This study determined the prevalence of Neospora caninum in cows and sheep in Kyrgyzstan, as well as the incidence of this parasite in infertile cows and sheep that had aborted. For this purpose, 507 cows and 502 sheep from commercial farms in different regions of the country were investigated. Individual blood samples were taken from all sheep and cows. The animals included 70 sheep that had aborted, 104 normal pregnant sheep, 173 newly parturient sheep, and 155 infertile sheep, as well as 36 cows that had aborted, 244 normal pregnant cows, 140 fresh cows, and 87 repeat-breeder cows. The levels of N. caninum antibodies in the blood samples were determined using a commercial ELISA kit. N. caninum positivity was observed in 5.38% of sheep, including 4.29% of sheep that had aborted, 1.04% of normal pregnant sheep, 9.82% of newly parturient sheep, and 3.87% of infertile sheep. N. caninum positivity was detected in 11.05% of cows, including 25.00% of cows that had aborted, 11.48% of normal pregnant cows, 1.39% of fresh cows, and 19.54% of repeat-breeder cows. In summary, the rate of N. caninum seropositivity was higher in cows than in sheep, and the parasite was more frequently detected in cows with a history of abortion and repeat breeding, highlighting the need for effective preventive and control measures.

Background, Context or Rationale Subclinical mastitis induces substantial biochemical and physicochemical alterations in milk, negatively affecting milk quality, processing characteristics and dairy production efficiency. Conventional culture‐based diagnostic methods remain labour‐intensive and time‐consuming, emphasising the need for rapid, data‐driven and interpretable diagnostic approaches based on routinely obtainable milk parameters. Aim(s) This study aimed to investigate the biochemical effects of mastitis on milk composition and to identify pathogen‐specific alterations associated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) , Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) using explainable machine learning methodologies. Methods Machine learning models were developed to (i) discriminate infected from noninfected milk samples and (ii) classify mastitis according to the causative bacterial species using fundamental physicochemical milk variables. Several algorithms were comparatively evaluated, and tree‐based ensemble approaches demonstrated superior and more robust generalisation performance. Model interpretability was achieved using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), enabling the association of predictive outcomes with underlying biochemical characteristics of milk. Major Findings The SHAP analyses revealed distinct pathogen‐dependent biochemical signatures. E. coli mastitis were primarily characterised by elevated electrical conductivity (EC), accompanied by increased somatic cell count (SCC). In S. agalactiae mastitis, SCC emerged as the dominant discriminative feature, with EC providing additional predictive contribution. In contrast, S. aureus mastitis were mainly associated with alterations in milk solid fractions, particularly solids‐nonfat (SNF) and related compositional parameters. When classification was simplified to infected versus noninfected milk, fat content and SCC represented the most influential discriminative variables within the present dataset. Scientific or Industrial Implications The findings demonstrate that routinely measurable milk composition parameters can support rapid and interpretable identification of mastitis and differentiation of likely causative pathogens. By transforming conventional milk quality variables into pathogen‐specific biochemical signatures, the proposed framework provides a practical and explainable decision‐support approach for subclinical mastitis surveillance and milk quality assessment in dairy production systems.

ABSTRACT Objective We hypothesized that variations in oestradiol and progesterone concentrations are significantly correlated with intraocular pressure (IOP) in female dogs and that this association is influenced by systemic physiological parameters such as age, body weight and blood pressure (BP). Animal studied This study was performed on 37 female dogs, aged between 1 and 7 years (median: 2.5 years, range: 1–7 years), with a mean weight of 23.15 ± 9.72 kg. Procedures The relationships between right intraocular pressure (RIOP) and left (LIOP) with systolic and diastolic BP, serum oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) levels were assessed. Additional factors, such as age, pulse and body temperature, were also analysed for their correlations with IOP and hormonal levels. Results Weak and insignificant positive correlations were noted between E2 and RIOP (r = 0.112, p = 0.255) and P4 and RIOP (r = 0.098, p = 0.283). No significant relationships were identified between E2, P4 and LIOP (E2: r = 0.242, p = 0.112; P4: r = 0.020, p = 0.460). A moderate positive association was identified between systolic BP and LIOP (r = 0.437, p = 0.003), whereas a slight positive correlation was noted between systolic BP and RIOP (r = 0.282, p = 0.045). Substantial negative associations were identified between P4 and systolic BP (r = −0.445, p = 0.010) as well as diastolic BP (r = −0.489, p = 0.005). A strong correlation was found between body weight and RIOP (r = 0.591, p < 0.001) as well as LIOP (r = 0.408, p = 0.006). Conclusion This preliminary study highlights that reproductive hormones like E2 and P4, along with factors such as age and body weight, significantly impact physiological parameters, including heart and ocular health in female dogs. Thus, variations in reproductive hormones and factors like age and body weight should be considered when evaluating ocular health in female dogs.

