The Upper Montane Mixed Ombrophilous Forest is a humid montane ecosystem characterised by cold winters and a rich Myrtaceae flora. We investigated the vegetative and reproductive phenology of Myrceugenia euosma (O. Berg) D. Legrand and Siphoneugena reitzii D. Legrand and its relationships with climatic variables over 35 months in southern Brazil. Using activity and intensity indices, circular statistics and generalised linear models, we assessed seasonality and climatic influences on phenophases. Both species exhibited continuous vegetative phenology. Reproductive phenophases were annual, seasonal and synchronous within species but temporally segregated between them. This phenological behaviour suggests niche partitioning that may reduce competition for pollinators and dispersers. Vegetative phenophases showed limited climatic dependence, with leaf flush in S. reitzii responding only to current day length. Reproductive phenophases were positively related to day length in both species, with distinct temporal lags. Comparisons of the mean onset and peak angles indicated interannual variation in most phenophases. Phenological advances were more frequent (13 events, 6-32 days) than delays (8 events, 6-59 days), suggesting climate-related shifts. These results indicate that abiotic factors act as environmental filters shaping the phenological patterns of sympatric Myrtaceae in montane environments.

ABSTRACT Background: Epicormic sprouting represents a promising strategy for vegetative rescue and propagation of mature trees; however, factors influencing sprout productivity and viability remain insufficiently understood for Ilex paraguariensis. This study evaluated the epicormic sprouting potential of detached branches according to disposition sense (horizontal and vertical) and branch diameter (thin and thick), as well as the adventitious rooting performance of cuttings derived from epicormic and canopy sprouts. Detached branches were maintained under controlled mini-tunnel conditions and assessed over a 120-day period for survival, sprouting percentage, number of sprouts and sprout length. Subsequently, cuttings from both material sources were evaluated for survival, callus formation, rooting and sprout development. Results: Disposition sense was the main factor influencing sprouting dynamics. Vertically disposed branches exhibited faster initial sprouting but reduced longevity, whereas horizontally disposed branches showed slower development combined with extended survival. Branch diameter had secondary effects, mainly influencing early sprouting responses. Epicormic cuttings presented lower survival compared to canopy-derived material; however, rooting percentages were statistically similar between sources. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that detached branches constitute a viable ex situ source of epicormic sprouts, allowing flexible management strategies depending on production goals. Nevertheless, improvements in environmental conditions and propagule physiological status may be required to enhance survival in vegetative propagation. Overall, detached branches represent a promising alternative for the propagation and conservation of I. paraguariensis, supporting clonal propagation programs while minimizing damage to the selected trees.

This study aimed to identify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in the essential oil (EO) of Schinus lentiscifolia and to evaluate the effect of chitosan coatings (1%) enriched with EO of S. lentiscifolia (1000, 2000, and 4000 mg L−1) on the control of Penicillium sp. and on the quality of ‘Fuji’ apples. The EO was extracted from S. lentiscifolia collected in the municipality of Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, in March, May, and November 2022. The antifungal activity of S. lentiscifolia EO against Penicillium sp. was evaluated in vitro. Apples were stored under refrigerated conditions (0 ± 0.5 °C; 90 ± 5% RH) for 30 days and subsequently under ambient conditions (23 ± 3 °C; 70 ± 5% RH) for 5 days. A total of 14 VOCs were identified in the EO of S. lentiscifolia, with the monoterpenes β-pinene (34.68%) and α-pinene (30.61%) as the major compounds, followed by γ-terpinene (10.13%), camphene (9.66%), and o-cymene (7.14%). The application of chitosan coating with S. lentiscifolia EO (2000 mg L−1) reduced the severity of blue mold in ‘Fuji’ apples by 88.1% during refrigerated storage and by 69.2% under ambient conditions. Ethylene production by the apples was also reduced when treated with chitosan and EO. No influence of the treatments was observed on fruit quality attributes. The postharvest application of chitosan coatings combined with S. lentiscifolia EO reduces disease caused by Penicillium sp. in ‘Fuji’ apples without affecting fruit quality.

