Flaxseed dehulling generates substantial waste rich in valuable phytonutrients. This study developed a sustainable subcritical biphasic solvent extraction (SBE) using n-butane/ethanol to simultaneously recover lignans and oil from this byproduct. Optimization via Box-Behnken design achieved a total phenolic content (TPC) of 22.76 mg GAE/g DW under optimal conditions (69 degrees C, 2 h, and 200 mL ethanol). The predominant phenolic was identified as secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), which demonstrated significant antioxidant activity compared to ascorbic acid. Furthermore, Hansen solubility parameters modeling theoretically validated the high dissolution efficiency of the solvent system for SDG. The co-extracted oil exhibited a quality comparable to commercial flaxseed oil. Importantly, the SBE process showed negligible interference on the subsequent polysaccharide extraction, yielding 18.19 g/100 g compared to conventional hot water extraction (18.73 g/100 g) from raw dehulling waste. This work establishes SBE as an efficient and integrated strategy for the comprehensive valorization of flaxseed processing waste, maximizing resource utilization and economic value.

Diacylglycerols (DAGs) are edible lipids, but their use in thermal processing was underexplored. This study systematically evaluated how fatty acid composition influences the performance of cooking DAGs under heating. DAGs based on flaxseed (FDAG), corn (CDAG), and peanut (PDAG) were analyzed for thermo-oxidative stability, phytonutrient retention, and contaminant formation. FDAG exhibited the poorest oxidative stability, the most significant degradation of tocopherols and phytosterols, and the highest accumulation of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE). It was also found that chloride ions show less significance than DAGs on 3-MCPDE formation. Glycidyl esters level increased with temperature but degraded more rapidly above 240°C, especially in oils with higher unsaturation such as FDAG. In contrast, PDAG demonstrated superior thermal stability and lower contaminant formation. Therefore, compared to FDAG and CDAG, PDAG is more suitable for high-temperature cooking. These findings emphasize the need to tailor thermal processing conditions based on the specific fatty acid compositions of DAGs to ensure safety and quality.

Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), a bioactive lignan in flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), exhibits multifunctional health benefits but faces limited bioavailability due to its glycosidic structure impeding intestinal absorption. Here, we optimized cellulase R10-catalyzed hydrolysis (50 degrees C, 10 U/mL, 96 h) to transform SDG into secoisolariciresinol (SECO), yielding a 75.52 f 1.68 % conversion yield via HPLC quantification. In vitro anticancer assays revealed SECO's superior efficacy against MCF-7 cells compared to SDG (IC50 367 mu M vs. 1807 mu M). Mechanistic studies demonstrated that SECO induced G2/M phase arrest and triggered mitochondrial apoptosis, as evidenced by a 150.01 f 20.11 % increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, a 23.9 f 0.98 % decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta Psi m), a 68.19 f 2.13 % reduction in Bcl-2 expression, a 9.16 f 0.51 % elevation in caspase-3 activity, and cytochrome c release. Notably, enzyme-mediated deglycosylation enhanced SDG's Bcl-2 inhibitory activity by a 3-fold increase. Overall, cellulase-driven SDG hydrolysis represents a promising strategy to elevate flaxseed lignan bioaccessibility and anticancer potential, supporting its development as a chemopreventive functional food ingredient.

An experiment was conducted to evalute the effects of adding palm olein (POL), modified palm olein (high degree of acyl migration palm olein, H-AMD), and lard (total fatty acid saturation degree is similar to palm olein) to the diet of broilers. The study assessed production performance, fatty acid absorption, and abdominal fat deposition. A total of 100 one-week-old female broiler chicks were randomly assigned to three-tiered pens and fed five experimental diets. Enzymatic interesterification of POL causes acyl migration, transforming 1-palmitoyl-2,3-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol (sn-POO) and 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (sn-POP) into 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol (sn-OPO) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (sn-PPO), which increases the saturated fatty acid content at the sn-2 position. Feeding broilers with this modified oil has improved the absorption effect of saturated fatty acids and increased the content of palmitic acid in abdominal tissue by 1.55%-1.69%. The impact on the content and positional distribution of fatty acids deposited in the body is limited. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels decreased by 34%, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels increased by 23%, resulting in a lower risk of atherosclerosis. No significant differences have been observed in carcass yield results of the POL and H-AMD groups. Compared with animal-derived oils such as lard which are also rich in saturated fatty acids at the sn-2 position, plant-derived oils such as POL and its modified products have a smaller effect on abdominal fat deposition.

Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a novel functional structural lipid, but its application in base oils remains underexplored. This research investigated the effect of three liquid oils (groundnut oil, corn oil, and flaxseed oil), with varying polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (39.60, 69.50, and 77.65 %) and DAG content (0.00, 40.00, 80.00 %), on the crystallization behaviors of palm-based oil. DAG (40.00 %), obtained through enzymatic glycerolysis and molecular distillation, was found to stabilize the binary system with good compatibility and fine crystal structure. "Liquid" DAG played a dual role: diluting solid lipids, and promoting crystallization. Increasing DAG content led to larger crystalline domain size, while higher PUFA content accelerated crystallization and increased crystal orderliness, though decreasing crystal density. These results demonstrated the clear influence of PUFA and DAG content on palm-based oil crystallization. This knowledge can guide the utilization of different unsaturated DAGs for tailored fat crystallization in food application.

Enzymatic glycerolysis produced ground nut oil-based diacylglycerols (GNO-DAG) with a purity of 43.28 ± 0.89% (GNO-DAG40). GNO-DAG80 (with a DAG purity of 87.33 ± 0.61%) was obtained after purification using molecular distillation. Traditional palm oil was mixed with the "liquid" DAG as margarine base oils. Subsequent evaluations of palm oil-DAG-based fats (PO-GNO DAG) as a margarine replacement in a W/O model system showed that the material was an ideal functional base oil with improved aeration properties and plasticity during application. The binary system physical, textural and crystallization property were determined, and the compatibility of the binary mixed system was analyzed by constructing a phase diagrams. The PO-GNO DAG showed decent compatibility between the two phases and had better texture and rheological properties. In addition, PO-GNO DAG40 showed better apparent viscosity and aeration characteristics than PO-GNO DAG80, with potential application in the food specialty fats industry.

Palm olein (POL) was modified by enzymatic interesterification with different degrees of acyl migration in a solvent-free packed bed reactor. The fatty acid and acylglycerol composition, isomer content, thermodynamic behavior, and relationship between crystal polymorphism, solid fat content (SFC), crystal microstructure, and texture before and after modification were studied. We found that the increase in sn-2 saturation interesterification was not only due to the generated tripalmitin (PPP) but also caused by acyl migration, and the SFC profiles were changed accordingly. The emergence of high melting point acylglycerols was an important factor accelerating the crystallization rate, further shortening the crystallization induction time, leading to the formation of large crystal spherulites, thereby reducing the hardness. The transformation from the β' to the β form occurred during post-hardening during storage. The isomer content also affected the physicochemical properties of the modified POL.

Long-chain fatty acid mono- and higher-order esters of sucrose are important chemicals, often produced at kilotonne scales, due to their wide range of commercial applications, including as food emulsifiers. While the monoester content of commercial sucrose stearate ester products range up to 75% (in S-1670), this can be further increased to >99% when enzymatic techniques are deployed for product preparation. Although the emulsifying properties of sucrose stearate ester-containing products (such as S-1670) are well-defined, formulations with monoester contents greater than 75% have never been prepared and evaluated. In this study, three sucrose stearate samples with an 80, 85, or 90% monoester content (samples 1-3, respectively) were prepared and the influence of these on their digestive, emulsifying, and rheological properties was studied. The results show that emulsions stabilized by S-1670 (75%) and sample 1 (80%) exhibited the best digestive behavior in a gastrointestinal behavior model, recording 69 and 78% free fatty acid release, respectively. Counterintuitively, an inverted V-shaped profile was observed when the monoester content, which ranged from 75-99%, was plotted as a function of emulsifying properties. These results should serve as an important guide for the development of new sucrose ester products in the food industry.

Acyl migration of fatty acid at sn-2 is often observed alongside enzymatic interesterification (EIE), causing the loss of lipase selectivity toward the acyl group at sn-1,3. In this study, an oil blend consisting of palm stearin (PST) and palm olein (POL) was interesterified via a chemical interesterification (CIE) and enzymatic method using a packed bed reactor. Characterization in terms of the triacylglycerol (TAG) compositions, sn-2 fatty acid distributions, and solid fat content profiles was performed. In comparison to that of CIE fats, EIE fats showed different modification effects on the solid fat content. Under similar reaction conditions, different interesterification degrees (IDs) were obtained according to the various blend ratios. Using the same mass ratio of substrates (POL/PST of 9:1), the EIE reaction time and temperature affected the ID and the change in the fatty acyl group at the sn-2 position. Under the reaction time of 46 min, an ID of 94.41% was acquired, while at 80 °C, the degree of acyl migration at sn-2 was 92.87%. EIE with high acyl migration exhibited a lower crystallization rate than that of EIE with low acyl migration. However, the effect of acyl migration on crystal polymorphism and oxidative stability was insignificant. Outcomes from this study are meaningful for the establishment of a theoretical basis for a controlled positional-specific EIE that is catalyzed by sn-1,3-specific lipase.