This study investigated associations between serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) levels and body temperature regulation in thirty clinically healthy bitches. Right and left corneal temperatures (RCT, LCT), perianal and perivulvar temperatures were measured by infrared thermography, while rectal (RT) and intravaginal temperatures were recorded digitally. Hormone concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and correlations were analyzed using Pearson’s test. CSF E2 and P4 levels were significantly higher than serum concentrations (p = 0.007 and p = 0.0001). CSF E2 showed a moderate positive correlation with LCT (r = 0.423, p = 0.041), and CSF P4 was similarly correlated with LCT (r = 0.347, p = 0.035). In contrast, serum P4 was negatively correlated with LCT (r = −0.341, p = 0.039) and RT (r = −0.423, p = 0.009). Perianal temperature demonstrated the strongest association with corneal temperatures, particularly RCT (r = 0.621, p < 0.001). CSF E2 and P4 were strongly correlated (r = 0.640, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that central sex hormones may play a more prominent role than peripheral hormones in ocular surface and regional thermoregulation in bitches Keywords: Dog, estradiol, progesterone, cerebrospinal fluid, corneal surface temperature.

The study aimed to determine the polarization of T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 cytokines in cows during normal parturition and dystocia. We utilized 180 cows divided into two groups – normal parturition (NP) and dystocia (D). During the second stage of parturition, blood samples were taken from the cows. We then measured the concentrations of Th1 (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin (IL)-2,) and Th2 (IL-5, IL-10, IL-4) cytokines in both groups using a commercial ELISA kit (Bio-Tek Instruments; USCN Life Science). Normality analysis was performed between the two groups, then independent t-test was performed for data that met parametric assumptions, while Mann Whitney U test was performed for data that did not meet parametric assumptions. Our findings indicate that the levels of TNF-α (67.20 ± 9.95 pg/mL), IL-2 (519.55 ± 60.15 pg/mL), IL-5 (151.33 ± 94.28 pg/mL) (P˂0.001); IL-4 (915.84 ± 53.56 pg/mL), IL-10 (298.70 ± 19.80 pg/mL) (P˂0.01) in the D group significantly decreased in comparison to the NP group. The study found no significant difference in serum IFN-γ levels between the NP and D groups. (P˃0.05). In analyzing the Th1/Th2 polarization balance in cows with NP, it concluded that this balance shifted towards Th2. As a result, it was derived that boosting humoral immunity would be apt, by implementing measures in this direction.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of povidone-iodine and oxytetracycline, administered intrauterinely at different time points following artificial insemination, on pregnancy rates and embryonic losses in dairy cows. The study was conducted on a total of 350 clinically healthy Holstein cows, synchronized using the Ovsynch protocol, between 50 and 60 days postpartum. The animals were randomly assigned to a control group and six experimental groups that received povidone-iodine (PI) or oxytetracycline (OTC) 4, 12, and 24 h after artificial insemination. Pregnancy rates and embryonic loss rates following the first insemination were determined via ultrasonographic examinations conducted between 1 and 4 months after insemination. According to the results, while no statistically significant difference was found in pregnancy rates, the lowest embryonic loss rate (6.7

