В данной статье были рассмотрены понятие и сущность атлетической гимнастики в жизни студента высших учебных заведений. Проанализированы отличительные особенности атлетической гимнастики от других видов физических упражнений и степень ее влияния на общую картину физической подготовки обучающихся. Выявлен ряд противопоказаний при занятиях атлетической гимнастикой, а также рекомендаций. В конце научно-исследовательской работы сформулирован вывод по наиболее эффективному выполнению упражнений по атлетической гимнастике в контексте общей физической подготовки студентов.

Мета дослідження – з’ясувати в експерименті вплив рідкого водно-спиртового екстракту листя любистку лікарського (ЕЛЛЛ) на обмін сечової кислоти (СК) у нормі та на моделі гіперурикемії, визначити гостру токсичність зазначеного екстракту. ЕЛЛЛ отримано методом перколяції, як екстрагент використано 70 % етиловий спирт. В експерименті на мишах визначали вплив 7-денного введення ЕЛЛЛ (з якого попередньо відганяли спирт відновлювали об’єм водою) у дозах 1 мл/кг і 5 мл/кг на вміст СК у крові, на ниркову екскрецію СК в інтактних мишей і на моделі гіперурикемії, викликаної калію оксонатом, а також на активність ксантиноксидази (КО) у печінці. Як препарат порівняння використано алопуринол (10 мг/кг у шлунок). Аналізували кореляційні зв’язки між зазначеними показниками пуринового обміну. Експрес-методом визначали гостру токсичність ЕЛЛЛ. Позбавлений спирту ЕЛЛЛ в інтактних тварин чинив помірний, а на моделі оксонат-індукованої гіперурикемії – виразніший гіпоурикемічний вплив (у дозі 5 мл/кг знижував вміст СК у крові на 47 %, p < 0,01). За виразністю гіпоурикемічного ефекту ЕЛЛЛ поступався алопуринолу. Механізм гіпоурикемічного впливу ЕЛЛЛ, як і алопуринолу, полягає в інгібуванні КО (активність ензиму зменшувалась на 37–51 % за нормоурикемії та на 51–57 % за гіперурикемії). Роль цього механізму підтверджується результатами кореляційного аналізу зв’язку між урикемією та активністю КО. Як ЕЛЛЛ у дозі 5 мл/кг, так і алопуринол в умовах оксонат-індукованої моделі гіперурикемії відновлювали прямий кореляційний зв’язок між концентрацією в крові СК та активністю КО (відповідно ρ = 0,68 і ρ = 0,88), притаманний інтактним тваринам (ρ = 0,86) і порушений оксонатом калію (ρ = –0,04). Ниркова екскреція СК під впливом ЕЛЛЛ зменшувалась. ЕЛЛЛ належить до практично нетоксичних речовин (V клас токсичності, 5000 < LD50 < 15 000 мг/кг при визначенні експрес-методом).

Проведено огляд досліджень у галузі моделювання процесів у металі під час термообробки та обробки металу тиском та вплив обробки на фізико-механічні властивості сталі з хімічним складом 0,59%С, 0,31% Si, 0,73%Mn. Розроблено математичну модель розрахунку фізико-механічних властивостей сталі в процесі гарячої пластичної деформації. В результаті моделювання були отримані функції: величина деформації в напрямку прикладеної сили, поділена на початкову довжину матеріалу. Отримано коефіцієнт подовження матеріалу з фактичним хімічним складом при температурі 1250±10°С, яка склав 0,32. При порівнянні значень навантаження, що було застосовано при ГПД в лабораторних умовах і отримано в результаті розрахунків з використанням розробленої моделі встановлено, що вони мають близькі значення ~ 45 МПа. Цим підтверджується адекватність отриманої моделі.

