In many studies in the literature, it is stated that women are subject to restrictions in access to finance. Financialconstraints arise due to gender bias. The inability of women to use loans or to be punished with high interest rates may be a manifestation of prejudice. Economic inequality can arise due to gender bias. Financial institutions' discrimination against individuals based on their gender may limit the availability of credit for certain groups, especially women. This can lead to long-term economic inequalities by making it harder for women to invest in education, start businesses, or make large purchases. Gender bias in lending can keep a significant percentage of the population out of the financial system. This exclusion can negatively impact not only individual women, but also the overall financial health and growth of society. In this study, firm level data obtained from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Surveys (BEEPS) of 1458 companies in Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan are used to investigate gender discrimination. According to the findings, it is revealed that there is no difference between male and female groups in the approval of loan applications in Turkic countries. There has also been some evidence of a gender gap in the loan market. In this context, according to the loan collateral probit regression model, it is seen that women are 6.5% more likely than men to request collateral in their loan applications.

Türkiye is considered an important evolutionary area for Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar), since it is both a potential ancestral area and a diversification center for the species. Using 2 mitochondrial (Cty-b and D-loop) and 13 polymorphic microsatellite markers, we investigated the geographic genetic structure of A. chukar populations to determine how past climatic fluctuations and human activities have shaped the gene pool of this species in Türkiye. Our results indicate, firstly, that only A. chukar of the genus Alectoris is present in Türkiye (Anatolia and Thrace), with no natural or artificial gene flow from congenerics. Secondly, the geographic genetic structure of the species in Türkiye has been shaped by topographic heterogeneity, Pleistocene climatic fluctuations, and artificial transport by humans. Third, there appears to be three genetic clusters: Thracian, Eastern, and Western. Fourth, the post-LGM demographic expansion of the Eastern and Western populations has formed a hybrid zone in Central Anatolia (~8 kyBP). Fifth, the rate of China clade-B contamination in Türkiye is about 8% in mtDNA and about 12% in nuDNA, with the Southeastern Anatolian population having the highest contamination. Sixth, the Thracian population was the most genetically distinct, with the lowest genetic diversity and highest level of inbreeding and no China clad-B contamination. These results can contribute to the conservation regarding A. chukar populations, especially the Thracian population.

The Laughing Dove (Spilopelia senegalensis) is an adapting city bird that prefers cohabitation with humans in Turkey. We surveyed 161 nests in Antalya between 2017 and 2019. Breeding was recorded throughout the year. While the breeding activity was less during the winter season, fledging and hatching success were 100%. All-year breeding and the high reproduction capacity of the species is regarded a crucial factor for rapid population increase and the expansion of the distribution area in the last decades.

BACKGROUND:This study aims to assess fear, anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, burnout, and insomnia of healthcare workers (HCWs) during novel coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak and to identify their relation to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:Totally 600 HCWs were included in this cross-sectional study. A Sociodemographic Data Form, Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS), Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were used. RESULTS:Of participants, 364 were females and 236 were males with a mean age of 33.49±7.29 years. About 95.3% of HCWs had a fear of infecting their loved ones. Mean MBI and ISI scores were significantly higher among HCWs working in COVID-19 clinics and intensive care units (p=0.000; p=0.039). Mean CAS, FCV-19S, MBI, and ISI scores were significantly higher in women than men (p=0.000; p=0.000; p=0.027; p=0.005). Mean CAS and ISI scores were significantly higher among nurses (p=0.008; p=0.004), while mean ASI-3 of the other HCWs and MBI scores of physicians were significantly higher (p=0.009; p=0.000). CONCLUSION:The COVID-19 pandemic is a major health issue associated with psychiatric illnesses in HCW subgroups with distinct sociodemographic characteristics. It is of utmost importance to develop individualized preventive and therapeutic psychiatric services for HCWs.

A challenging problem in the field of avian ecology is deriving information on bird population movement trends. This necessitates the regular counting of birds which is usually not an easily-achievable task. A promising attempt towards solving the bird counting problem in a more consistent and fast way is to predict the number of birds in different regions from their photos. For this purpose, we exploit the ability of computers to learn from past data through deep learning which has been a leading sub-field of AI for image understanding. Our data source is a collection of on-ground photos taken during our long run of birding activity. We employ several state-of-the-art generic object-detection algorithms to learn to detect birds, each being a member of one of the 38 identified species, in natural scenes. The experiments revealed that computer-aided counting outperformed the manual counting with respect to both accuracy and time. As a real-world application of image-based bird counting, we prepared the spatial bird order distribution and species diversity maps of Turkey by utilizing the geographic information system (GIS) technology. Our results suggested that deep learning can assist humans in bird monitoring activities and increase citizen scientists' participation in large-scale bird surveys.