This study was conducted to examine glandular histological changes in the uterus of Kyrgyz breed mares during the first 6 months of pregnancy. The study used 53 Kyrgyz breed mares; 43 of these were at different stages of pregnancy, while 10 were non-pregnant mares. Uterine samples obtained at the slaughterhouse were evaluated histomorphometrically; endometrial thickness, gland density, gland epithelial height and gland diameter were measured. In conclusion, it was concluded that in Kyrgyz mares, endometrial thickness, glandular epithelial height and diameter increased as pregnancy progressed, while glandular density decreased and that further research on this topic would be beneficial.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between the gases in a cow's uterine environment and its ovarian physiological structures using the sunflower optimisation algorithm (SFOA) deployed in a device called Metrisör, developed by our project team. A total of 500 uteruses obtained from slaughtered cows served as the experimental sample. Gas measurements were taken from 489 uteruses with no clinical metritis or microbiological growth. Additionally, the diameters of the corpus luteum and follicles in the ovaries were measured using callipers. These results were then analysed based on the presence or absence of a corpus luteum (CL) and follicles larger or smaller than 1.5 cm. According to uterine gas fluctuations, the presence and absence of CL could be detected at rates of 80.60% and 79.60%, respectively. Also, based on uterine gas changes, the presence of ovarian follicles larger than 1.5 cm was determined 82% of the time, and the presence of follicles smaller than 1.5 cm was determined 80% of the time. In conclusion, it was found that different stages of a cow's sexual cycle might involve changes in uterine gases. Thus, the data from this study may enable the development of a new estrus detection method for cows.

Canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is a spontaneously arising, contagious neoplasm in dogs that propagates via the direct implantation of viable tumour cells between animals. Transmission predominantly occurs during mating, leading to the development of growths chiefly on the external genitalia of both males and females. In this case report, it is aimed to describe the clinical, cytological, macroscopic and histopathological findings of two bitches with CTVT. In the clinical examination of both bitches, an 8-month-old Husky and 2-years-old Alabai crossbred, protruding, irregular, ulcerated and bleeding structures were observed in the vulva. In cytological examinations, round to polyhedral-shaped cells with an eccentrically located nucleus, multiple mitosis and the characteristic distinct, cytoplasmic vacuolations with clear outlines were observed. Histopathological examinations of both cases revealed round or polyhedral neoplastic cells arranged in solid sheets or rows supported by fibrovascular connective tissue septa. Numerous mitotic figures were also observed together with tumor cells. Tumor cells with indistinct cell borders had eosinophilic and finely granular cytoplasmic structures. Necrotic changes in tumor cells and hemorrhage foci were also observed. A tumor cell embolism consisting of tumor cells adherent to the vessel wall was observed in the vessel lumen. It is think that these cases are important because they are being reported for the first time in Kyrgyzstan.

ABSTRACTTh1/Th2 polarisation and suppressor of cytokine signalling‐3 (SOCS3) are important indicators of the humoral and cellular immune system activity in cows. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of postpartum diseases with the levels of Th1/Th2 polarisation and SOCS3 at the time of parturition. The study examined 180 cows (90 with normal parturition [NP] and 90 with dystocia [D]). Blood samples were taken from the cows once at the time of calving. Two subgroups were created among cows with NP: those without the postpartum disease (NP [−], n = 45) and those with postpartum disease (NP [+], n = 45). Likewise, two subgroups were created among D cows: those without postpartum disease (D [−], n = 45) and those with postpartum disease (D [+], n = 45). Cytokine analyses were performed using species‐specific commercial ELISA kits. In the NP (−) group, it was found that Th1/Th2 cytokine polarisation was in the Th1 direction due to the increase in the concentration of IFN‐γ, TNF‐α and IL‐2 in four subgroups grouping with different types of parturition and diseases. It was concluded that it would be appropriate to strengthen cellular immunity. In cases of postpartum diseases, Th1/Th2 polarisation shifted towards Th2 due to the increase in IL‐4 and IL‐5 concentrations in cows that performed NP and developed mastitis in the postpartum period. These results suggest that it would be beneficial to support the Th2 aspect (i.e. humoral immunity) in cows that have undergone NP and develop mastitis in the postpartum period.

ABSTRACT The presented study outlines a research plan aimed at determining the effects of winning and losing situations on the relationship levels between the rider and horse's stress, metabolic, and physiological parameters in Kök‐Börü, a traditional equestrian team game. For this purpose, blood samples were collected from both the horses and riders of four different teams participating in two different Kök‐Börü games before and after the games. Cortisol, ACTH, beta‐endorphin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, T3 and T4 analyses were performed on the collected blood samples using species‐specific commercial ELISA kits. Additionally, biochemical and haematological parameters in the same blood samples were tested using an autoanalyser. Based on the obtained data, it was found that there were both positive and negative correlations between most biochemical and haematological parameters of the winning teams' horses and riders before and after the game. However, when examining the correlations between the hormonal parameters of the winning teams' horses and riders before the game, only a negative correlation was found between ACTH and T4 (‐0.529, p < 0.05), and no positive correlation was identified among any hormonal parameters. In conclusion, it was interpreted that in the equestrian team sport of Kök‐Börü, there are significant changes in the hormonal parameters, especially before and after the game, between the horses and riders of the losing teams. Furthermore, it was concluded that winning and losing situations in Kök‐Börü games did not have a significant impact on the correlations between haematological and biochemical parameters before and after the game for both the horses and riders.