This study conducted a bibliometric review on the subject of floristic surveys of the mixed ombrophilous forest, also known as araucaria Forest, investigating its scientific production and research trends over time. The research utilized the Scopus database (Elsevier). Data were analyzed using the VOSviewer software. A total of 118 documents published between 1981 and 2024 were found, distributed across 46 journals, focusing mainly on the proposed theme. Brazil led in the quantity of documents, followed by Germany and Argentina. The analysis of keywords and institutions revealed predominant themes such as forest fragmentation and natural regeneration, with emphasis on brazilian institutions like the Santa Catarina State University. The results highlight the growing interest in studies on araucaria forests, particularly in Brazil, and the relevance of brazilian institutions in producing this research. Despite the recent decrease in the number of studies, research remains crucial for understanding the biodiversity and conservation of these ecosystems.

A mata atlântica, reconhecida por sua rica biodiversidade, enfrenta desafios de conservação em decorrência da exploração histórica e fragmentação. Espécies nativas como Campomanesia xanthocarpa (guabiroba) e Myrcianthes pungens (guabiju) possuem relevância ecológica e econômica, mas carecem de estudos sobre sua biologia reprodutiva. Este trabalho avaliou a viabilidade do pólen dessas espécies em diferentes concentrações de sacarose. Os grãos de pólen, coletados em flores em antese, foram incubados por 24 horas a 25ºC ± 2ºC, e a viabilidade foi avaliada como a porcentagem de grãos germinados em meios de cultura com diferentes concentrações de sacarose (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% e 20%). Os resultados mostraram que, em M. pungens, a viabilidade máxima foi de 57%, estimada em concentrações superiores ao intervalo testado (~22,65%), com alta precisão experimental (R² = 94%). Para C. xanthocarpa, não houve efeito significativo das concentrações de sacarose, com viabilidade média de 68%, indicando a necessidade de investigar outros fatores. Os achados evidenciam diferenças marcantes nos mecanismos reprodutivos das espécies em questão, reforçando a necessidade de abordagens específicas para otimizar sua avaliação.

Given the ecological significance and potential for afforestation and carbon sequestration of these species, this study contributes to optimizing nursery practices for successful regeneration and conservation efforts. Thus, this research assessed the physical and physiological seed quality and seedling production of Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum, and Pseudotsuga menziesii. For seed characteristics the following were tested: (I) Tetrazolium at concentrations: 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%; (II) moisture content and thousand-seed weight; (III) in-lab germination; and (IV) the classification of seeds’ viability through the use of a seed blower. Meanwhile, seedling production was tested: (I) five compositions of substrates and (II) doses of a controlled-release fertilizer (14-14-14): 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 g L−1, for S. giganteum. The seed evaluations revealed no significant effect of tetrazolium concentrations on determining their viability. The water content results classify all species as orthodox. All species’ seeds were classified as small according to the weight of a thousand seeds. A maximum of 41% germination was observed for both S. sempervirens and S. giganteum, this value was 56% for P. menziesii, attributed to non-viability and emptiness. The seed blower increased germination by more than 20% for S. giganteum and almost 40% for P. menziesii. Seedling production was affected by the substrates, and a dosage of 4.0 g L−1 of the controlled-release fertilizer is recommended for S. giganteum.