Interesterification is widely employed as an effective technique to modify oils and fats. This study utilizes palm-based oil (palm olein: palm kernel oil: palm stearin, 5:3:2, w/w/w) as the raw material for the interesterification process performed in a pilot-scale packed bed reactor. Enzymatic interesterification (EIE) was catalyzed by Lipozyme TL IM (813.0 g) at 60℃ with reaction flow rate of 100 mL/min. Chemical interesterification (CIE) was catalyzed using sodium methoxide (0.3 wt%) as catalyst at 105 °C for 30 min. The results showed that the EIE fats had lower solid fat content tendency compared to that of CIE fats. The crystallization onset temperature was higher in EIE fats (23.09℃) compared to that of CIE (19.08℃). The results were consistent with the crystallization kinetics whereby the Avrami K constants of EIE fats were higher than that of CIE fats at various temperatures, indicating rapid crystallization and instant nucleation. Linear growth mechanism was dominant and the crystals formed were smaller in size as observed using polarized light microscope. The interesterified fats exhibited the presence of β and β'-crystals. While most of the tocopherol content was retained after EIE (386.18 ug/g), the molecular distillation process reduced the tocopherol concentration (110.01 ug/g) which consequently affected the oxidative stability. The findings in this work contribute to the fundamental understanding on the differences between CIE and EIE fats and provides data to support the preparation of modified fats via EIE that shows great potential as a controllable technique for industrialization.

Autophagy and apoptosis, which are important processes for host immunity, are commonly exploited by viruses to facilitate their survival. However, to the best of our knowledge, very few studies have researched the mechanisms of action of the autophagic and apoptotic signaling pathways following viral infection. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of action of growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible β (GADD45β), an important resistance gene involved in the host resistance to ALV-J. Both ALV-J infection and the overexpression of GADD45β inhibited autophagy during the early stages, which prevented the autophagosomes from binding to the lysosomes and resulted in an incomplete autophagic flux. Notably, GADD45β was discovered to interact with MEKK4 in DF-1 cells. The genetic knockdown of GADD45β and MEKK4 using small interfering RNA-affected ALV-J infection, which suggested that ALV-J may promote the binding of GADD45β to MEKK4 to activate the p38MAPK signaling pathway, which subsequently inhibits autophagy. Furthermore, ALV-J was revealed to affect the autophagic pathway prior to affecting the apoptotic pathway. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to investigate the combined effects of ALV-J infection on autophagy and apoptosis, and to suggest that ALV-J inhibits autophagy via the GADD45β/MEKK4/p38MAPK signaling pathway.

随着工业发展,大量重金属通过工业废水废渣等方式排入空气和土壤,对环境造成污染,这些重金属一旦通过食物链、空气和水进入人体,就难以排出.工业上已经利用微生物对重金属的吸附、沉淀及氧化还原等能力,清洁含有重金属的废渣废水.益生菌也具有相似的能力,因此,适当利用益生菌可帮助人体排出重金属.该文综述了镉、铅、砷、铬和汞5种在食物中最常见的重金属的危害机制及微生物尤其是益生菌清除重金属的机制.

以市售亚麻籽胶为原料,采用芬顿氧化降解法制备了低分子质量亚麻籽胶-铁复合物[LMW-FG-Fe(Ⅲ)],优化了工艺条件,并进行了分离纯化、理化性质表征以及体外模拟释放动力学的研究.结果 表明,在最优反应条件下(即双氧水添加量为亚麻籽胶质量的10％,Fe2+添加量为双氧水物质的量的1/2,80℃,pH3.0,2.0h),亚麻籽胶平均降解率为47.83％,产品得率为43.85％,总糖质量分数为52.61％,多糖分子由原来的大分子质量单峰转变为4个小分子质量峰,产物的总铁质量分数为8.97％,其中7.86％以结合态存在.结果 表明,铁离子与低分子质量亚麻籽胶以共价或配位结合的方式形成了稳定的晶体网状结构.体外模拟消化动力学实验表明,LMWFG-Fe(Ⅲ)在模拟胃液中能够有效缓释铁离子,释放动力学符合Korsmeyer-Peppas模型,释放机制属非费克扩散.本研究为拓展亚麻籽胶的应用、开发新型补铁剂提供了参考.