Gebelik dönemi kadın yaşamında fizyolojik, ruhsal ve sosyal değişimlerin yaşandığı bir dönemdir. Gebelik dönemi ve sonrasındaki bu değişimler çeşitli ruhsal hastalıklara sebep olabilmektedir. Bu hastalıklardan doğum sonrası depresyon perinatal dönemde sık görülmektedir. Doğum sonrası depresyon anne ve bebek için önemli bir morbidite ve mortalite sebebidir. Peripartum başlangıçlı bir major depresif epizod hamilelikte ve ya doğum sonrası 4 haftaya kadar ortaya çıktığında doğum sonrası depresyon olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Sıklığı son derece yüksektir. Etyolojisinde biyolojik, psikolojik ve sosyokültürel faktörlerin etkili olduğu bildirilmektedir. Çökkünlük, anhedoni, suçluluk düşünceleri, sinirlilik, konsantrasyon bozukluğu, psikomotor ajitasyon, psikomotor retardasyon, uyku düzensizliği, iştah ve kilo değişiklikleri gibi major depresyon semptomları ile prezante olur. Tedavisinde ise bir çok farklı seçenek bulunmaktadır. Bu seçeneklerin çoğu major depresyon tedavisinden uyarlanmıştır. Tedavide serotonin geri alım inhibitörleri (SSRI), serotonin noradrenalin geri alım inhibitörleri (SNRI), trisiklik antidepresanlar, östradiol, progesteron, psikoterapiler, elektronvulsiv terapi ve brexanolone kullanılabilmektedir. Brexanolone doğum sonrası depresyon tedavisinde umut vaat eden yeni bir ilaçtır. Doğum sonrası depresyona özel endikasyon almış tek tedavidir. Bu derleme çalışması, güncel veriler ışığında doğum sonrası depresyonun etyoloji, tanı ve tedavisindeki yeni gelişmeleri incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Millions of birds migrate between breeding and wintering areas every year. Turkey has many important areas for migratory birds as stopover or wintering. The coastal line of the southern Turkey provides safety resting areas and rich opportunity for refueling. Bogazkent is one of the important area just coast line of the Mediterranean Sea and we studied the migration phenology and stopover durations of three Wheatear species: Northern wheatear ( Oenanthe oenanthe ), Isabelline wheatear ( Oenanthe isabellina ) and Black-eared wheatear ( Oenanthe hispanica ). In the study, with this wheatear species Desert wheatear ( Oenanthe deserti ) and Finsch’s wheatear ( Oenanthe finschii ) also were captured. Birds were captured by using spring traps baited with mealworms, Tenebrio molitor , throughout the daylight period from the 1 st of March to the 31 st May both in 2009 and 2010. More northern wheatears use this site to stopover. As the spring migration of the Northern wheatear at study site takes two months, Isabelline wheatear and Black-eared wheatear have almost one-month migrations in southern Turkey after passing the Mediterranean Sea. On the other hand, timing of spring migration has differences between wheatear species.

Atlas projects and phylogeographic studies provide detailed information of great value on key species; distribution maps of the species are the primary input for establishing hotspots, conservation, and management plans. Kruper's Nuthatch (Sitta krueperi) is endemic to Anatolia, Lesvos Island, and the Caucasus region. We surveyed more than 1400 point counts in Turkey and Greece, covering most of its global distribution in its potential habitat, coniferous forestland, during the breeding season. The geographical information system was used for preparing the distribution maps and depicting the hotspots for Kriiper's Nuthatch. The population density of Kruper's Nuthatch in all of Turkey was 10.25 +/- 0.33 birds km(-2), which was significantly higher than on Lesvos Island (1.94 +/- 0.79 birds km(-2)) (P < 0.001). We found a negative correlation between the population density of the species and longitude. These results showed that the western part of the study area had higher densities than the eastern part. In conclusion, we recommend that the Beydaglari Mountains and the Aladaglar Mountains in southern Turkey, and the Ilgaz Mountains and/or Kartalkaya Mountains in northern Turkey should be considered hotspots and preserved for the conservation of the species. Furthermore, the Beydaglari Mountains should be considered as an Important Bird Area for IChiper's Nuthatch due to high population density and genetic diversity.

The White-spectacled Bulbul, Pycnonotus xanthopygos, is an abundant and possibly invasive species in Turkey, where it has gradually expanded its distribution and breeding range in both western and southeastern directions. This study focused on its breeding biology, which is still poorly known. The breeding activity extends from February until September. The preferred nesting areas are mainly gardens and maquis groves, where 24 different nesting tree species have been identified. The clutch size is 3.3 +/- 0.8 eggs per pair, nesting success 68%, hatching success 94%, fledgling success 95%, and overall breeding success 89%. While nesting success differs significantly between the years, we found no significant differences in hatching, fledging, and overall breeding success between the years studied. Despite favourable climatic conditions in the Mediterranean region, the species makes only one brood per year in a relatively extended breeding season extending over seven months, and has a relatively a high reproduction rate per nest.