Before starting any species conservation strategy, it is essential to know which is the most effective propagation method, even more so if it is about rare and/or endemic species. Our goal was to evaluate a method of vegetative propagation of xaxim (Dicksonia sellowiana), an endangered tree fern from the Atlantic Forest, under different light conditions. We conducted two experiments on an experimental farm in the Araucaria Forest domain. One experiment was installed under an Atlantic Forest canopy (shade), and the other was installed in an open area surrounded by a forest with direct sunlight (without shade). All individual plants were standardised in height and frond number by removing all fronds and removing lower trunk material where trunks were longer than 50 cm. We tested three different propagule treatments: whole propagule (1 propagule), propagules cut in half lengthwise (1/2 propagule) and propagules cut into four equal parts lengthwise (1/4 propagule). Each experiment was conducted in a randomised complete block design with four replicates. We evaluated survival, total height and diameter at ground level 6 and 10 years after the implantation, as well as the increment in those years. For survival data, the interaction between shade condition and propagule manipulation method was nonsignificant (p = 0.256) (joint analysis of experiments), and survival rate was higher for shaded propagules (58%) when compared with propagules exposed to light (41%). Higher survival was also observed for whole plants (96%). The mean height obtained from the shade experiment was statistically different among the different propagule sizes in both measurements and in the increment. The use of whole plants for transplanting of xaxim propagules significantly increased their chances of development. We recommend the establishment of whole propagules in shaded environments to ensure greater efficiency in the transplant process of this species of tree fern. The use of whole, or partial, plant propagules for propagation expands the range of strategies that can be used for the management and conservation of xaxim.

A floresta ombrófila mista abriga grande diversidade de espécies como a Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, que apresenta alto valor econômico, social e ambiental, seja pela excelente qualidade da madeira ou pelas sementes que produz. As sementes maduras dessa espécie constituem importante recurso alimentar para a fauna silvestre. Com o objetivo de investigar a produtividade e a chuva de sementes de araucária em uma área natural protegida, este estudo foi realizado entre os anos de 2017 e 2018 na Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural (RPPN) Papagaios-de-Altitude, localizada em Urupema, Santa Catarina. Para amostrar a chuva de sementes foram instalados 90 coletores de sementes em parcelas distribuídas aleatoriamente no interior da floresta, totalizando 90 m² de área amostrada. Durante as inspeções dos coletores, somente as sementes de araucária existentes no interior destes foram recolhidas, contabilizadas e pesadas. Também foi realizada a identificação das espécies da fauna silvestre consumidoras dessas sementes através do padrão de marcas deixadas nas cascas, verificando que a predação foi realizada por espécies de aves como Amazona pretrei, Amazona vinacea e Cyanocorax caeruleus e mamíferos como Alouatta guariba e Nasua nasua. Os resultados revelaram que a chuva de sementes é abundante na RPPN e que a predação destas pela fauna silvestre não interfere negativamente na regeneração da araucária, já que é baixa a porcentagem de sementes predadas por hectares e não foram encontradas plântulas arrancadas. A produtividade estimada foi elevada na RPPN, totalizando 1.876 kg.ha-1, superior ao encontrado nas referências para o Estado de Santa Catarina, demonstrando o seu potencial para a conservação da diversidade biológica.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os métodos de germinação, as características da viabilidade e a classificação fisiológica em armazenamento de sementes de Siphoneugena reitzii D. Legrand, Myrtaceae ocorre em locais de alta altitude da floresta ombrófila mista. As sementes foram coletadas em cinco matrizes localizadas na “Fazenda das Nascentes" – RPPN Serra da Farofa no município de Urupema, Santa Catarina. Os frutos foram beneficiados e as sementes expostas a caracterização inicial dos lotes, com determinação de teor de água, germinação e vigor e contagem e observação de sementes vazias ou predadas. As sementes de S. reitzii foram testadas quanto à melhor condição para germinação em três substratos (areia, mata-borrão e rolo de papel) e em duas temperaturas (20 e 25ºC). Diante da melhor condição de germinação, as sementes foram então submetidas a classificação fisiológica em armazenamento, realizada com secagem rápida em sílica gel até atingir aproximadamente 10% de umidade e posterior teste de germinação após a secagem. Os resultados indicaram que as sementes de S. reitzii germinam em até 11 dias, com boa germinação utilizando papel mata-borrão a 20ºC (69%) e uma taxa moderada com areia a 20 e 25ºC (55 e 57%). Não foram visualizados problemas evidentes com sementes predadas ou vazias, no entanto, as sementes foram classificadas como recalcitrantes e sensíveis à dessecação, pois perderam totalmente a viabilidade após secagem até próximo a 11% de teor de água. Essas informações permitem a melhor seleção de métodos de armazenamento e produção de mudas de S. reitzii.