Atg5, as a switch of cell autophagy and apoptosis, plays an important regulatory role in the occurrence and development of autophagy. Atg5 has been reported to involve the autophagy process but little in the apoptotic process. Here, we constructed an Atg5−/− DF-1 cell line using the CRISPR/Cas9 assay and confirmed the significant difference in growth kinetics between Atg5−/− DF-1 cells and wild-type DF-1 cells. Importantly, we found that Atg5 suppresses the cellular proliferation and induce the apoptosis in DF-1 cells by Hoechst’s staining, flow cytometry, and caspase activity assay. All these findings indicated that Atg5 plays an important role in the proliferation of DF-1 cells. On the other hand, we compared the expression of autophagy key proteins LC3 and P62 in Atg5 knockout cells and wild-type cells, and detected the aggregation point distribution of LC3 protein in cells by laser confocal technique; our results showed that Atg5 knockout inhibited autophagy compared with wild-type cells. The present findings further help to resolve the molecular mechanisms regulating Atg5 autophagy and apoptosis.

A novel heteropolysaccharide defined as FP-1 was enriched from flaxseed hull through hot water extraction (boiling water, 2 h, twice) followed by ion-exchange and size exclusion chromatography. FP-1 is a highly purified heteropolysaccharide with an average molecular weight of 2626 kDa. Its monosaccharide composition includes xylose (35.2%), rhamnose (23.8%), galactose (23.4%), arabinose (10.6%), fucose (4.0%), glucose (2.7%) and mannose (0.3%). Main linkage type of FP-1 backbone includes →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, →4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→, →4)-β-D-Xylp-(1→, →3,5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, and →2)-α-D-Xylp-(1→. FP-1 has a triple-helix conformation, indicating its potential bioactivity. FP-1 could stimulate immune responses through inducing mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO), and interleukin (IL-6 and IL-12) in murine macrophages. FP-1 also inhibits hepatitis B virus (HBV) through inhibition of surface antigen (HBsAg) and envelope antigen (HBeAg) expression and interfering with HBV DNA replication. These findings suggest that FP-1 could be potentially developed as functional food ingredient, immune stimulant and vaccine adjuvant.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved and widely present, but their functions remain largely unknown. Recent development has highlighted the importance of circRNAs as the sponge of microRNA (miRNA) in cancer. We previously reported that gga-miR-375 was downregulated in the liver tumors of chickens infected with avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) by microRNA microarray assay. It can be reasonably assumed in accordance with previous studies that the gga-miR-375 may be related to circRNAs. However, the question as to which circRNA acts as the sponge for gga-miR-375 remains to be answered. In this study, circRNA sequencing results revealed that a circRNA Vav3 termed circ-Vav3 was upregulated in the liver tumors of chickens infected with ALV-J. In addition, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), biotinylated RNA pull-down and RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH) experiments were conducted to confirm that circ-Vav3 serves as the sponge of gga-miR-375. Furthermore, we confirmed through dual luciferase reporter assay that YAP1 is the target gene of gga-miR-375. The effect of the sponge function of circ-Vav3 on its downstream genes has been further verified by our conclusion that the sponge function of circ-Vav3 can abrogate gga-miR-375 target gene YAP1 and increase the expression level of YAP1. We further confirmed that the circ-Vav3/gga-miR-375/YAP1 axis induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through influencing EMT markers to promote tumorigenesis. Finally, clinical ALV-J-induced tumor livers were collected to detect core gene expression levels to provide a proof to the concluded tumorigenic mechanism. Together, our results suggest that circ-Vav3/gga-miR-375/YAP1 axis is another regulator of tumorigenesis.

The development of oleogel has attracted growing attention because of its health benefits and promising potential to substitute saturated or trans-fat. The present work reports a type of oleogel using the emulsion stabilized by gelatin (GLT), tannic acid (TA), and flaxseed gum (FG) complexes (GLT-TA-FG) through freeze-drying and oven-drying. Results showed that the incorporation of TA and FG promoted the formation of nanoparticles, resulting in increased charge quantity and reduced oil-water surface tension. The structural integrity of oleogel largely depends on the drying method, FG incorporation, and TA concentration. It was demonstrated that with oven drying, stable oleogel without oil leakage could only be fabricated in the presence of FG. The GLT-0.075 wt % TA-FG complexes formed a particle shell around the oil droplet, leading to the enhanced gel strength of the oleogel. In addition, the oleogel stabilized by GLT-TA-FG complexes had high thixotropic recovery degree and rehydration ability, implying the stabilizing effect of TA and FG. Therefore, the interfacially adsorbed particles and the polymer gel network in bulk together contributed to the compact structure of oleogel. We believe that the oleogel based on GLT-TA-FG complexes has potential applications in food products with tunable rheological and textural properties.

Avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) causes typical neurological symptoms in young chicks and a transient drop in egg production and hatchability in adult laying birds, resulting in huge economic losses in the poultry industry. An effective way to control and prevent this disease is vaccination of the flocks. Here, we assessed the efficacy of the live vaccine candidate strain GDt29 against avian encephalomyelitis virus. The GDt29 strain has low virulence, was confirmed safe, and showed no signs of pathogenicity. High titers of AEV-specific antibodies were detected in GDt29-vaccinated hens (S/P > 3.0) and their progeny (S/P > 2.0). Moreover, the eggs of GDt29-vaccinated hens with high levels of maternal antibodies were hatched successfully regardless of challenge with a heterologous AEV strain, and the GDt29 attenuated vaccine showed higher protective efficacy against AEV than the commercial vaccine. Furthermore, contact-exposed chicks bred with GDt29-vaccinated birds generated high titers against AE virus (S/P > 2.8). Collectively, our studies are proof of the principle that GDt29 might be an ideal vaccine candidate to prevent AEV infection, and they highlight the utility of using a live vaccine against AEV.

// Xinheng Zhang 1, 4, 5 , Yiming Yan 1, 4 , Xiaoya Lei 1, 4 , Aijun Li 2 , Huanmin Zhang 3 , Zhenkai Dai 1, 4 , Xinjian Li 1, 4 , Weiguo Chen 1, 4, 5 , Wencheng Lin 1, 4, 5 , Feng Chen 1, 4, 5 , Jingyun Ma 1, 4, 5 and Qingmei Xie 1, 4, 5 1 College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University and Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China 2 College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China 3 USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA 4 Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China 5 South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China Correspondence to: Qingmei Xie, email: qmx@scau.edu.cn Keywords: RNA sequencing; ALV-J; tumor; circular RNA; bioinformatics analysis Received: October 16, 2017 Accepted: December 05, 2017 Published: January 12, 2018 ABSTRACT ALV-J (subgroup J avian leucosis virus) is a kind of oncogenic exogenous retrovirus and diseases associated with ALV-J have caused severe reproduction problems in the poultry industry worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of ALV-J-induced tumor formation is still unclear. In recent years, circRNAs are validated to be related to cancer, which prompts us to explore whether aberrant expression of circRNAs exists in ALV-J-infected tumor samples. In this study, a total of 2822 differentially expressed circRNAs were detected by RNA sequencing in the tumor livers of ALV-J-susceptible chickens ( n = 3) and the normal liver samples of ALV-J-resistant chickens ( n = 3), among which 2808 circRNAs in the tumor liver samples were detected as unregulated compared to those in the normal liver samples. As circRNAs are considered as miRNA sponge, we predicted top 5 miRNA targets for 24 selected upregulated circRNAs in the ALV-J-induced tumor livers. CircRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory axes were also constructed to provide clear interaction relationship among them. Furthermore, Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analyses were performed for miRNA target genes, the result of which implied that metabolism plays a key role in circRNAs alterations in ALV-J-induced tumor livers. In summary, we identified that circRNAs are involved in ALV-J-induced tumor formation in chickens. However, the pathogenicity mechanism still needs to be further explored.

A new and efficient technique is described for the production of diacylglycerols (DAGs) by the esterification of oleic acid with glycerol catalyzed by diatomite-loaded SO42−/TiO2. DAGs show some potential health benefits compared to triacylglycerols, and also can be used to produce the novel industrial plasticizer epoxy fatty acid methyl ester in material science. Diatomite-loaded SO42−/TiO2 catalyst was prepared and characterized, and the selected conditions for the synthesis of DAGs were determined to be: reaction time=6.0h, temperature=210°C, catalyst loading=0.1% of the oleic acid weight, and mass ratio of oleic acid to glycerol=2:1. Under these conditions, DAGs yield reached 59.6% with a purity of 69.6% after a one-stage molecular distillation. Diatomite-loaded SO42−/TiO2 as a solid catalyst could be recycled and reused with high catalytic efficiency. Under the same conditions, diatomite-loaded SO42−/TiO2 showed a better catalytic performance than the commercial solid acid SO42−/ZrO2-Al2O3. Based on this, a two-step reaction method for the production of DAGs was performed and provided a yield similar to the one-step method (58.3% vs. 59.6%), but with a shorter reaction time (4h vs. 6h). It is concluded that a two-step reaction method could be a better alternative to the one-step production of DAGs in the presence of diatomite-loaded SO42−/TiO2.