Se cumple este año el primer centenario de la Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, que fue fundada por R. D. de 9 de diciembre de 1924, sancionado por el rey Alfonso XIII. Para conmemorar esta efeméride, en el presente trabajo se repasa la trayectoria científica de su primer director, Gustavo Pittaluga Fattorini (Florencia, 10 de noviembre de 1876 - La Habana, 27 de abril de 1956), antes de su nombramiento, en los años que estuvo al frente de la Escuela y tras su separación de la misma.

Soils are recipients of microplastic that can be subsequently transferred to the sea. Land sources dominate inputs to the ocean, but knowledge gaps about microplastic retention by land hinder assessments of input rates. Here we present the first empirical evaluation of a dynamic microplastic fate model operating at landscape level. This mechanistic model accounts for hydrology, soil and sediment erosion, particle characteristics and behavior. We predict microplastic concentrations in water and sediments of the Henares river (Spain) within the measurement uncertainty boundaries (error factors below 2 and 10, respectively). Microplastic export from land and discharge by river fluctuates in a non-linear manner with precipitation and runoff variability. This indicates the need of accurate dynamic descriptions of soil and stream hydrology even when modeling microplastic fate and transport in generic scenarios and at low spatio-temporal resolution. A time-averaged landscape retention efficiency was calculated showing 20-50% of the microplastics added to the catchment over a multiannual period were retained. While the analysis reveals persistent uncertainties and knowledge gaps on microplastic sources to the catchment, these results contribute to the quantitative understanding of the role of terrestrial environments in accumulating microplastics, delaying their transport to the sea.

A detailed analysis of the Viñales National Park (VNP) was carried out to evaluate the main geosites of geomorphological interest inside the park. This allowed the selection of areas (AIG) and localities (LIG) with 20 geosites of geological interest (PIG) suitable to evaluate their importance as geoheritage. Moreover, three field trips and one virtual itinerary encompassing the park aimed to improve the geological–geomorphological knowledge to be used in geotouristic and preservation issues. The methodology included preparing five maps: relief, drainage pattern, slopes, lithology and geomorphology (forms and structures) and representing them on a digital terrain model (DTM) for a better visualisation and selecting the geosites (poljes, valleys and mountain fronts). The evaluation of the selected PIG is based on the criteria proposed by Spanish Institute of Geology and Mining, grouping them in places and areas of interest. The virtual itinerary favour real-time usage of web sites and geoportals. As a result, this paper presents map layers and geomorphological descriptions of the AIG and LIG with the most relevant aspects and valuations of the PIG, AIG and LIG. The PIG reached values between 1050 (Viñales Valley) and 365 (La Jutia Valley). The AIG and LIG ranged between 2190 (Santo Tomás Polje) and 675 (La Cuevita Polje).

Abstract Soils are the main recipients of microplastic pollution that is subsequently transferred to aquatic ecosystems. Land-based sources dominate microplastics inputs to the ocean but knowledge gaps about their accumulation in soil, run-off and in-stream transport has hindered assessments of regional/global distributions and marine ecosystem exposure. These gaps must be filled to prioritize environmental protection actions. Here we present the first successful predictions of microplastic land to water transport assessed against empirical data at catchment scale. Predictions were generated by a mechanistic model that accounts for climate, hydrology, soil/microplastic erosion and sediment/microplastic transport. The model assimilates the latest knowledge on microplastic behavior in soil and stream water as a function of particle size, shape and density. After calibrating to monitoring data, we predict microplastic concentrations and temporal trends in water and sediments with typical error factors below 2 and 10, respectively. Next, we used the model to draw the first robust landscape-scale assessment of microplastic budgets and flows. Soils and sediments typically retain between 10-40% of total microplastic inputs over a multi annual period with strong fluctuations linked to climate variability. Despite uncertainties that remain for some parameters, we prove that mechanistic frames assimilating the state of the art on microplastic environmental behavior can currently yield credible predictions of their flows and budget. These findings are key to draw robust assessments of present and future microplastic distributions across terrestrial and aquatic environments and solve current hindrances to both risk assessment and the definition of pollution reduction measures.

En el presente artículo, tras de poner de manifiesto la fundación por el cardenal Cisneros de una Universidad en la ciudad de Alcalá de Henares en 1499 y la puesta en marcha y primera organización de los estudios de Medicina, se hace una valoración de la labor realizada en ella, durante el Renacimiento, por los médicos que más destacaron, fundamentalmente por Francisco Valles, Pedro Jimeno, Francisco Díaz y Juan Alonso y de los Ruyzes de Fontecha, así como las disciplinas que se cultivaron con mayor éxito, casos de la Anatomía, Cirugía, Urología y Obstetricia.