The aim of the study was to analyze the mechanisms of action and pharmacodynamics of carboxytherapy in diseases of the cardiovascular system (CVS). Materials and methods. An analysis of domestic and foreign experience in the use of carboxytherapy for diseases of CVS. Results and discussions. The mechanism of action of carboxytherapy is based on the principle of the introduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the patient's body, due to which many pathological disorders can be eliminated. Inhalation and non-inhalation introduction of CO2 into the body has been used for medicinal purposes for many decades. The empirical (off label) use of this therapy in course of time has gained a wide clinical evidence base. There is a large amount of clinical evidence in the world of the effective use of carboxytherapy in many fields of medicine, including those with CVS diseases. It is proved that CO2 introduced into the body penetrates freely through cell membranes and has antihypoxic, vasodilating, antioxidant, anti-ischemic, antispasmodic and other positive effects. Therefore, carboxytherapy contributes to a complex of pharmacological effects inherent of traditional antianginal, hypotensive, antispasmodic and other drugs that are widely used in the treatment of CVS diseases. Conclusions. An analysis of domestic and foreign experience in carboxytherapy shows that the effects of CO2 in diseases of the CVS are achieved by improving oxygenation and microcirculation, anti-anginal, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antispasmodic, anti-oxidant, and analgesic effects of this gas. Carboxytherapy is an alternative, promising and safe method of treating diseases of the cardiovascular system.

The problem of finding new ways for pharmacological prophylaxis and treatment of respiratory tract diseases is very relevant in public health. To eliminate hypoxia, many European and American clinics use carboxytherapy as an additional or alternative treatment. Carbon dioxide administration eliminates the sequels of oxygen starvation, by producing artificial tissue hypercapnia, which causes an increase in oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal from the tissues and then from the body. The main mechanism of action of carboxytherapy is associated with enhanced tissue oxygenation and is due to the Verigo-Bohr effect: the effect of CO2 concentration and pH on the binding of hemoglobin to oxygen and release of the latter from hemoglobin. By affecting the chemoreceptors of the respiratory center, carboxytherapy contributes to increased pulmonary ventilation and reduces bronchial smooth muscle tone and bronchial mucous secretion, as well as inflammation; all this improves breathing. By exerting a direct and reflex effect on the respiratory center, carboxytherapy induces hurried and deeper breathing, which increases pulmonary ventilation, speeds up perfusion and gas exchange in the lung, eliminates dyspnea and bronchospasm; therefore, it is widely used for lung diseases (asthma, pneumosclerosis, and silicosis). Carboxytherapy improves lung function in case of bronchopulmonary diseases, performance, and quality of life and it is used as an additional method in the pharmacotherapy of many diseases in pulmonology.

Almost every person can felt the pain syndrome; it has different mechanisms of formation, which must be taken into account when determining the principles of treatment. The causes of pain are inflammation, ischemia, hypoxia, oxidative stress, etc. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most common painkillers, but the problem of expected efficiency and their potential risks is not fully resolved despite their huge assortment. Therefore, the search for alternative effective and safer methods of anelgesia, one of which is carboxytherapy (treatment of CO2). Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an inalienable component of the metabolism and pacemaker of the respiratory processes. The objective of the work was to study the analgesic effect of carboxytherapy (subcutaneous injections of carbon dioxide). For this purpose, we used a combined model of hyperalgesia (with a central component): carrageenan inflammation in combination with a modification of the tail immersion test. The animals (40 rats) used in the experiment were divided into five groups: I – control pathology; II – rats receiving injections of diclofenac sodium comparator at a dose of 8 mg / kg; III – animals that were subcutaneously injected with CO2 into the hind paw at a dose of 0.5 ml; IV – animals that were injected with CO2 into the hind paw at a dose of 1 ml; V – rats that received 4 mg/kg of diclofenac in combination with subcutaneous injection of CO2 into the hind paw at a dose of 1 ml. In the experiment on rats was found that subcutaneous injections of carboxytherapy at a dose of 0.5 ml and 1 ml have analgesic properties (at the level of 18.9 and 31.1 %), but the most perspective method is the complex purpose of analgesics (diclofenac sodium at a dose of 4 mg/kg) and injection of carboxytherapy (at a dose of 1 ml), which helps to reduce the degree of analgesia by 38.7 %, which correlates with the action of diclofenac sodium (at a dose of 8 mg/kg). Thus, the inclusion of carboxytherapy in conventional therapies will enhance the analgesic effect of a traditional drug and improve the safety profile of the latter.

