This study investigated the effects of short-term supplementation with safflower seed, a linoleic-acid-rich oilseed, on reproductive performance and endocrine responses in Hungarian Merino ewes during the non-breeding season. Forty-four clinically healthy multiparous ewes were allocated to two equal groups: a control group and a safflower group. Ewes in the safflower group ( n = 22 ) received 75 g ewe-1 d-1 of whole safflower seed in addition to the standard ration during the 7 d sponge period, whereas control ewes ( n = 22 ) received no oilseed supplementation. All ewes were treated with an intravaginal sponge containing 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate for 7 d during April. At sponge removal, 500 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) was administered intramuscularly. Ewes showing estrus were mated with proven fertile Merino rams (ewe : ram ratio of 5 : 1 ). Blood samples were collected on day 0, day 7, and immediately after mating on the day of estrus to determine serum estradiol (E2) and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2 α (PGFM) concentrations. Pregnancy was diagnosed by transabdominal ultrasonography 50 d after mating, and reproductive parameters were calculated. Under the present experimental conditions, short-term safflower seed supplementation did not produce statistically detectable improvements in estrus rate, pregnancy rate, lambing rate, or litter size compared with the control group ( p > 0.05 ). Serum E2 concentrations increased, whereas PGFM concentrations decreased over time in both groups; however, no treatment effect or treatment × time interaction was detected. In conclusion, supplementation with 75 g ewe-1 d-1 of whole safflower seed during progestagen treatment was not associated with measurable improvements in reproductive outcomes or detectable changes in circulating E2 and PGFM concentrations.

Background: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of Subclinical Hypocalcemia (SCH) and Subclinical Ketosis (SCK) diagnosed on the 10th day of lactation on reproductive performance. Methods: The study used 120 clinically healthy Holstein cows aged 2 to 6 years who had just given birth and had no puerperal illness. Blood samples were collected on the 10th and 30th postpartum days and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes. The serum was removed and stored at -80°C until analysis. β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), Glucose, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P) and Magnesium (Mg) levels were measured. Cows with serum BHB levels greater than 1.2 mmol/L were rated as SCK (n=10), those with serum BHB levels less than 1.2 mmol/L were rated as normal (n=50), those with serum total Ca levels less than 8.6 mg/dL were rated as SCH (n=30) and those with serum total Ca levels greater than 8.6 mg/dL were rated as normal. Progesterone levels were evaluated using blood samples collected on the 30th day after parturition. To assess the reproductive performance of the animals in the study, the calving to first estrus, calving to first insemination and calving to conception periods for each animal were measured in days and the number of inseminations per pregnancy was estimated. Result: In this study, no significant changes were observed in the biochemical parameters of cows with SCH. Calving to first estrus and calving to first insemination times were found to be higher in cows with SCH than in normal cows. There was no difference in other biochemical markers between normal and SCK cows, however NEFA and BHB levels were higher. While progesterone levels were higher in SCK-affected cows, there was no difference in reproductive parameters between these cows and non-ketotic cows.

