engaged in bobsleigh, had the highest mass-height indicators (men: height – 183,4±5,27 cm, body mass – 89,5±8,17 kg; women: height – 172±4,71 cm, body mass – 70,3±7,19). Percent of athletes with exceed waist/ hip index (WHR) was higher among bobsledders. It was indicated, that athlete’s body composition differed from average non-athletes population standards. Average indicators of absolute muscle body mass (MBM) among studied men and women athletes who engaged in all four sports exceeded the average reference population values. What is more, it was finding that significant increase of this indicator was detected among men (48,5±5,14 kg) and women (36,9±6,67 kg) bobsledders that was typical for individuals with increased physical activity. The highest indicators of %MBM were registered in bobsleigh athletes of both sexes (men – 54,18%, women – 52,62%). Average values of absolute and relative amount of fat body mass (FBM) of shooters, bobsledders and snowboarders of both sexes were in limits of population standards; but men (7.91±1.5 kg; 11.51%) and women (9.0±1.77 kg; 15.83%) biathlonists had values below average due to specificity of this sport. Conclusions: significant differences in height-weight indicators and body mass index (BMI) of athletes involved in various non-playing sports were found. Also, features of the body component composition of athletes of various specializations were revealed: the lowest absolute indicators of fat body mass were found in biathlonists; the most pronounced muscle body mass indicators were observed in representatives of the bobsleigh. A pronounced correlation between some body composition indicators and anthropometric indexes of physical development was revealed: correlation of WHR, BMI and %FBM, mainly among shooters and bobsleighists; MBM indicator with extracellular liquid (Extra.F) and intracellular liquid (Intra.F) indicators. Also the prevailing majority of athletes had excess Intra.F: 1.03-1.63 times higher relative to the reference values of the population standard.

The aim of the study was to perform regression modeling of the physical status of the Russian population from 1917 to 2017 and to build a prognostic model until 2035.Material and methods. The methodological approach was based on the methods of correlation and regression analysis, namely, on the construction of linear regression models. Data collection was based on the archival historical documents. Statistical data were processed using SPSS and Excel. The significance level was assumed to be 0.05.Results. The basic regression models for each of the studied parameters were formulated in the study. In accordance with the given regression models, the authors made a forecast for all the studied parameters up to 2035.Conclusion. This method can be considered as a promising methodological tool in the study of the dynamic series of relevant parameters in identifying not only the tendency, but also the hidden oscillatory component of the series.

Balanced nutrition of athletes involves the usage of both ordinary products and complexes of functional food ingredients that contribute to improving the performance of athletes, strengthening the immune system. One of the main components of specialized foods that are widely used in sports' nutrition and food supplements are branched chain aminoacids (BCAA): valine, leucine, isoleucine. The aim of the work was to study the effect of the BCAA intake on the parameters of body composition and the immune status of combat sport athletes during the training period. Material and methods. The object of the study was 20 athletes (masters of sports and candidates for masters of sports in combat sports: sambo, judo) at the age of 17-18 years. Athletes were distributed into 2 groups. Athletes of the main group (n=10) for 4 weeks in addition to the main diet were supplemented with BCAA at a dosage of 5 g per day. The athletes of the control group (n=10) received the main diet without BCAA inclusion. Examination of athletes of both groups was carried out at the beginning of the research and after 4 weeks of the observation period. The actual nutrition of athletes and daily energy consumption have been studied, body composition, the quantitative composition of subpopulations of peripheral blood lymphocytes, cytokine profile and hematological parameters have been determined. Results and discussion. As a result of a comprehensive survey of athletes, the positive effect of BCAA intake on the phase angle value (7.35±0.28 vs 6.41±0.32 at the beginning of the study, p<0.05) and muscle mass (25.1±0.8 vs 23.4±0.6 kg, p<0.10) has been demonstrated. In the control group these parameters did not change statistically significantly (7.05±0.25 vs 6.78±0.42 and 24.1±1.7 vs 23.8±1.5 kg). The athletes of the main group showed an increase in erythrocyte hemoglobin content (30.0±0.3 vs 29.0±0.2 pg, p<0.05). The relative content of basophilic leukocytes in athletes of the main group decreased by the end of the observation period - from 0.69±0.05 to 0.54±0.05% (p<0.05), that indicated an increase of immune resistance. The biomarker of the immunotropic effect of BCAA was the suppression of IL-4 production (1.6±0.1 to 1.3±0.1 pg/ml, p<0.05) synthesized by Th2 lymphocytes, with switching response to cellular immunity. Conclusion. The results of this study provide evidence of the effectiveness of BCAA usage in sports' nutrition for maintaining sport performance, immunity, and the adaptive potential of combat sport athletes.