Background: To assess in vivo antidepressant of Ethanolic extract of Albizzia lebbeck (L.) own their family Fabaceae the plant's primary constituents Triterpenes, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, and indole alkaloids are the main components of Albizzia lebbeck (L.), a member of the Fabaceae family, which is used to evaluate the in vivo antidepressant properties of its ethanolic extract. Reports on the pharmacological effects of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-genotoxic, sedative and antiepileptic, anti-convulsant, anti-helminthic, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, and antipyretic substances can be found in the literature review. It has been reported that Albizzia lebbeck has anti-epileptic properties. Materials and Methods: The current study is intended to have antidepressant effects on test animals. The impact of an Alzzia lebbeck (L.) leaf ethanol extract on Swiss albino mice's depression; For 21 days in a row, Swiss albino mice were repeatedly exposed to moderate stress. For 21 days, various groups of stressed and unstressed mice received oral doses of imipramine (15 mg/kg) and EEAL (200 and 400 mg/kg). The Open Field Test (OFT) and the Tail Suspension Test (TST) were performed locomotory one hour after the mice were given oral doses of 200 or 400 mg/kg of EEAL&ASLNs to assess their inclination toward depressive-like behavior. Results: After receiving EEAL (200 mg/kg), ASLNs (100, 200, 400 mg/kg), and imipramine (15 mg/kg) for 21 days, the immobility duration of both stressed and unstressed mice was significantly reduced. Both TST and OFT showed the previously mentioned effect. Albizzia lebbeck (L.) ethanol leaf extract dramatically raised catalase levels while lowering MDA levels. After being treated with EEAL (200 mg/kg) and ASLNs, the serotonin levels of both calm and nervous mice significantly increased compared to their vehicle-treated counterparts. Conclusion: The ASLNs demonstrated potent antidepressant-like effects in both stressed and relaxed mice, possibly lowering oxidative stress.

Promoting medical textiles with skin-sensed mechanical comfort for biomedical applications, cost-effectively utilizing bio-inspired hybrid nano fluids, is exceptionally challenging. Addressing durable multifunctionality with respect to skin-sensed mechanical comfort properties, the present research incorporates three different formulations of bioinspired Ag-SiO2 hybrid nano fluids. The hydrodynamic performance of these hybrid nano fluids is explored by Dynamic light scattering (DLS) where Ag-SiO2(10 g/L)-bis hybrid nano fluid shows the highest dispersion stability -25.5 mV among the three formulations. The surface morphology, chemical composition, and diffraction pattern of untreated and treated fabric are assessed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffractometers (XRD), respectively. Among functional properties, antibacterial properties, UV protection ability, flame retardancy, and thermal stability are evaluated. The outcomes of these functional properties are also found satisfactory for Ag-SiO2(10 g/L)-bis treated fabric in most cases. More specifically, around 99.9

This study numerically investigates the non-reacting flow field in an upstream rectangular cavity scramjet combustor under varying fuel-to-freestream pressure ratios (PR) of 4.5, 9.0, 13.5, and 18.0. The influence of PR on fuel-air mixing efficiency (MxE), total pressure recovery (TPR), and mass-averaged Mach number (MAMN) is analyzed with particular attention to shock wave interactions and their strength. Simulations are conducted by solving the 2D RANS equations coupled with species transport equations (Menter SST k-ω turbulence model). Shock-shear layer interactions (SSLIs) are identified as key mechanisms for controlling cavity mixing. A PR of 13.5 optimizes fuel-air mixing, while higher pressures shift shock formation toward the combustor outlet, reducing shock interactions in the combustion zone and limiting overall performance.