Cystic ovarian disease is one of the leading causes of infertility in dairy cows. In this experimental field study, the comparative efficacy of the -3hCG/Ovsynch protocol (pre-treatment with hCG before Ovsynch) was investigated alongside the Ovsynch and the progestagen-based Ovsynch protocol. A total of 45 dairy cows with follicular cyst (FC) were enrolled in the study. The cows were randomly divided into three equal groups: in the first group, the Ovsynch-48 protocol (Day 0 GnRH, Day 7 PGF2α, Day 9 GnRH and fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) 16-20 h later); in the second group, the CIDR-synch protocol (Day 0 GnRH and the insertion of CIDR into the vagina for 7 days, Day 7 PGF2α, Day 9 GnRH and FTAI 16-20 h later); and in the third group, the -3hCG/Ovsynch protocol (3000 IU hCG pre-treatment before initiation of the Ovsynch-48 protocol) were applied. Blood samples were collected on Day -3, 0, 3 and 7, and serum progesterone levels were measured. Transrectal sonography of the ovaries was performed on Day -3, 0, 3 and 7 for ovarian dynamics (follicular development, presence of FC, measurement of diameter and wall thickness of FC) throughout the protocols. Cows were fixed-time artificially inseminated. On Day 13 (3 days after FTAI) and Day 45 (pregnancy diagnosis), ovarian ultrasonography was also performed to evaluate the cystic persistence (PC). hCG pre-treatment was found to be ineffective on follicular development in the early period of the -3hCG/Ovsynch protocol, but it significantly increased the diameter of the dominant follicle on Day 3 when compared to the Ovsynch and CIDR-synch protocols. The lifespan of the corpus luteum in the -3hCG/Ovsynch group was longer (> 4 days) than in the other protocols (< 4 days). Following the Ovsynch, CIDR-synch and -3hCG/Ovsynch protocols, the PC rates were found to be 54.5% (6/11), 45.4% (5/11) and 27.2% (3/11) on Day 13, and 27.2% (3/11), 27.2% (3/11) and 9.1% (1/11) on Day 45, respectively. Conception rates were found in Ovsynch (6/15), CIDR-synch (8/14) and -3hCG/Ovsynch (8/15) protocols as 40%, 57.1% and 53.3%, respectively. According to the findings, it was concluded that the -3hCG/Ovsynch protocol may be more effective than the Ovsynch protocol in the treatment of cows with FCs, can be used as an alternative to the CIDR-synch protocol and can be preferred especially in cows with uterine infection detected early in the postpartum period and in cases where the use of exogenous progesterone is contraindicated.

Background: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of Subclinical Hypocalcemia (SCH) and Subclinical Ketosis (SCK) diagnosed on the 10th day of lactation on reproductive performance. Methods: The study used 120 clinically healthy Holstein cows aged 2 to 6 years who had just given birth and had no puerperal illness. Blood samples were collected on the 10th and 30(th) postpartum days and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes. The serum was removed and stored at -80 degrees C until analysis. beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), Glucose, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P) and Magnesium (Mg) levels were measured. Cows with serum BHB levels >1.2 mmol/L were rated as SCK (n=10), those with serum BHB levels <1.2 mmol/L were rated as normal (n=50), those with serum total Ca levels <8.6 mg/dL were rated as SCH (n=30) and those with serum total Ca levels >8.6 mg/dL were rated as normal. Progesterone levels were evaluated using blood samples collected on the 30th day after parturition. To assess the reproductive performance of the animals in the study, the calving to first estrus, calving to first insemination and calving to conception periods for each animal were measured in days and the number of inseminations per pregnancy was estimated. Result: In this study, no significant changes were observed in the biochemical parameters of cows with SCH. Calving to first estrus and calving to first insemination times were found to be higher in cows with SCH than in normal cows. There was no difference in other biochemical markers between normal and SCK cows, however NEFA and BHB levels were higher. While progesterone levels were higher in SCK-affected cows, there was no difference in reproductive parameters between these cows and non-ketotic cows.

The aim of this study was to determine the role of anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), progesterone, insulin, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiyodotironin(T3), tiroksin(T4), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta hydroxy butyrate (BHBA) and glucose concentrations in the etiology of Repeat Breeder (RB) cows. In the study, 60 RB Holstein cows, all housed on the same farm and receiving identical care, feeding, and reproductive management, were inseminated at least three times but did not achieve pregnancy and were confirmed to have no gynecological problems through ultrasonographic examination. Were categorized into three groups based on parity: Group I (1-2 lactation), Group II (3-4 lactation), and Group III (5-6 lactation). During estrus, 10 ml blood samples were collected from all the animals in the study. Blood samples collected on the day of estrus were used to assess serum levels of AMH, insulin, BHBA, NEFA, glucose, T3, T4, and TSH. Additional blood samples were taken on days 9 and 17 post-mating for serum progesterone (P4) analysis. The serum samples were separated and stored at -80 degrees C until analysis. T3, T4, TSH, AMH and insulin levels were measured using an ELISA device, and serum progesterone, NEFA, BHBA and glucose determination were measured using an autoanalyzer. When comparing the results of hormone measurements across lactation groups, it was observed that T3 levels were highest in Group II and lowest in Group III. As for AMH, T4, TSH, insulin, and progesterone hormones, no statistically significant differences were found among the groups. Group I exhibited significantly lower NEFA levels compared to the other two groups, while Group I also had significantly higher glucose levels than the other two groups. In Group II, a statistically significant negative correlation of 69.7% was observed between T4 and AMH. In conclusion, this study determined that T3 hormone, NEFA and glucose levels may play a role in the etiology of RB cows, while AMH and other parameters do not seem to be effective.