Royal Spanish Society of Natural History has maintained an uninterrupted editorial work throughout its 150 years of existence. This activite has been projected throughout a series of periodical publications (Anales, Boletín, Memorias, ConIerencias y reseñas Científcas, Revista Española de Biología and Aula, Museo y Colecciones de Ciencias Naturales) and special publications mainly scientific books and books on heritage and organization of the Society). Our analysis spans a period from 1872 a september 2021. La Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural ha mantenido una labor editora Ininterrumpida a lo largo de sus 150 años de existencia. Dicha labor se ha proyectado a lo largo de una serie de publicaciones periódicas (Anales, Boletín, Memorias, Conferencias y Reseñas Científicas, Revista Española de Biología y Aula, Museo y Colecciones de Ciencias Naturales) y de publicaciones especiales libros de temática científica \ libros sobre patrimonio y organización de la Sociedad, principalmente). En este trabajo se pasa revista a todas ellas, desde 1872 al mes de septiembre de 2021.

By 2025, the desalination sector will generate two million end-of-life (EoL) spiral-wound reverse osmosis (RO) modules per year. Direct recycling into nanofiltration and ultrafiltration appears as an alternative solution to approach RO membrane technology to the Circular Economy (CE). The present study aims at evaluating the environmental and economic potential of different EoL RO direct recycling strategies at full scale. Therefore, a virtual recycling facility and its supply were projected in a case study assessed by Geographic information systems (GIS) within the Segura's watershed (SWS). The region accumulates 42% of the Spanish desalination capacity. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was referred to one recycled module at the secondary enduser location (functional unit). The system boundaries included the processes from the EoL-RO modules collection to the delivery of recycled products at the secondary endusers location. Nonetheless, it was mainly focused on the transport impact and the EoL-RO modules characterisation. Five ILCD-midpoint categories were analysed. Service Life Ratio (SLR) indicator was also assessed. LCA and SLR results pointed out an important potential environmental benefit of the recycling. The distribution of recycled modules had no relevance within regional and national scales. However, long hauls (>3100 km) could be limited by their contribution to climate change (GWP). Otherwise, membrane modules characterisation was evidenced as a limiting process for closest distributions by its contribution to Human Toxicity (HT-nc). A competitive recycled product selling price of 80 euro per module can be achieved with improvements in the characterisation techniques. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The existence of a College of Pharmacists in all provincial capitals and the registration of pharmacists, in the one that corresponds to them, are two requirements that emanate from the Royal Decree of 12-04-1898 (Gaceta de Madrid, 15-IV-1898). Cecilio Núñez, a pharmacist established in Agreda (Soria), in his work «Datos Estadísticos» (La Farmacia Española, 1898) counts 4.795 open pharmacies throughout Spain. 2.593 people corresponded to each pharmacy. In this paper analyzes the development of pharmaceutical knowledge and the evolution of professional practice in rural Spain during the last years of the 19th century and the first three decades of the 20th century. It is presented to professionals with a very high scientific qualification, but who live, in many cases, in a precarious economic situation. Professionals who, apart from the strictly pharmaceutical function of preparation and dispensing of medicines, are involved in hygienic-sanitary matters and who even, on many occasions, have to assume municipal management tasks.

The large amount of end-of-life (EoL) reverse osmosis (RO) membrane modules needed in desalination processes represents an important opportunity for material valorization. Alternative waste management routes are being developed worldwide to give them a second life within the Circular Economy (CE) principles. The aim of this study is the potential location identification for an EoL-RO direct recycling plant in the Segura River Basin, one of the most important desalination areas of Spain (with more than 42% of the Spanish desalination capacity). Using Geographical Information System (GIS) technologies, a Multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) methodology has been used for the suitability assessment for the membranes recycling plant best location. The evaluated criteria have been divided into restricted (natural protected areas, rivers, roads, reservoirs, supply channels and flood-prone areas) and conditioning (land use, topography and distance to shoreline). The spatial analysis shows that the 0.8% and 4.7% of the river basin area are optimally and highly suitable, respectively, for the recycling plant location. On the contrary, the totally restricted areas are more than 23% of the basin. This work will be the base for further environmental and economic studies of the reverse logistics: EoL-RO modules collection and the distribution of recycled products.