Podocarpus lambertii (Podocarpaceae) is an endangered conifer, endemic to Brazil and occurring in continuous forest and forest-grassland landscapes from the Araucaria Forest. Aiming to support conservation efforts for P. lambertii populations and gain insights into the preservation of forest-grassland mosaics in southern Brazil, we assessed the spatial pattern, genetic diversity, and fine-scale genetic structure (FSGS) within a population situated in a forest-grassland mosaic. The study was conducted in a 9-ha plot in forest-grassland mosaic. All P. lambertii individuals with height >= 0.1 m were sampled and the population was stratified into four demographic categories (Seedling, Juvenile, Immature, and Reproductive). For each of these categories, we used 13 allozyme markers to evaluate the spatial pattern, genetic diversity and FSGS. All individuals occurred inside the forest-patches, presenting an aggregated pattern of distribution. Low genetic diversity was recorded for all categories and for the population ((H) over cap (E)= 0.046, as well as a high number of rare alleles (20). Positive and significant FSGS was estimated only for the Juveniles ((theta) over cap (xy)= 0.012) up to maximum distance of 7.1 m, and the minimum viable area for the long-term conservation of Reproductive genetic diversity was approximately 68 ha. The set of our findings suggests that conservation actions need to enhance connectivity among forest-patches to prevent the loss of rare alleles due to genetic drift. Additionally, we highlight the significance of preserving forest-patches as repositories of species diversity and as crucial connectors between populations.

Background: The Myrtaceae family represents one of the most diverse groups in South America. Yet, there are few studies on their reproductive characteristics. Among the species with limited information on their reproductive behavior are Myrceugenia euosma (O. Berg) D. Legrand and Siphoneugena reitzii D. Legrand. Questions: What are the floral attractions and resources of M. euosma and S. reitzii for pollinators? Who are the pollinators of these species? What is the predominant reproductive system in both species? Studied species: M. euosma and S. reitzii, two sympatric Myrtaceae from southern Brazil. Study site and dates: Urubici, Painel, and Rio Rufino, Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil. November 2021 - February 2022. Methods: Information was obtained on morphological aspects, anthesis time, stigmatic viability, floral resources, structures attractive to visitors, olfactory testing, observation and identification of floral visitors, and reproductive system testing. Results: The flowers of M. euosma opens between 11 am and 17 pm (- 20 pm), with full opening occurring mostly at night; S. reitzii flowers open between 4 a.m. and 6 a.m., with a highest peak by 8 a.m. Flowers of both species have receptive stigmas until senescence. Pollen is the primary floral reward and the scent coming from the anthers combined with the floral display attract native bees and Apis mellifera, legitimate pollinators of both species. The lack of fruit development in the self-pollination tests support cross reproduction in both taxa. Conclusions: Both species exhibit traits consistent with melittophily syndrome and potential self-incompatibility. These results are essential for conservation efforts.