The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship of anogenital distance (AGD) with fertility and the serum concentrations of estrogen and anti-m & uuml;llerian hormone in Awassi and Cukurova meat ewes. Fifty five Cukurova meat ewes and 46 Awassi ewes were used in the study. Before sponge insertion, AGD of all ewes were measured with a digital caliper. For each breed, they were divided into two AGD categories: short AGD group and long AGD group. A sponge containing 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate was applied intravaginally on day 0, and remained in situ for 12 days. On the 12th day, sponges were removed and eCG (500 IU per ewe) was administered intramuscularly. Blood samples were collected from all ewes on day 0 and at the onset of estrus. Estrous rate, conception rate, pregnancy rate, lambing rate, multiple birth rate, litter size and male rate were calculated in all groups and breeds. No significant difference were detected in the parameters between the groups (P>0.05). It is stated that AGD was found not to affect AMH or estrogen levels (P>0.05); however linear regression showed a positive correlation (P=0.03) between AGD and estrogen on the day of estrus in the Awassi ewes. It is stated that AGD is not associated with fertility in Awassi and Cukurova meat ewes, but there is a relationship between AGD and estrogen level in Awassi ewes.

Teat canal stenosis is a significant factor that impedes milking and can lead to cows being unable to rear. Because the methods applied in the treatment of teat canal stenosis are mostly unsuccessful, animals with the disease are usually removed from breeding. In this case, it causes great damage to the livestock economy in the world. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of the veterinary argon plasma coagulation device, a newly developed treatment for teat canal stenosis. A two-stage study was conducted for this purpose. In the first stage, as a material, 30 teats from 30 cows of varying ages and breeds were selected. The cows were randomly divided into three groups. The first group (n=10) underwent closed operations using instruments such as occult mammary scalpels, papillomas, and udder probes, depending on the severity and condition of their teat stenosis. The second group (n=10) received a preparation containing 8 mg chemotrypsin, 8 mg trypsin, 4 mg papain, 100,000 IU retinol palmitate, and 120 mg tocopherol acetate per ml without any operation. The preparation, containing 4 mg chemotrypsin, 4 mg trypsin, and 10 mg papain in each ml, was administered intramammary three times at 12-hour intervals once a day at a dose of 0.4 ml/10 kg intramuscularly for three days. The third group (n=10) received veterinary argon plasma coagulation device through the teat canal. In the second stage, veterinary argon plasma coagulation device was utilized to treat 104 stenosed teat canals. Based on the findings, the group in which veterinary argon plasma coagulation device was applied exhibited the best recovery rate (90%) at the end of the third week in the study's first phase. In the study's second phase, 89.42% of the nipples treated with veterinary argon plasma coagulation device were completely healed. In both stages of the study, it was established that the recovery criteria could not be detected as stenosis and that the milk flow was continuous due to weekly ultrasonographic and clinical examinations. Therefore, it can be concluded that the newly developed veterinary argon plasma coagulation device is a portable device that can be used to treat teat canal stenosis.

The liver is a dynamic organ that plays critical roles in many physiological processes. In farm animals, supporting the liver reduces postpartum metabolic diseases and loss of reproductive and milk yield in the transition period. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of mefepronic acid (2-methyl-2-phenoxy propionic acid) injection on reproductive performance parameters with short-term progesterone administration in early and late postpartum period Hungarian Merino ewes during the non-breeding season. In the study, 89 adult ewes in the early (n=45) and late (n=44) postpartum (pp) period were used in the study. Control and treatment (MA) groups were formed separately for each pp period. Following insertion of a vaginal sponge containing 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate for 7 days, PMSG 500 IU was injected intramuscularly (day 7) to all ewes. In treatment groups (Early MA and Late MA), 10 mg/kg mefepronic acid (Hepagen((R)), Fatro Gunesli) was injected (day 7), and remaining ewes consisted of control groups (Early Control and Late Control). The estrus signs of the ewes were followed and they were handmated (ewe: ram=5:1). Pregnancies were determined with transabdominal real time B-Mode ultrasonography with convex probe (3.5 MHz) on day 45 post-mating. There were no statistical differences in estrus rate, pregnancy rate, lambing rate and litter size at 1st service, 2nd service and overall services in early and late pp groups. According to results of this study, administration of mefepronic acid to ewes in the early and late pp period had no increasing effect on reproductive parameters. However, further studies investigating the survival of embryos and prostaglandin metabolism are needed to determine the efficacy of mefepronic acid in ewes.