Cellulite is not only an aesthetic and cosmetic defect of the skin, but a signal of violations in the body, the cause of which is an incorrect lifestyle. The number of collagen fibers in the connective tissue decreases markedly, peripheral blood supply is disturbed, various hormonal changes occur, and in combination with malnutrition, a sedentary lifestyle, bad habits (smoking, alcohol abuse), sleep disturbance, frequent stress and sudden changes in body weight can first observe the formation of dimples and bulges (“orange peel”), and with the aggravation of the situation due to lymphostasis, there is an accumulation of toxins and gynoid lipodystrophy occurs with age. The main syndromes that characterize cellulitis: lymphostasis, hypoxia, a violation of the relationship between lipogenesis and lipolysis, non-inflammatory changes in subcutaneous fat, fibrodestruction. Cellulite treatment is carried out by complex methods: pharmaco- and physiotherapeutic, including hormone-correcting, lipocorrection, vasoactive, defibrosing, lifting and others. The lack of monotherapy results can be explained by the complexity of the drug penetration into the "cellulite" zones. The absence of effectiveness of monotherapy stimulates the search for new approaches to treatment. One of the effective methods in complex pharmacotherapy is carboxytherapy. Сarboxytherapy application contributes to the normalization of vascular tone and blood rheology, enhances blood circulation and removes venous stasis; improve oxygenation and trophic tissue, stimulate the processes of neovascularization, lipid metabolism, neocollagenogenesis. As a result of these changes subcutaneous fat cells (cellulite) are destroyed, stagnation is eliminated, and skin elasticity and tone are restored.

We studied circadian rhythms of activity of hepatoprotectors (Antral, Carsil, and glutargin) under conditions of acute paracetamol-induced hepatitis simulated in the morning, afternoon, evening, and at night (09.00, 15.00, 21.00, and 03.00). Antral and Carsil exhibited similar chronoprofiles with the maximum hepatoprotective activity at 09.00 and 21.00, while glutargin exhibited circadian pattern opposite and its activity was maximum at 15.00 and 03.00.

Topicality. Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by changes in the growth and differentiation of the epidermis. 2-5 % of the population of the planet have psoriasis, and it is 30 % in the structure of skin diseases. The multifactorial concept of the pathological process in psoriasis determines a wide range of pharmacotherapy of this disease. Modern antipsoriatic agents are not effective enough and have a variety of side effects. Aim . To summarize the existing scientific literature data conserning the possibility of treating psoriasis with carboxytherapy. Results and discussion. Carboxytherapy is an important part of the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with psoriasis. The antipsoriatic effect of carboxytherapy is realized through the local and resorptive effect of CO 2 : antiproliferative, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihypertrophic, reparative and analgesic. Carboxytherapy in psoriasis promotes tissue detoxification, improves immunity, improves tissue trophism, and eliminates venous-interstitial lymphatic stagnation due to hemodynamic, tissue, and biochemical mechanisms of action of CO 2 . Conclusions. Carboxytherapy as an additional alternative to pharmacotherapy has a synergistic effect together with formulary therapy, but at the same time reduces the dosage of approved drugs and their side effects.

Carboxytherapy (the treatment based on carbon dioxide injections) is a multipurpose and widely used medical technology. The use of CO2 injections (intracutaneous, subcutaneous, and pneumopuncture) have substantially supplemented and increased the practical relevance of carboxytherapy as a method for the treatment of many diseases. Thanks to it physiological properties, CO2 has antihypoxic, antioxidant, vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and spasmolytic activities; moreover, it improves blood viscosity, stimulates neoangiogenesis, and regenerative processes. Carbon dioxide is a sort of biochemical 'peacemaker' in tissue oxygenation: when blood cells are exposed to high CO2 concentrations (Bohr effect), the rate of gas exchange (CO2 and O2) increases. The human organism interprets carboxytherapy (local hypercapnia) as oxygen deficiency and responses to it by boosting not only the blood flow, but also the vascular endothelial growth factor which stimulates neoangiogenesis and in the long run improves blood supply and tissue trophism. The multiple mechanisms of action, polymodal efficacy, a tool kit with a wide range of detectors and various modes of treatment make carboxytherapy a popular medical technology all over the world, namely in cosmetology, dermatology, aesthetic medicine, angiology, orthopaedics, cardiology, neurology, pulmonology, gynaecology, urology, proctology, plastic and general surgery, and other areas. Carboxytherapy provides a perfect example of the off-label usage in medicine that made it one of the most extensively applied medical technology for the treatment of various diseases despite the lack of the preclinical data and scarce relevant information available in textbooks, reference books and booklets.