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo determine T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cytokine polarization, as well as high‐sensitive cardiac troponin I (hs‐cTnI) levels, in cats with pyometra.MethodsWe used 40 queens in the study. A total of 20 out of these 40 queens were diagnosed with the pyometra group (PYO) and the other 20 made up the healthy group (control; CTR). We measured concentrations of hs‐cTnI, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK) and l‐lactate in queens from both groups. Additionally, we measured cytokine concentrations in all queens.ResultsThe hs‐cTnI concentration in the PYO group (26.95 ± 5.08 ng/L) was significantly higher than that of the CTR group (7.00 ± 0.82 ng/L) (p < 0.000). Furthermore, the PYO group had a higher CK concentration (344.50 ± 39.63 U/L) than the CTR group (191.00 ± 15.44 U/L) (p = 0.002). The PYO group also demonstrated higher concentrations of TNF‐α (9.77 ± 0.81 ng/mL), IFN‐γ (25.37 ± 2.09 ng/mL), IL‐2 (4.37 ± 0.39 ng/mL), IL‐4 (245.64 ± 15.83 pg/mL), IL‐5 (63.13 ± 1.65 pg/mL) and IL‐10 (123.58 ± 4.30 ng/mL) compared to the CTR group (p < 0.000).ConclusionsOverall, it is suggested that changes in cytokine concentrations increase in queens with pyometra, potentially causing harm to the heart muscle. It is crucial to consider that the heart muscle may also be affected in queens with pyometra during the treatment process.

Reproductive efficiency in sheep is influenced by complex interactions between the endocrine and immune systems, particularly during early pregnancy. Immunomodulators such as levamisole are known to enhance immune responses and have been investigated for their potential to improve reproductive outcomes in various animal species. However, the effects of levamisole administered at the time of breeding on both pregnancy rates and key immunoendocrine markers in ewes remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of levamisole, administered at varying doses during breeding, on pregnancy rates and selected immune and endocrine parameters in ewes. A total of 30 ewes were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 10 each): a control group received subcutaneous saline; the second group received levamisole at 2.5 mg/kg; and the third group received 7.5 mg/kg, all administered at the time of breeding. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 10, and 20 post-breeding. Levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, progesterone, activin A, activin B, follistatin, and total immunoglobulin (Ig) were measured using commercial ELISA kits. Pregnancy rates did not differ statistically between the groups (p > 0.05). However, on day 10, pregnant ewes in the 2.5 mg/kg group showed significantly higher activin A levels (p < 0.05). Activin B levels were elevated in pregnant ewes in both the control group (day 10) and the 7.5 mg/kg group (day 20) (p < 0.05). Follistatin levels were higher on day 10 in pregnant control animals (p < 0.05). IFN-γ and IL-2 levels increased in pregnant animals, particularly in control and 7.5 mg/kg groups, respectively. Progesterone levels peaked on day 10 in all groups. While the measured immune and endocrine parameters varied, these changes did not impact the pregnancy rates.

In the current study, we aimed to determine the distribution of telocytes in the ovary, oviduct and uterus of Kyrgyz mares depending on whether they were pregnant. We also studied the progression during the first 6 months of pregnancy. To this end, ovary, oviduct and uterus tissues from 53 Kyrgyz mares were obtained post-mortem. The mare tissue samples were divided into two groups: pregnant (n = 43) and non-pregnant (n = 10). Telocyte levels in the tissues were determined using light microscopic and immunohistochemical methods. Subsequently, the data acquired were evaluated based on whether the mare was pregnant, and if so, the month of pregnancy was also taken into account. After the study, we found a higher number of telocytes in the myometrium (5.69 ± 0.90, p < 0.001) and oviduct propria (0.14 ± 0.05, p < 0.006) of pregnant mares. We also noted an increased number of telocytes in the oviduct propria (0.04 ± 0.02, p < 0.03) of mares 4 months into the pregnancy, and in the muscle layer (1.62 ± 0.57, p < 0.01), myometrium (4.83 ± 0.78, p < 0.03) and ovarian stroma (0.14 ± 0.06, p < 0.04) of mares 6 months into pregnancy. In conclusion, we observed an increase in telocytes in the ovaries, oviducts and uterus of Kyrgyz mares during pregnancy, with this increase becoming more marked towards the sixth month of gestation. Therefore, additional research on the role of telocytes in pregnancy may prove beneficial.