The teat canal—one of the primary defense mechanisms of the udder—ensures the milk flow during milking in bovines and prevents pathogens from entering the udder by forming a barrier through the elastic muscle and keratin layers tightly closing the surrounding area. The current study investigated the effects of blood calcium status on teat closure in cows after milking. The study covered 200 healthy teats, of which 100 were from normocalcemic (NC) cows and 100 were from subclinical hypocalcemic (SCH) cows. Teat canal length (TCL) and width (TCW) were measured with ultrasonography at 0-min pre-milking and 15- and 30-min post-milking. Cylindrically shaped teat canal volume (TCV) was calculated by deriving from TCL and TCW. Time-dependent changes in teat canal closure and their relationships with blood calcium levels were analyzed. The results showed that the calcium level did not affect TCL, TCW, and TCV ( P > 0.05) during the 15-min post-milking period. However, TCL ( P < 0.001), TCW ( P < 0.05), and TCV ( P < 0.001) were lower in NC cows than in SCH cows at 30-min post-milking. At 15-min post-milking, no correlation existed between the teat canal closure (ΔTCL, ΔTCW, and ΔTCV) and the blood calcium level, while significant correlations were available between the teat canal closure and the blood calcium level {ΔTCL ( r : − 0.288, P < 0.001), ΔTCW ( r : − 0.260, P < 0.001), ΔTCV ( r : − 0.150, P < 0.05)} at 30-min post-milking. The current study concluded that the blood calcium status significantly impacts the teat canal closure in bovines, and calcium status should be meticulously monitored with the mastitis control program to apply necessary strategic steps.

BACKGROUND:The aim of this study was to investigate the protective and therapeutic effects of bovine amniotic fluid (BAF) on the inhibition of epidural fibrosis (EF) after experimental laminectomy. METHODS:Forty female Sprague Dawley rats were used. The amniotic fluids were collected from each trimester of a pregnant cow. The rats were divided into 5 groups. Whereas no laminectomy was applied to the control group, animals in the sham group underwent laminectomy. Laminectomy was performed in the animals in other groups and the operation area was closed by dripping 1 mL of BAF collected in 3 trimesters of pregnancy. Animals were killed 28 days after the operation. RESULTS:Compared with control, VEGF gene expression levels were downregulated approximately 5-fold in BAF-2. Whereas IL-6 was upregulated approximately 8-fold in the sham, it was downregulated 5-fold and 3-fold in BAF-1 and BAF-2, respectively. There was downregulation in BAF-2 and BAF-3 in terms of CD105 gene expression levels. TGFβ1 was upregulated approximately 2-fold in the sham group and downregulated in BAF-1 and BAF-2. Although histopathologic alterations including EF grade and fibroblast cell density were found to increase in the sham group, all BAF treatment decreased those of alterations. The highest CD105 immunoreactivity was detected in the sham group. All BAF treatment markedly aggravated fibrosis via decreasing CD105 immunoreactivity. In terms of grading parameters, almost the closest grades to the control were determined in the BAF-2. BAF collected in the second trimester is most effective in healing of scar tissue and preventing fibrosis via decreasing microvessel and fibroblast densities. CONCLUSIONS:The results indicate that BAF may be used as a potential protective agent to prevent EF.