Öz: Baykuşlar Türk ve dünya kültürleri içerisinde özel bir yere sahip kuşlardır.Bu özelliklerinden dolayı farklı kültürlerde, farklı sembolik anlamları

While the function of ornaments shaped by sexual selection is to attract mates or drive off rivals, these signals may also evolve through social selection, in which the social context affects the fitness of signallers and receivers. Classical 'mate choice' experiments often reveal preferences for ornaments, but few studies have considered whether these are strictly sexual or reflect general social preferences. Indeed, an alternative possibility is that ornaments evolve through 'non-sexual social selection' (hereafter 'social selection'). We examined the role of ornamentation (yellow ventral patch) and familiarity (individuals recognize group mates with which they have had previous interactions) on mate choice (opposite-sex stimuli preference) and social choice (same-sex stimuli preference) in both male and female white-eyed bulbuls (Pycnonotus xanthopygos). In the mate choice test, females preferred unfamiliar males with increased yellow. There were no biologically important differences in male preferences based on familiarity or intensity of patch colour. In the social choice test, females preferred to associate with familiar females. Males preferred to associate with familiar males but also preferred to associate with less ornamented males. Our results suggest that ornamentation and familiarity are important features, playing different roles in males and females, in both social and sexual selection processes.

Ihracat; bir ulke sinirlari icerisinde serbest dolasimda bulunan mallarin ve hizmetlerin baska ulkelere satilmasi olarak tanimlanir. Ihracat, dis ticaretin ulke cikarlari ve ekonomik dengeler acisindan en onemli unsurudur. Gerek gelismis gerekse gelismekte olan ulkelerde, ihracatin arttirilmasi konusunda buyuk cabalar harcanmaktadir. Gelismis ulkeler pazar paylarini korumak ve yeni pazarlara acilmak; gelismekte olan ulkeler ise kalkinabilmek icin sanayilesmeye onem vermek, bu amaca ulasabilmek icin de ihtiyac duyduklari hammadde ve yatirim mallari ithalini, ihracattan elde ettikleri gelirlerle karsilamak durumundadir. Turkiye ekonomisi, henuz ekonomik ve sosyal gostergeleri itibariyle gelismis bir ekonomi ozelligi kazanamamistir. Bununla birlikte; son yillarda ekonominin cesitli sektorlerinde gelismeler gozlenmektedir. Bu gelismeler istikrarli bir bicimde devam ettigi surece ve ekonomik kalkinma boyutuna gecildiginde, Turkiye gelismis ekonomiler arasinda yerini alacaktir. Bu baglamda; ihracat sektorundeki gelismeler buyuk onem tasimaktadir. Turkiye gibi gelismekte olan ulkelerde ihracati; ihracat yapilan ulkelerin milli gelirleri, yabanci paralar karsisinda reel doviz kuru, ihracat birim deger endeksi ve o ulkeye ait tuketim mallari ithalati etkilemektedir. Bu calismada ele alinan bagimsiz degiskenlerin, Turkiye ekonomisi icinde ihracat degerlerini nasil etkiledigi arastirilmistir. Istatistiksel ve ekonometrik bir yontem olan regresyon analizi uygulamasi ile Avrupa Birligi ulkeleri milli gelirlerinin, reel doviz kurunun, ihracat birim deger endeksinin ve tuketim mallari ithalat miktarinin En Kucuk Kareler Metodu sayesinde coklu dogrusal regresyon modeli elde edilerek ihracat degiskeni uzerine etkileri incelenmistir.

The study explores the amount of energy production by wind turbines in Turkey, in Europe, and in several other countries around the world. Annual production of electric energy through the wind turbines in Turkey is only 2493 MW, which accounts for only 5.8% of the total energy consumption in the country. We discussed the possibilities of how this amount can be increased to 10%, over the next 35 years.Turkey, which has 502 bird species, is a part of the Palearctic, and is located on important bird migration routes. As a result, birds prefer the migration routes on the areas where the wind intensity is quite high. Certain areas in Turkey, such as Kapidagi peninsula, Iskenderun, Izmir, Belen, or Adana, are located on high wind intensity routes. Continuous monitoring programs for migratory bird species must be carried out for several years before the wind turbines are built on such areas.In this work, we discussed the collision effects of wind turbines on birds and bats, based on information obtained from literature and field observations both in Turkey and in several other countries. For example, the wind turbines in four states in the eastern part of the United States have only 0.003% share for bird deaths in the region. Similarly, it was found that only 0.23 individual bats died per year by wind turbines in Brandenburg, Germany. Similarly, the death rates of birds and bats caused by wind turbines are quite low compared to other human factors in Turkey.The available data indicate that death rates of birds and bats by wind turbines in relation to the other factors (e.g. by clashing up against glass windows of buildings) is quite low. Therefore, public oppositions against wind turbines are not well justified. Considering the ever lasting energy needs of mankind and environmental deterioration due fossil fuels and nuclear energy, establishment of wind turbines as green energy sources must be encouraged in appropriate places accomponied by bird observation programs along with recommended implementations proposed by ornitology reports.