This study aims to investigate the microbial composition of koumiss made via traditional methods in Kyrgyz mountain pastures. We collected koumiss samples produced in plastic (P), wood (T), and leather (D) containers at household settings. These samples were subjected to shotgun metagenomic sequencing. As a result of the metagenome analyses, we identified a diversity of bacteria, yeasts, bacteriophages, and archaea in koumiss produced within different containers. Koumiss' microbial community was predominantly composed of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), particularly Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactococcus lactis. Additional LAB species such as Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, Lactococcus raffinolactis, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and Lactococcus cremoris, as well as non-LAB taxa such as Kluyvera intermedia, Raoultella planticola, and Hafnia alvei were also identified as part of the koumiss microbiota. Nonetheless, the opportunistic pathogen, Enterobacter hormaechei, was among the detected species. The most abundant yeast species was identified as Brettanomyces bruxellensis. Other yeast species involving Monosporozyma unispora, Monosporozyma servazzii, and Yarrowia lipolytica were also detected within the metagenome. Despite the type of container material not significantly affecting the microbial diversity, Bifidobacterium spp. and bacteriophages were identified at higher levels in plastic containers. We detected various antimicrobial resistance genes and gene clusters that produce bioactive compounds within koumiss samples. This study highlights koumiss' rich microbial composition and its potential health impacts. It underscores the importance of effectively utilizing metagenomic and bioinformatics methods for better comprehension of the microbiota of koumiss.

Damızlıkhaneden Çiftliğe Kanatlı Hayvan Cinsiyetlendirmesi İbrahim Şeker Abdurrahman Köseman Mehmet Karaca Koyunlarda Sosyal Davranışların Temel Yapılanması Onur Erzurum Koyunlarda Davranış; Koyun-Kuzu İlişkileri Müzeyyen Kutluca Korkmaz Östrusun Denetlenmesi Ve Damızlık Teke Seçimi Serkan Ali Akarsu Gamze Uçak Alzheimer Hastalığı Aylin Bilen Büşra Güngör Sema Timurkaan Berrin Tarakçı Gençer Parkinson Hastalığı Büşra Güngör Aylin Bilen Sema Timurkaan Berrin Tarakçı Gençer Işık ile Oluşturulan Retina Dejenerasyonu Canan Akdeniz İncili Yesari Eröksüz Hayvanlarda Tuzlu Su Stresinin Etkileri Ali Rişvanlı Deniz Hayvanlarından Elde Edilen Biyoteknolojik Ürünler ve Uygulamalar: Genel Bakış Selda Sezer Retroviruslar Ve Onkojenik Mekanizması Hakan Aydın Hayrunnisa Bostan Yörü Mehmet Özkan Timurkan Sitokinler ve Kanser Burak Karabulut Hatice Eröksüz Eren Çankaya

Introduction This study examined the effects of winning or losing situations on the stress, metabolic, and physiological aspects of horse riders in Kok-Boru, a traditional equestrian team game. Methods Blood samples were collected from the riders of four different teams participating in two separate Kok-Boru games, both before and after gameplay. The samples were examined for levels of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), beta-endorphin, adrenaline, noradrenaline, triiodothyronine (T-3), and thyroxine (T-4) using species-specific commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The same samples were tested for biochemical and hematological parameters with an autoanalyzer. Results Post-game, the riders from the winning teams showed an increase in the serum levels of white blood count, granulocytes (GRA), percent GRA, mean corpuscular volume, platelet count, plateletcrit, creatine kinase, albumine, aspartate transferase, creatine, cortisol, and ACTH compared to their levels before the game. In contrast, the post-game serum levels of lymphocytes, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and T-3 of the winning team were lower. When the pre-game samples of winning and losing teams were compared, it was observed that sodium and T-4 levels were higher in the winners. Conclusions The data suggest that winning team riders put in more effort and experienced more stress. Conversely, those on losing teams exerted less effort and experienced less stress, as indicated by the parameter changes.