The maternal recognition process is crucial for the establishment of healthy pregnancy. In this process, anti-luteolytic applications are one of the main reproductive strategies to manage the embryonic losses and maximize reproductive profitability in farm animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of post-mating NSAID treatments on reproductive parameters (pregnancy rate, lambing rate, multiple birth rate, litter size) and serum progesterone levels in ewes stimulated with progesterone non-breeding season. For this purpose, two different experiments (diclofenac and carprofen) were conducted in the same ewe flock induced with short-term progestogen-based protocol in the non-breeding season for two consecutive years. In experiment 1 (n = 85), 42 ewes were injected with 2.5 mg/kg diclofenac on the 9th and 10th days post-mating, and the rest were not treated and served as control. In experiment 2 (n = 82), 40 ewes were injected with 1.4 mg/kg carprofen on the 9th days post-mating, and the rest were not treated as control. In both experiments, blood samples were collected from all ewes on days 9, 12 and 13 post-mating to measure serum progesterone levels. In both experiments, there were no differences both reproductive parameters and serum progesterone levels when compared to the control groups. It was concluded that post-mating diclofenac and carprofen treatments in the critical period have no significant effects on both reproductive parameters and serum progesterone levels in ewes in the non-breeding season.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between mastitis and supra-mammary lymph nodes in lactating cows in terms of Pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler ultrasonographical measurements. A total of 102 head cows in lactation period were divided into three groups. The cows in which all mammary lobes were California mastitis test (CMT)-negative (n = 27) formed the 1st group; those with CMT-positive mammary lobe (n = 43) formed the 2nd group and the cows with clinical mastitis in at least one mammary lobe (n = 32) formed the 3rd group. In PW Doppler ultrasonography, end-diastolic velocity, systolic peak velocity and time-averaged maximum velocity were measured at the most prominent artery of the lymph node. A quantitative scaling was performed by determining the pulsatile index and resistance index scales based on blood flow parameters. There was no statistically significant difference between the study groups in terms of PW Doppler ultrasonographical measurements of supra-mammary lymph nodes. In conclusion, the use of PW Doppler ultrasonographic data of the supra-mammary lymph nodes will not provide useful information about the current condition of mastitis in cows.

Enrofloxacin is one of the most widely used antibacterial drugs in feline medicine. This study investigated the effects of enrofloxacin on in vitro feline spontaneous myometrial contractility at different sexual stages. Uterine samples of the 20 queen cats at different sexual periods were placed in a tissue bath, and in vitro spontaneous stretch-induced myometrial contractions were recorded for 10 min. The tissue bath was adjusted for cumulative enrofloxacin concentrations of 0.25 mM, 0.50 mM, 1.00 mM, and 2.00 mM, respectively. Myometrial contractions were recorded for 10 min after each dose was adjusted in the tissue bath. It was observed that enrofloxacin caused a significant decrease in the peak amplitude and area under curve, while causing an increase the frequency of stretch-induced myometrial contractions in a dose dependent manner in vitro at all sexual stages. The current preliminary study concluded that enrofloxacin has an inhibitory effect on in vitro feline uterine myometrial activity at all sexual stages. It is recommended to take this medical effect into consideration and apply enrofloxacin and uterotonics together in treatment of uterine infections in feline medicine.

Cases of ectopic pregnancy (EP) and associated fetal mumification in bitches have been rarely reported. In this case report, it was aimed to present a case of secondary abdominal EP diagnosed in a 3-year-old bitch. Abdominal EP was incidentally diagnosed by radiographic examination of the bitch, which had a traffic accident, for likely possible fractures in the body. This case, which can be classified as secondary abdominal EP, was found to be compatible with the literature. The ectopic fetuses were removed from the body by surgical method, and the bitch was fully recovered.

For successful fertilization, a transfer system named "rapid sperm transport" generated by uterine contractions plays a crucial role. The purpose of this in vivo study was to investigate the effect of buserelin, a GnRH agonist widely used for ovulation induction after mating or artificial insemination, on bovine uterine contractility which supports rapid sperm transport at estrus. In vivo uterine contractile activity was measured by intrauterine pressure recording technique. In the study, the spontaneous uterine contractile activities of 28 cows at estrus were observed for 30 min. The cows were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups which have 7 cows each of and were injected appropriate agents as follows; two different clinical doses of buserelin (10.5 mu g, 21 mu g), oxytocin (50 IU) and control (placebo). Following treatment, drug-induced uterine activity was measured for 60 min. There were no differences in terms of frequency in all groups observed. Oxytocin which is known as an effective uterotonic increased the amplitude and area under curve of contraction at estrus. Two different doses of buserelin were observed to have no effect on uterine contractile activity in cows throughout 60 min. It was concluded that GnRH has no function on bovine uterine contractility which plays a role in sperm transportation at estrus.