The utilization of agro waste in the green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) is recognized as one of the most environment benign and cost-effective approaches. Accordingly, the present study biosynthesizes Ag and SiO2 NPs by utilizing agro waste, lemon peel zest and rice husks to produce two hybrid nano fluids named Ag–SiO2 and Ag–SiO2–bis for the purpose of yielding mechanically strong, durable, functional and comfortable cotton fabric. The synthesized nano fluids are incorporated on cotton woven fabric by mechanical thermo-fixation method. The produced Ag NPs are characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, Field Emission Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX), and found the average size as around 30 nm with spherical shape. Again, SiO2 NPs are characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), FESEM and EDX and the results reveal amorphous, spherical shape with the average particle size as around 50 nm. The FESEM of hybrid NPs are also analyzed. The surface morphology of treated fabric is assessed by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EDX. The antibacterial properties, UV protection ability, dye ability, moisture management property, mechanical properties are assessed and found better than that of untreated fabric. However, due to use of small amount of the above NPs in preparation of hybrid nano fluid, UV-protection ability is not found up to the mark. For addressing the durability of the functional cotton fabric, N, N′-methylene bis-acrylamide is used as a crosslinking agent which has also significant positive contribution to mechanical properties. However, this utilization of the cross-linker along with Ag–SiO2 hybrid nano fluid is the novelty of present investigation to improve the durable, functional and mechanical properties. The outcomes of the study suggest the greater efficacy of Ag–SiO2–bis hybrid nano fluid in functional clothing and medical textiles.

Convolutional neural networks (CNN) has multi-dimensional features that are inextricably interrelated to the extraordinary identification of visionary objects. Humans have a thirst of eagerness to know about ancient monuments. CNN can be a suitable tool for this purpose, in addition to some image processing approaches. This study has developed a mobile application for monument identification in two classes. The prominent contributions have been performed in the data preprocessing and feature extraction requirement using the Canny approach. In addition, CNN has been applied for the utmost level of recognition of the inputted visionary image to the mobile application using CNN. The proposed mechanism has obtained 90.68% accuracy in the testing period as its utmost accuracy result. The coagulation of CNN and other cutting-edge technology has enhanced the performance of the developed application. Moreover, these features have introduced this implementation as a comparatively desired and required app in daily utilization.

This study deals with an experimental investigation of the thermal performance of a prototype mechanical wet cooling tower with a counter flow arrangement. Different volume concentrations ranging from 0.18 to 0.50 vol.% of stable Al oxide (Al2O3), Zn oxide (ZnO), and Ti oxide (Ti2O3) nanoparticles of 80, 35, and 70 nm diameter were considered. Water was taken as a base fluid, and the experiment was carried out at 60, 70, and 80 ℃, respectively, in laboratory conditions. The study revealed that an increase in the volume concentration of the nanofluids increased the cooling range, cooling efficiency, convective heat transfer coefficient, tower characteristic called number of transfer unit (NTU), and effectiveness of the cooling tower compared with water at the same mass flow rate and inlet temperature. However, increasing the volume concentration increased the viscosity of the nanofluids, leading to an increase in friction factor. For instance, for 0.18% volume concentration of ZnO, at an inlet water temperature of 66.4 ℃ and water/air (L/G) flow ratio of 1.93, the cooling range increased by 3.62%, cooling efficiency increased by 33.3%, and NTU increased by 50.5% compared with fresh water (FW).

Abstract This study investigated the effect of dust deposition on the fin surfaces of a rectangular finned heat sink for natural convection. Therefore, experimental analysis was carried out on two cases, i.e., under fine dust and fiber dust conditions. The experiment was conducted inside a closed duct on the heat sink consisting of 17 fins. After analyzing the data and variation of temperature values at various positions of the fin surfaces, it was observed that the fine dust accumulation had a negligible effect on the thermal performance. However, fiber dust accumulation had a significant effect on the thermal performance. Moreover, the obtained values of Nusselt number were 26.68, 26.21, and 23.75 for natural convection under no dust, fine dust, and fiber dust conditions, respectively. Hence, the amount of heat dissipated by natural convection was minimal under fiber dust conditions.