In the last decade, knowledge of Cuban geological heritage has undergone a significant advance, highlighting the active and joint participation of academic, scientific and administrative institutions. The national inventory of geosites, their cartography and dissemination is being carried out throughout the country. At the same time, they are starting to be integrated into the management of protected areas as a main scenario for geoconservation. In the present work, we describe the general peculiarities identifying geological heritage in the National System of Protected Areas, grouped by two fundamental criteria: their delimitation according to types of protected area and the types of singular elements that can be recognized throughout the territory. Similarly, we present an analysis of the results of the national geosite inventory, specifically applied to the context of protected areas, which identifies an information gap taking into account the current management categories, the type of interest and places of high potential not included in the inventory. In this context, the theoretical model for integration of geological heritage is based on the methodology for preparing protected area management plans that is used throughout the country, based on a protocol for the selection of conservation objects of a geological nature, which includes conceptual and methodological aspects from various authors, adapted for Cuba and local initiatives and experiences. Finally, we confirm the need to update and modify the current methodology for the national geosite inventory, develop a training schedule to facilitate its application and involve technical personnel and managers of protected areas, including the geoconservation approach in all management processes and incorporating the selection of geological conservation objects and their integration into the management plans for each protected area.

This data includes the geographical data, the Life Cycle Inventory data and Life Cycle Assessment data of the implementation of end-of-life (EoL) reverse osmosis (RO) direct recycling implementation at full scale in a Spanish region. Besides, the data allows the comparison of the environmental profile between recycled membrane products with the commercial counterparts. The EoL-RO stock potential was analysed constrained to the Segura's watershed. However, the distribution of recycled membranes was considered within the European Union's borders. The International Life Cycle Data system (ILCD) midpoint impact categories and the indicator Service Life Ratio (SLR) are presented. This data could be used for deepening analyses as the externalities monetarisation or business model identification or policymakersThis data article is related to J. Senán-Salinas, A. Blanco, R. García-Pacheco, J. Landaburu-Aguirre, E- García-Calvo. J Prospective Life Cycle Assessment and economic analysis of direct recycling of end-of-life reverse osmosis membranes based on Geographic Information Systems. J. Clean. Prod. In Press

This year 2019 has been 148 years since the founding of the Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural (RSEHN). Many scientists and those interested in natural history have belonged to the Society, including the Spanish Nobel laureates Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Severo Ochoa. Some collaborated by sending their scientific contributions to the journals, others with their work in the different Boards and Commissions, all with their financial support. Without all, and each of them, the RSEHN would not be about to reach the century and a half of existence. In this paper pays tribute to 148 of these members of society. Members of the RSEHN who maintained their stay for more than four decades. Este año 2019 se han cumplido 148 años de la fundación de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural (RSEHN). Desde entonces, muchos científicos e interesados en la historia natural han pertenecido a la Sociedad, incluidos los premios Nobel españoles Santiago Ramón y Cajal y Severo Ochoa. Algunos colaboraron enviando contribuciones científicas a las revistas, otros con su trabajo en las diferentes Juntas y Comisiones, todos con su apoyo económico. Sin todos, y cada uno de ellos, la Sociedad no estaría a punto de alcanzar el siglo y medio de existencia. En este trabajo se rinde homenaje a 148 de estos socios. Socios que no pertenecieron al núcleo de los fundadores, por ser –precisamente– a los que generalmente hemos prestado mayor atención, sino a 148 personas que mantuvieron su permanencia en la Sociedad durante un largo periodo de tiempo, como mínimo cuatro décadas, y que ya no están entre nosotros.

Despite the geographical origin of syphilis, there is no doubt that the first efficient drugs against the illness were exported from Europe by overseas explorers. Especially from the Guayaco and the Zarzaparrilla. The disease rapidly spread throughout the continent, through the Napoleon war troupes, causing countless deaths on both sides. This explains why many scientists and medical doctors focused on increasing and improving the therapeutic means to combat it. It was only during the late 19th century when the first pathological description of syphilis was identified, and much later the agent which causes the illness was discovered: the bacteria Treponema pallidum (1905). Thereafter the search for a procedure to eradicate the microorganism started. Paul Ehrlich made the first successful attempt and presented Salvarsan or Compound 606 in 1910. With this work we would like to show the procedures followed to produce and dispense the different drugs for treating syphilis in a rural Basque pharmacy, opened to the public in Bizkaia in 1888. We will also present specifically, the history of syphilis in Bilbao, and the influence that the articles published on the Medical Gazette of the North (today, Medical Gazette of Bilbao) had on it. The prescription books of the Pharmacy Museum Aramburu of Plentzia will be used as a primary source of data as well as the relevant articles published on the Medical Gazette of the North between 1899 and 1930, the Municipal Archives of Bilbao and the Foral Archives of Bizkaia.