Aim: In this study aimed reveal applications for the protection and control of mastitis and levels of applications in 177 small scale and 169 large-scale farms in Turkey. Materials and Methods: Benefiting from statistical methods analyzed collecting data on udder health of 346 dairy cattle farms in different provinces of Turkey. Results: It has been observed that there are maximum 50-200 cows (n = 96, 56.8% and at most Holstein breeds (n = 97, 57.4%)) in large-scale and 11-20 cows (n = 71, 40.1% and the highest number of Simental breeds (n = 153, 86.4%)) in small scale farms and there are 4 old cows more in these two types of farms. It was determined that the applications of teat dipping (70.4%), dry period antibiotics (72.8%), teat seal (9.5%) and mastitis vaccine (55.6%) in large farms were higher than small scale farms and It was determined that the proportion of those which do predipping and postdipping is higher than those which do not, and that iodine antiseptics are used the most in applications. The rate of those which do not apply milking hygiene in family-type (61.6%) is high. The effects of farms type (p<0.000) and breed (p<0.001) on daily average milk yield in these two types of farms were found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: As a result, the dairy farms in Turkey the proportion of these applications, compared with past years but have been found to be higher than the desired level.

ÖzAmaç: Sunulan çalışmada Türkiye'deki 177 küçük ve 169 büyük ölçekli süt sığırı işletmesinde mastitisin koruma ve kontrolüne yönelik uygulamalar ve uygulanma düzeylerinin ortaya koyulması amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntem:Bu kapsamda Türkiye'de farklı illerdeki toplam 346 süt sığırı işletmesinden meme sağlığı ile ilgili verileri toplanarak istatistiksel açıdan incelendi

In this study was aimed at reducing uterine damage and increasing fertility after uterine torsion in pregnant animals. With this aim, uterine torsion was experimentally formed in 35 rats that were between 18-19 days pregnant. The animals were randomly divided into five groups, and melatonin was administered prior to torsion, at the time of torsion, and detorsion (10 mg/kg/gün IP). Ovario-hysterectomy operation was performed on all animals on the first day following parturition. Subsequently, from the obtained uterus samples, determination of the levels of asymmetrical dimethyl arginin (ADMA), symmetrical dimethyl arginin (SDMA), and arginine was made using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and levels of Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), TLR4 (Toll Like Receptor 4) and NFκB (Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) were measured using the Western blot technique. The contraction-relaxation responses of the myometrium were also determined in the organ baths. According to the results of the western blot, higher protein expressions than those of the control group were determined in the second, third, fourth, and fifth groups in Hsp90, TLR4, NF-κB. The lowest values of arginine and ADMA were found in Group 3, whilst the lowest SDMA value was determined in Group 1. It was determined that melatonin reduces tissue damage secondary to torsio uteri and, furthermore, that administration of this hormone at the time of torsion formation was more effective than its administration at the time of detorsion.

This research communication aims to test the hypothesis that B-Mode, colour Doppler ultrasonographic measurements and characteristics can identify mastitis in dairy cows. A total of 102 lactating cows were divided into 3 groups: cows in which all mammary quarters were CMT-negative, cows with CMT-positive mammary quarters and cows with clinical mastitis in at least one quarter. Colour Doppler ultrasonography measurements of the supramammary lymph nodes revealed that distortion-type vascular morphology, the rate of type 4 vascular densities and the incidence of mixed-type vascular distributions were highest in the clinical mastitis group, whereas the frequency of avascularity in supramammary lymph nodes was highest in the CMT-negative group. All differences were significant. In conclusion, the use of B-mode and colour Doppler ultrasonographic measurements of the supramammary lymph nodes can provide useful information about the current condition of mastitis in cows, although its diagnostic potential remains to be determined.