This study numerically investigates the flow field of a non-reacting cavity-configured scramjet (Supersonic Combustion Ramjet) combustor at various fuel injection pressures by solving the 2D Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, species transport equations, and Menter SST k-ω model. The aim of this research is to reveal the effects of wall cavity insertion and fuel injection pressure (FIP) on the crucial performance parameters i.e., fuel-air mixing efficiency (MxE), total pressure recovery (TPR), and mass-averaged Mach number (MAMN). Accordingly, two trapezoidal cavities of aspect ratio 7 are introduced on the opposite walls of a rectangular combustor. The combustor entrance is configured with rearward-facing steps and it intakes finite parallel air streams through finite-width inlets. Gaseous hydrogen jets are injected 30 mm downstream from the combustor entrance and 10 mm upstream from the cavity leading edge. FIP is varied according to the fuel-to-freestream pressure ratios (FFPR) of 4.5, 9.0, 13.5, and 18.0. The results of the cavity-configured combustor are then compared with the performance of the combustor in the absence of the wall cavities. The results delineate the change in flow structures with the inclusion of wall cavities and variation in FIP. Insight physics of mixing, total pressure loss, and MAMN in different regions of the combustor are studied and the results are quantified for comparison. MxE in a cavity-configured combustor does not monotonically increase with decreasing FFPR as found in the combustor without wall cavities. The shock-shear layer interactions (SSLIs) play a dominant role in mixing inside the cavity-configured combustor. The results also demonstrate that the insertion of wall cavities can increase fuel-air MxE through the formation of cavity recirculation zones. In the cavity-configured combustor, a maximum of 45% MxE is achieved for FFPR 4.5, which is 4% higher than the value obtained from the combustor without the cavities with an expense of 3% greater total pressure loss.

Since the Wright Brothers’ first flight in 1903, extensive research has been dedicated to improving the aerodynamic performance of aircraft. This study investigates the effect of two distinct wing geometric modifications on airfoil performance at high angles of attack (AOAs). These two modifications are slot, specifically the NACA 4412 with only a slot, and groove, specifically the NACA 4412 with both a slot and a groove. The investigation combines numerical simulation using ANSYS fluent with experimental evaluations conducted in the VDAS AF1300 subsonic wind tunnel. Since turbulent airflow often results in early stall, the primary objective of this research is to delay the stall angle of the normal NACA 4412 airfoil by mitigating local separation zones, and boundary layer transitions. Numerical simulations are performed at airspeeds of 20 m/s and 43.9 m/s, while experimental investigations are conducted at a speed of 20 m/s. The results indicate that both modified airfoils have higher lift-to-drag ratio than the normal airfoil at high AOAs. Specifically, the NACA 4412 airfoil with only a slot demonstrates the highest lift-to-drag ratio among the modified airfoils at high AOAs. Moreover, the NACA 4412 airfoil equipped with a slot and a groove demonstrates the highest stall angle, measured at 18°, compared to the normal NACA 4412 airfoil with a stall angle of 14°. At high AOA, the NACA 4412 airfoil with a slot generates a nearly 35% higher lift coefficient than the normal NACA 4412 airfoil, while the NACA 4412 with a slot and a groove achieves almost a 16% higher lift coefficient than the normal NACA 4412 airfoil.

This study aims to produce high-quality functional cotton fabric through the deposition of nano TiO2. Here nanoparticles are deposited by the pad-dry-cure method with different recipes formulated using an acrylic binder and wax emulsifier together with TiO2 nanoparticles to observe the optimal effect on the final quality. The treated fabric is characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD, and FTIR. To analyze the results, the antimicrobial properties, UV protection, and crease resistance are measured as functional properties. Furthermore, tensile and tearing strength, frictional resistance, bending length, abrasion resistance, and pilling are determined as mechanical properties. The results confirm that the binder significantly affects on nano deposition and improves the mentioned functional characteristics. However, the deposition of nano TiO2 has deteriorated cotton's mechanical properties, and that degradation is intensified by the use of binder. This degradation problem is overcome by using the emulsifier as an auxiliary since the recipe having an emulsifier improves all the mechanical qualities of nano-treated cotton fabric. Particularly, the sample containing a binder and an emulsifier (Nano TiO2-3) ensures up to 97 % UV-ray blockage, 93 % antibacterial activity, and 9 % increase in tensile strength.