Представлен аналитический обзор данных о взаимодействии лекарственных препаратов с органами желудочно-кишечного тракта в норме и при патологии. Показано, что ритмические процессы органов пищеварительной системы находятся в тесном взаимодействии с иерархической структурой частных ритмов организма, что создает предпосылки для назначения лекарственных препаратов при заболеваниях ЖКТ с учетом индивидуальных хроноособенностей организма и хронопортретов препаратов.

Рациональное применение лекарственных средств учитывает медико-биологические и фармацевтические факторы, обеспечивающие высокую биодоступность и эффективность лекарственного препарата. Вместе с тем представляет интерес взаимодействие лекарственного препарата с системами организма с учетом особенностей хронофармакологии, изучающей действие лекарственных средств в зависимости от биоритмов человека. С позиции хронопатологии различные патологические процессы и заболевания, в том числе сахарный диабет, является результатом нарушения биоритмов. В патогенезе сахарного диабета возникает десинхроноз, связанный не только с нарушением секреции эндогенного инсулина, но и с индуцированием искусственного ритма при инсулинотерапии. Представлена информация о влиянии биоритмов углеводного обмена на эффективность гипогликемической терапии. Обсуждается целесообразность изучения хроносхем для применяемых гипогликемических препаратов.

Medicinal effects on gastrointestinal-tract (GIT) organs under normal and pathological conditions are reviewed and analyzed. It is shown that rhythmic processes of digestive organs interact closely with the hierarchical structure of partial in vivo rhythms. This creates the prerequisites for prescribing medicines for GIT disorders considering individual in vivo chronorhythms and drug pharmacokinetic profiles.

Rational drug use considers the medical, biological, and pharmaceutical factors that ensure high bioavailability and efficacy. On the other hand, the interaction of a drug with in vivo systems is of interest to take into account chronopharmacology, which studies drug action as a function of human biorhythms. According to chronopathology, various pathological processes and disorders, in particular diabetes mellitus (DM), are related to biorhythm disruption. The pathogenesis of DM involves desynchronosis related to not only the disruption of endogenous insulin secretion but also the artificially induced rhythm of conventional insulin therapy. Available data on the influence of carbohydrate metabolism biorhythms on the efficacy of hypoglycemic treatment were summarized. The expediency of studying and developing schedules for administered hypoglycemic drugs was discussed.

We developed the new сomplex drug diaplant in capsules for pharmacotherapy of acute intestinal infections. Diaplant consist of the nifuroxazide 200 mg and pantaglucidum 200 mg (leaf extract of Plantago major). Antiexudative activity of diaplant was established on the model of carrageenan edema. A comparative drug for the dynamics of antiexudative activity was sodium diclofenac in tablets («Novartis pharma», Sweden). As a result of the experiment, the maximum activity was on the third hour and was 43.1 % in diaplant, and was 64.4 % for sodium diclofenac. Spasmolytic activity of diaplant was studied by the method of «carbon labels». It has been found the identity of indicators for capsules diaplant with comparative drug plantaglucid (Zdorovye, Ukraine).