Background: The primary method for propagating forest species is through seeds, which is cost-effective and ensures genetic adaptability to environmental changes. However, germination issues and genetic variability can hinder standardisation of productivity. In the case of Moquiniastrum polymorphum, a species known for its remarkable wood quality and pharmacological potential, seedling production and genetic improvement efforts have been limited. This study focused on the rescue and vegetative propagation of M. polymorphum, which are crucial steps for species selection and genetic enhancement. Methods: Protocols were tested to rescue and propagate propagules from different individuals collected in Lages, Santa Catarina (2020/2022). The vegetative rescue tests were: (I) epicormic sprouting induction through girdling techniques and detached branches; and (II) influence of individuals, disposition sense and time on the epicormic sprouting of detached branches. Vegetative propagation analyses included: (I) cutting according to individuals; and (II) relation between rooting environments and individuals on cutting. Results: The results indicated that the girdling techniques were not efficient for vegetative rescue, as only 8% of individuals produced epicormic sprouts. In contrast, detached branches showed a much higher success rate of 80% for epicormic sprouting, revealing significant differences in sprout development among individuals over time. Vertically oriented branches produced nearly three times more sprouts compared to horizontally oriented branches. Regarding vegetative propagation, certain individuals exhibited remarkable rooting rates of over 75%. However, no conclusive results were obtained when using epicormic materials or when considering different rooting environments. Conclusions: Given the significance of rescue and vegetative propagation in plant genetic improvement and the limited research addressing these aspects in M. polymorphum, this study holds substantial importance for future investigations. It is recommended to expand rescue and vegetative propagation studies to encompass additional populations, different individuals, and rooting environments, further advancing our understanding and efforts to enhance this species.

This study evaluated aspects of the pollen viability of the species Myrceugenia euosma (O. Berg) D. Legrand and Siphoneugena reitzii D. Legrand (Myrtaceae), both native trees with ornamental, medicinal and industrial potential. The study used different concentrations of sucrose to determine pollen viability in vitro and through colorimetric tests with specific dyes (Lugol, carmine acetic, and tetrazolium chloride – TTC – 0.1 and 0.05%). The two species also had their pollen stored for 30 and 90 days in freezers, refrigerators, and natural environments to check the best method for preserving their viability. The results showed that the highest average germination of M. euosma pollen was in a culture medium containing 30% sucrose. After 30 and 90 days of storage, pollen viability was significantly reduced, having preserved part of its potential only in the freezer. The pollen of S. reitzii had a higher average germination rate in a medium with 20% sucrose, but also showed a reduction in viability after 30 and 90 days of storage. The colorimetric tests showed that the pollen of both species responded to the dyes. However, the viability of Lugol and carmine acetic was considered to be overestimated in relation to the in vitro germination tests. Tetrazolium at 0.1% proved to be an alternative for checking the viability of S. reitzii pollen. It can be concluded that different concentrations of sucrose affect germination, and that storing pollen at a low temperature can preserve some of its viability in the short term.

O objetivo deste estudo consistiu em avaliar o potencial de utilização das espécies presentes em áreas campestres e florestais localizadas na Fazenda Santa Rita, com cerca de 200 hectares, situada na região da Coxilha Rica, Lages – SC. Para o levantamento florístico foi adotado o método de coletas por caminhamento, no período de março de 2021 a dezembro de 2022. Os espécimes coletados em campo, todos férteis, foram catalogados e incorporados ao acervo do Herbário LUSC, da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Foram identificadas 110 espécies de Asteraceae. Para a etapa de verificação dos usos das espécies, foram pesquisados artigos científicos publicados em periódicos digitais disponíveis nos bancos de dados da Scielo, CAPES e Web of Science. Além disso, foram consultados livros impressos e artigos publicados em revistas específicas da área de botânica, para a seleção de trabalhos relevantes que tratavam sobre o potencial de uso de espécies de Asteraceae. As palavras-chave utilizadas na pesquisa foram: "uso econômico da Família Asteraceae", "Asteraceae de uso ornamental", "Asteraceae de uso medicinal", "Asteraceae de uso melífero e apícola", "Asteraceae de uso alimentício convencional e não convencional". Também houve a substituição do nome “Asteraceae” por “Compositae” em cada uma das utilidades, para localização dos artigos, bem como a análise individual das espécies, sendo, posteriormente, as mesmas avaliadas quanto ao seu potencial de uso. Das espécies confirmadas na área de estudo, 60 (54,55%) delas possuem informações sobre o uso, enquanto para as outras 50 (45,45%) espécies não foi possível localizar na literatura o seu potencial de uso. Essa pesquisa evidencia a necessidade de estudos básicos sobre espécies nativas e a importância de aprofundar o conhecimento sobre suas funcionalidades, para a manutenção dos ecossistemas, podendo oferecer diversas aplicações potenciais.