AbstractObjectivesHypertension is one of the major modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity throughout the world. Increased life expectancy leads to increase prevalence of non‐communicable diseases among the elderly people including Bangladesh. However, different studies reported high prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension ranging from 52.6% to 67.9% among the elderly people in different countries. With this view, we aimed to assess the frequency of uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) among the elderly hypertensive people and its associated risk factors and treatment pattern in Bangladesh.MethodologyThis cross‐sectional type of observational study recruited 246 eligible hypertensive elderly patients attending in 250 Bedded General Hospital, Jashore, Bangladesh dated from 1st July to 31st December 2022. A structured questionnaire was developed and data on associated risk factors, treatment pattern and current blood pressure (BP) measurement were collected by face‐to‐face interview for the purposive sampling technique.ResultsThe mean age of our study patients was 72 ± 7 years with a male and female ratio nearly 1:1. Of the total hypertensive patients aged over 65 years or more, 56.5% remained with uncontrolled hypertension even on their prescribed antihypertensive medications. The mean systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were significantly high (P < 0.001) as 167 ± 22 mm Hg and 95 ± 11 mm Hg, respectively, among the uncontrolled hypertensive patients. However, we noticed the mean SBP and DBP among the total hypertensive patients were also significantly high (P < 0.001) as 148 ± 27 mm Hg and 87 ± 13 mm Hg, respectively. In this study, we reported that the mean number of last prescribed antihypertensive medications used by the total patients was 2 ± 1 (P =0.224) which was similar among the controlled and uncontrolled hypertensive patient groups. Among the elderly hypertensive patients, the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive medications were Amlodipine 39.8% (P =0.006), Olmesartan 29.3% (P = 0.186), Losartan 24.4% (P = 0.127), Bisoprolol 15.0% (P = 0.266) and Atenolol 14.6% (P = 0.224).ConclusionWe noticed high frequency of uncontrolled blood pressure among the elderly hypertensive patients, despite of using multiple antihypertensive medications in Jashore, Bangladesh.

Background and Objectives: Hypertension is one of the major risk factors of premature morbidity and mortality in our daily clinical practice. Various studies carried out in the urban settings, but there is scarcity of epidemiological data regarding hypertension among the rural people in Bangladesh. Therefore, this current study has been designed to find out the frequency and risk factors stratification of hypertension among the rural people in Jashore, Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study recruited 1812 participants above 18 years attending on national hypertensive week of 2019 in Bagherpara and Keshabpur upazila (subdistrict) health complex in Jashore, Bangladesh. 2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines had been demonstrated to classify hypertension. Results: Out of the total study population, the frequency of hypertension was 20.6% (Grade 1 and Grade 2 hypertensive patients 15.8% and 4.9%, respectively), and high normal blood pressure was 9.0%. The mean age of the study population, Grade 1 hypertensive and Grade 2 hypertensive cohorts were 42 ± 16, 49 ± 15 and 51 ± 14 years, respectively, with a male and female ratio was 1:2. Progressive rise of mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure were noticed with increasing age. Age (P: <0.001), sex (P: 0.004), occupation (P: <0.001), BMI (P: <0.001), family (P: <0.001) and past history (P: <0.001) of hypertension, sedentary life style (P: 0.004), additional salt intake (P: <0.001) and smoking (P: 0.011) were significantly associated with hypertension following bivariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age after 50 years (AOR = 1.866, 95% CI: 1.210-2.876), positive past history of hypertension (AOR = 3.493, 95% CI: 2.676-4.558), additional salt intake (AOR = 0.591, 95% CI: 0.453-0.770) and obesity (AOR = 3.389, 95% CI: 1.830-6.274) were significantly associated with developing hypertension. Conclusion: High frequency of hypertension was found among the rural population in Bangladesh where presence with a lot of significantly associated risk factors. The data would be helpful for the health policymakers dealing noncommunicable diseases to reach the sustainable goal and mitigate morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases in Bangladesh.