Hydraulic heritage is a legacy that has generally been forgotten in territorial management and protective actions. This heritage expresses the way in which inhabitants have used their water resources and related structures for centuries. For proper management, it is necessary to draw up an inventory. Using Geographical Information System (GIS) tools, we have created a spatial and thematic inventory of the hydraulic heritage located in the Community of Madrid. This inventory shows the good conditions, both in abundance (more than 5800 point type entities) and diversity (28 categories in the point entities type layer), of historical hydraulic elements in the region. All the information in this work has been extracted from old maps (1870-1960). A database was designed to provide spatial, thematic and temporal information on this heritage. Element distribution was concentrated mainly in the river plains and the metropolitan areas of the region, and it has been proven how hydraulic elements are endangered due to increasing urban pressure. This phenomenon and agricultural modernisation are the main factors influencing the survival of this type of assets. Thanks to this methodology, it should be possible to analyse the status of the heritage ensemble included in the inventory.

This study provides a description of the water quality status in the tributaries of the upper Tagus River and a preliminary risk assessment for freshwater organisms. A wide range of physico-chemical parameters, nutrients, metals and organic contaminants (20 pesticides, and 32 point source chemicals, mainly pharmaceuticals) were monitored during spring, summer and autumn of 2016. Monitoring of organic contaminants was performed using conventional grab sampling and passive samples (POCIS). The variation of the different groups of parameters as regards to land use and sampling season was investigated. The prioritization of organic and inorganic contaminants was based on the toxic unit (TU) approach, using toxicity data for algae, invertebrates and fish. Finally, the compliance with the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) set as part of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) was evaluated for the listed substances. This study shows that the land use characteristics had a large influence on the spatial distribution of the contaminants and other water quality parameters, while temporal trends were only significant for physico-chemical parameters, and marginally significant for insecticides. Acute toxicity is likely to occur for some metals (copper and zinc) in the most impacted sites (TU values close to or above 1). Low acute toxicity was determined for organic contaminants (individual compounds and mixtures) on the basis of grab samples. However, the assessment performed with POCIS samples identified diuron, chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid as potentially hazardous compounds. Several contaminant mixtures that may cause chronic toxicity and that should be considered in future regional chemical monitoring plans were identified. Our study also shows that some metals and pesticides exceeded the WFD regulatory thresholds and that only 30% of the sampled sites had a good chemical status. Further research is needed to identify chemical emission sources and to design proper abatement options in the Tagus river basin.

seis años tuve la fortuna de conocer a la Prof. Dra.Dª María Castellano Arroyo.Estaba

The Spanish Institute of Entomology (IEE) was established in 1941 at a time when Spain suffered international isolation and in which the community of naturalists, and particularly entomologists, had been undermined by the exile of many of Spain’s most famous researchers after the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). Entomologists of the IEE (including Gonzalo Ceballos, Eduardo Zarco, Ramón Agenjo and Eugenio Morales) gradually restored international relations with entomologists around the world, resulting in the publication of scientific papers by notable foreign entomologists in the three series of publications of the IEE (Eos, Graellsia and Trabajos del Instituto Español de Entomología). Scientific contacts with international centres and colleagues returned to normal, with members of the Institute participating in the International Congresses of Entomology held in Stockholm (1948), Amsterdam (1951) and Vienna (1960) and various meetings of the International Commission for Biological Control. The extended stay of several IEE researchers in overseas centres also helped to rebuild scientific relations that had been damaged by the Spanish civil war.

Algunas de las obras de Darwin, pocas, pero las mas conocidas ( Origen de las especies; Origen del hombre; Viaje de un naturalista; Autobiografia ), habian conseguido una amplia difusion en Espana durante el primer tercio del siglo XX. Tambien, entonces, no era raro encontrar en castellano obras de los principales autores evolucionistas. La situacion cambio, drasticamente, en el «nuevo Estado», en el que impero una politica de signo totalitario, que iba a poner uno de sus focos de atencion en acabar con toda aquella lectura que, en su opinion, pusiera en riesgo su ideario. En el presente trabajo se analiza la censura que se ejercio sobre las obras de Darwin y sobre la evolucion, durante buena parte del franquismo, concretamente hasta la promulgacion de una nueva Ley de Prensa e Imprenta en 1966. Y se hace a tres niveles. En primer lugar, la censura previa oficial que desde la Delegacion Nacional de Propaganda, Seccion de Censura, se ejercio sobre aquellas obras que quisieron publicarse o importarse a partir de 1938. En segundo lugar, la depuracion que afecto a los fondos de las bibliotecas publicas y privadas. Por ultimo, la suerte que corrieron estas obras en las librerias, fundamentalmente de aquellas que se dedicaban a la compra venta del libro antiguo y de ocasion. Se pone de manifiesto como, la censura por un lado, y la autocensura por otro, dificultaron la consulta de este tipo de obras.