Ulkemiz cografik konumu ve sahip oldugu habitat cesitliliginin sonucu olarak onemli bir ornitolojik potansiyele sahiptir. Kus goc yollari uzerinde bulunan ulkemizdeki, onemli alanlardan biri Bogazkent/Antalya’dir. Turkiye’deki 502 kus turunun 237’si Bogazkent’te gorulmektedir. Bu turlerden biri olan mahmuzlu kizkusu, yaz gocmeni olarak bolgeye gelmekte ve uremektedir. Ulkemizin taraf oldugu Bern Sozlesmesine gore tur, Ek II listesinde yer almakta ve bu durum, soz konusu turu alaniyla birlikte koruma gerekliligini ortaya koymaktadir. Mahmuzlu kizkusu meralar, corak alanlar, kumullar ve tarim alanlarina yuvalamaktadir. Tarim alanlari insan aktivitesinin yogun oldugu alanlardan olmasi nedeniyle, bu noktada onemli bir durum teskil etmektedir. Yapilan calismada 2009–2012 yillari arasinda Bogazkent/Antalya mahmuzlu kizkusu populasyonu incelenmistir. Bu dogrultuda yillara gore bakildiginda 2009’da 17, 2010’da 27, 2011’de 38 ve 2012’de 19 yuva tespit edilmistir. Tum yillara genel olarak bakildiginda, yuvalama alanlarinin habitat tercihlerine gore oranlarinin %42 mera, %31 corak alan, % 26 tarim alani ve %2 kumul oldugu tespit edilmistir.

Turkey is defined as "Rich" in terms of living species because of its geographical location, suitable climatic conditions, and its diversity in habitats, wetlands, and land-forms. However, a substantial portion of the country's habitat area and related wildlife components are experiencing significant adverse pressures due to a variety of factors, chief among them: a rapid development period. This study reports on a comprehensive and current assessment of Turkey's extant biological diversity and its manifest threats. The paper includes an investigation into a growing number of emerging threats to the country's biodiversity.

The breeding biology of Spur-winged lapwing (Vanellus spinosus L.) was studied in Bogazkent/Antalya between 2009 and 2011. Population density, nest number, clutch size, hatchling number and habitat selection was determined. Besides birds were trapped and banded with metal and color rings and some morphological parameters as wing-, bill- and spur length were collected. Egg size was measured (width, length and weight). On the other hand, predation factors and their feeding preference were determined. Population consisted of 52 individuals in 2009, 60 individuals in 2010 and 72 in 2011. Nest numbers were 17 in 2009, 27 in 2010 and 38 in 2011. Incubation period was 23 days and the mean of clutch size was 3.6, total hatchling number was 23 juveniles in 2010 and 27 juveniles in 2011. Their nest preferences were mostly fields, grasslands and sand areas. 13 adults were banded in 2010 and 25 adults also in 2011. The predators of eggs and juveniles were mainly Hooded crow, dogs and fox. Their nourishment was generally crustacean and insect species, which live in the mud on the near surface.

We studied the population relationships of Kruper's Nuthatch (Sofa krueperi) by capturing 82 individuals using mist nets in six different areas in Turkey during the breeding season, from March to June 2005-2008. Forty-one different morphometric characters were measured. Morphometric characters measured ((x) over bar - SD) were: body mass = 13.11 +/- 0.88 g, wing length = 74.79 +/- 2.35 mm, bill length = 17.65 +/- 0.76 mm, and tarsus length = 19.10 +/- 0.93 mm, respectively. A stepwise discriminant analysis of four populations retained seven statistically significant measurements: body mass, wing length, length of P 8, alula. bill height, back nail, and left nail. These analyses allowed discrimination among populations. The population in the Aladaglar Mountains differed from others even though it overlapped with the population in the Lutfi Buyuk Yildiri m Research Forest, and marginally with the population at Kartalkaya Mountain. Cross validation for the other three populations confirmed large overlap in morphometric characteristics although the population at the Lutfi Buyuk Yildirim Research Forest seemed to be intermediate between populations at Aladaglar Mountains and in the Kazdaglari Mountain-Kartalkaya Mountain complex. Received 12 February 2011. Accepted 12 June 2011.