To increase the reservoir contact to improve the production, the operator extended the lateral length of the horizontal wells from initial 5 K ft to 6 K ft, then to 7 K ft until 8 K ft. While moving toward a 10 K ft lateral, a bottle neck was encountered and the drilling team had to made all the effort to seek the solution. This paper addressed the main technical challenges to be faced while drilling the first two extended reach 10 K ft lateral wells. Several key strategic solutions corresponding to those challenges were proposed during the planning phase and well implemented in operation. As a result, the first two 10 K ft lateral wells were successfully drilled and completed, establishing a new historical milestone for future operation. In this paper, the inefficient weight transfer while drilling because of the pipe buckling, wellbore instability, the severe losses of the weak formation, failure to build the curve and difficulties for the well placement in lateral, downhole tool directional tool failure due to the high bottom-hole-circulation-temperatures (BHCT) and the risk of unable to run the production casing to bottom were considered as the main challenges to deliver the 10 K ft lateral wells. To overcome these challenges, according to the established best practice and the available tools or devices that have been already tested and prepared, the drilling team performed profound analysis and established the corresponding strategic solutions for each challenge. This paper described the implementation process of those strategies on the first two 10 K ft lateral wells delivered. The experiences obtained were also addressed.

Atypical presentations may be presented with the common symptoms in Dengue. We, hereby, present a case of Dengue who was admitted in our hospital with the complaints of fever, upper abdominal pain, and vomiting, literally diagnosed as a case of acute pancreatitis.

The slip flow and thermal transfer inside the boundary layer are extremely significant for various problems in aerodynamics, wing stall, skin friction drag on an entity, high-level velocity aircraft, etc. The current research investigated the effect of the slip factor and shape factor on the axisymmetric bullet-shaped object by taking the viscous dissipation parameter and location parameter. The analysis is conducted for both fixed and moving bullet-shaped objects due to thinner and thicker surfaces. The governing equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using suitable local axisymmetric similarity transformations and solved by applying the spectral quasi-linearization method. A new correlation analysis is made for velocity and temperature gradients. It is observed that the boundary layer structure has no defined shape due to a thicker bullet-shaped object instead it forms a steep angle with the axis which is contradictory to the formation of the boundary layer. A negative correlation is observed for the parameters M, Ec, Q*, and s but a positive correlation is observed for the parameters such as Pr, P, λ, and ε. The surface thickness and stretching ratio significantly affect the fluid flow and heat transfer processes. It is also noticed that the thinner bullet-shaped object performs as a better cooling conductor compared to a thicker one. The skin friction is reduced in the case of a thinner bullet-shaped object compared to a thicker one. The present analysis reveals that the heat transfer rate and the friction factor may be helpful in industrial sectors for controlling the cooling rate and quality of the final product. This research brings forward to increase in the rate of heat transfer inside the boundary layer region. The result may help to design the various types of moving objects in the automobile engineering sector when the objects pass through the fluid.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have emerged as a viable method for bioremediation of toxic metals while also producing energy. In this paper, we examine the issue of organic substrate as a source of metabolism for microbe growth in MFC, as well as its significance for metal ion degradation in tandem with energy production. This study focused on the use of commercial sugar as an organic substrate in a single-chamber MFC. The MFC was operated for 27 days, with the highest voltage of 150 mV achieved on day 12, and toxic metal bioremediation efficiencies of 89%, 76.45%, and 89.45% for Pb2+, Cd2+, and Hg2+, respectively. Every 24 hours, the organic substrate (sugar solution) was fed into the cell. This study's mechanism of metal ion degradation and electron transport is also thoroughly described. In addition, some future views have been highlighted.