The high-altitude fields in Santa Catarina are endowed with a great richness of species with economic potential, such as Trichocline catharinensis Cabrera (Asteraceae), popularly known as "cravo-do-campo" (field carnation), a herbaceous species that occurs naturally in southern Brazil. In order to indicate its ornamental potential, the study aimed to monitor the phenology of the species in a native field area, in the Alto-Montane Mixed Ombrophilous Forest, with altitudes ranging from 1450 to 1750 meters, located within the Private Natural Heritage Reserve (RPPNE) Complexo Serra da Farofa, at Fazenda das Nascentes, Urupema, SC. For 13 months (from April 2015 to April 2016), 15 specimens of T. catharinensis were monitored biweekly. Vegetative and reproductive phenophases were recorded regarding activity index, presence (1) and absence (0) of phenophases, and their synchrony was subsequently estimated. The species is evergreen with annual leaf renewal; once in every month evaluated, the species showed budding and leaf senescence. All specimens had flowering and fruiting records, with flowering starting in January, with a peak of floral buds and anthesis in February and March, respectively, and fruiting from March to July, with synchronous flowering. Correlations were recorded only for the phenophases of budding and floral buds with maximum and minimum temperatures. The wide flowering period may be a positive factor for its ornamental potential, as it presents dark green foliage and showy yellow capitula.

ABSTRACT When producing Ilex paraguariensis seedlings through vegetative propagation, selecting the correct populations and genotypes, and obtaining juvenile material, may be fundamental for its success. Therefore, this search aimed to test its vegetative propagation through cutting and rescue using detached branches of different populations in Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Thus, two experiments were installed in September 2019 in order to test: I) the cuttings of four populations belonging to the municipalities of Catanduvas (CT), Painel (PL), Três Barras (TB), and Urupema (UR), using ten randomly chosen genotypes from each, and; II) the epicormic sprouting of detached branches from these same populations. Both experiments were carried out in Lages, Santa Catarina. In February 2020, the cutting was evaluated according to the percentages of survival, callus, rooting, new sprouts, and original leaves permanence. The branches were evaluated every 30 days after storing, observing the percentages of sprouting branches, number of sprouts, and length of sprouts in centimeters. As for cutting, there was a low survival percentage in all populations (<15%), but some genotypes presented greater vigor, such as TB1 (46%), TB7, and TB3 (both 28%). Most live cuttings presented calluses (>70%), characteristic of material of high maturity. Rooting was low for populations (<1.5%) and genotypes (<10%). Branches presented sprouts up to 60 days, with TB presenting the highest total number of sprouts (approximately 300) and the greatest average length (2.8 cm). In general, survival and rooting of cuttings were affected by both populations and genotypes, highlighting TB. A similar response was observed for the branches’ sprouting. New studies with more populations, further analyses of the branches’ characteristics, and better storage conditions are recommended.