Carboxytherapy is a new method of anti-aging treatments for the skin, which has clinically confirmed its efficacy and safety, and has good prospects of application in cosmetology. However, there is no systematization of the information about the mechanisms of action that can substantiate its use in cosmetics and pharmacy. Therefore, the aim of this review is to study the mechanisms of action of local effects of CO2 in cosmetology. In cosmetology the effect of carboxytherapy is provided by multifactorial mechanisms of reflex hemosensor (the impact on chemoreceptors), mechanical reflex (Zecharia zone-Ged, baroreceptors), biochemical (the change in the CO2 concentration in the blood), which create the conditions for the system of self-regulation and support in the skin. It is due to the polyvalent mechanism of action the CO2 therapy pharmacodynamics in cosmetology includes a variety of local and resorptive effects on the skin: increased vasodilation, oxygenation, neovasculization of the blood- and lymph flow; restoration of elasticity and the skin turgor; smoothing of photo-aging signs (the anti-aging effect); lifting and smoothing of wrinkles; relief of stress and skin fatigue; the qualitative improvement of the skin texture; lighting and colour alignment; reduction of swelling and pastosity; strengthening the skin around the eyes; the immunity restoration and removal of the skin inflammation (acne, rosacea); the antibacterial effect (elimination of bacteria that cause acne scars); stimulation of angiogenesis and inhibition of melanogenesis; reduction in the local adipose tissue (lipolysis); eliminatation of toxins; intensification of the sweat and sebaceous glands function. Carboxytherapy helps when the signs of the skin aging (wrinkles and double chin) appear, contributes to the figure correction (cellulitis), eliminates many cosmetic defects (stretch marks, dark circles), and promotes to the skin restoration after aggressive methods of rejuvenation and rehabilitation after burns.

Carboxytherapy based on dosing of carbon dioxide is a popular method for treating many diseases in the world. In medicine carboxytherapy is used to increase the tissue oxygenation that leads to the antiphlogistic and antibacterial activity, as well as to stimulate the collagen synthesis, lipolysis and elimination of toxins. This method is used as an alternative treatment in patients with chronic, poorly healing wounds, diseases of the cardiovascular system. In orthopedics carboxytherapy promotes correction of vascular and trophic disorders, pain syndromes in the joints. Thanks to its multiple mechanisms of action carboxytherapy is widely used in the world medical practice in such areas as cosmetology, dermatology, orthopedics, angiology, cardiology, neurology, pulmonology, gynecology, urology, proctology, plastic and general surgery and others.

Метою даної роботи було встановлення циркадіанних особливостей впливу глутаргіну на білковий та пуриновий обміни в умовах хронодетермінованого парацетамолового гепатиту у щурів. Модельну патологію відтворювали введенням парацетамолу (доза 1000 мг/кг щура) в такі періоди та години доби: ранковий (09.00), денний (15.00), вечірній (21.00) та нічний (03.00). Глутаргін вводили в лікувально-профілактичному режимі, тобто за 1 год до введення парацетамолу та 2 год після в дозі 135 мг/кг щура. В результаті проведених досліджень встановлено, що введення глутаргіну на тлі хронодетермінованого парацетамолового гепатиту не характеризувалося змінами вмісту загального білка та альбуміну, тоді як збільшенням вмісту сечовини залежало від циркадіанності групи препарату (на 10-33%), а зменшення вмісту сечової кислоти спостерігалося лише в групі препарату о 09.00 (на 24%). Отримані результати слід враховувати при розробці хронопортрету глутаргіну.

The aim of the study was to determine the circadian dynamics of the carbohydrate metabolism and the activity of cytolysis markers in females and male rats. For this purpose the chronopharmacological studies with collecting blood and liver tissues of the experimental rats at the scheduled time (03.00, 09.00, 15.00 and 21.00) have been carried out. As a result of the research conducted the presence of diurnal fluctuations in the glycogen level, the content of corticosterone and glucose in male rats with the lower rhythm expression in females, and the practical absence of the circadian rhythm in the activity of ALT and AST in animals of both sexes have been determined. Significant gender differences between male and female rats have not been revealed. The results of the circadiance organization of the carbohydrate metabolism and the activity of cytolysis markers obtained in rats should be taken into account when analyzing a chronoprofile of hepatoprotectors and other drugs.