ABSTRACT Ecological restoration mitigates the negative effects of fragmentation and habitat loss. This practice allows the conservation of key species, such as Ocotea porosa, a tree native to the Araucaria Forest and extremely endangered. A key point in restoration projects is the source of seeds, as well as guidelines for collection. When carried out under technical criteria, the collection allows the maintenance of genetic diversity and adaptive potential in restoration plantations. Given the importance of seed source, genetic diversity, and adaptive potential, this study aimed to define areas and criteria for collecting seeds by characterizing the demography, genetics, and reproductive phenology of an O. porosa population. A plot of 16 hectares was installed in the municipality of Passos Maia, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and a demographic survey of trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) > 15 cm was carried out. Indices of diversity and internal genetic structure (IGS) were estimated using allozyme markers. The reproductive phenology of 67 individuals was evaluated during 8 months. The studied population showed a high density of individuals (10.7 ind. ha-1) with normal diametric distribution. The phenological pattern of the species is regular, seasonal, and annual. The evaluated population showed high genetic diversity, high fixation index, and significant IGS up to 80 meters away. Based on these results, the evaluated fragment can be used as a seed collection area. It has high genetic diversity, density, and area size sufficient to contain several demes. In addition, it is highly recommended that the matrices be at least 80 meters apart to avoid the effects of significant IGS.

Cedar (Cedrela fissilis) is a major timber species native to South America that has suffered frequent impacts from illegal harvesting. Cultivation efforts have experienced recurrent failures due to the action of the mahogany shoot borer Hypsipyla grandella, which, when attacking the plants in the first years of growth, inflicts negative effects on the commercial use of this timber. One of the methods used to reduce attacks by this insect is planting cedar in shaded areas, but the factor that makes shaded plants to be less attacked is still unknown. Considering that variation in photosynthetically active radiation can alter the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from plants, our hypothesis is that shading cedar plants alters their production of volatile compounds, including those that affect host location by H. grandella adults. To check this hypothesis, the authors used an airentrainment system to collect VOCs emitted by cedar under different levels of artificial shading (50%, 30%, 15%) and full sunlight. The influence of the volatiles emitted by cedar plants on H. grandella was then assessed through electroantennographic/GC assays. One volatile compound, methyl salicylate, which was found to experience enhanced emission in shaded cedar plants, was then subjected to a field experiment to evaluate its influence on host location by H. grandella moths. From thirty VOCs emitted by the tested cedar plants, nine exhibited enhanced emission when plants were shaded: methyl salicylate, methyl-5-methylhexanoate, the monoterpenes alpha-pinene and eucalyptol, the homoterpenes (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) and (E-E)4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene (TMTT) the sesquiterpenes, 13-caryophyllene, 13-cubebene and an unidentified sesquiterpene. Antennal response from H. grandella female and male antennae was observed to four volatile compounds, nonanal, decanal, methyl salicylate, and 13-caryophyllene, when stimulated with the airentrainment cedar plant extracts. A synthetic blend comprising these four compounds also elicited antennal responses from H. grandella. Field studies showed that plants treated with methyl salicylate exhibited a lower rate of damage by H. grandella caterpillars. These results indicate the potential of this semiochemical as a management tool for H. grandella in cedar cultivations.

The success of Ilex paraguariensis cutting can be affected by the population of origin, as well as the genotype and the rooting environment. Therefore, the objective of this search was to test the vegetative propagation of I. paraguariensis cuttings from two populations and their genotypes inserted in two rooting environments. The populations tested were from Três Barras (TB) and Urupema (UR), both from Santa Catarina state, by selecting seven genotypes in each. After collecting and cutting, the populations and genotypes were evenly distributed in two rooting environments, one being a mini tunnel (MT) with irrigation by micro sprinklers and the other in a greenhouse with intermittent nebulization (GWIN) with temperature and humidity control. Survival was considerably low for both populations but with singular results, as TB was better adapted to GWIN (36.5%) and UR to MT (22.6%). The rooting of cuttings varied greatly in all perspectives. The TB population obtained the best rooting results inside GWIN (21.7%), while UR did not achieve 5% of rooting in MT (2.4%) nor in GWIN (3.2%). The genotypes TB6, TB3 and TB1 obtained the best rooting results for TB in GWIN (all above 30.0%), while only UR3 obtained significant results in GWIN (18.8%). These results, mainly regarding survival and rooting, confirm that there is a strong relation involving the origin place of the material, the individuals of a population and the rooting environments.