Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica acerca da reconstituição de paleoambientes de ocupação humana realizados nos últimos quinze anos no Brasil utilizando o bioindicador fitólitos, partículas de opala biogênica depositadas nas células vegetais. O objetivo é disponibilizar à comunidade científica trabalhos sobre a aplicação dos fitólitos em contextos arqueológicos. As pesquisas com fitólitos têm obtido um grande crescimento, pois são essenciais para compreensão da evolução das paisagens ao longo do Holoceno. Nesta compilação observou-se que que existe uma grande disparidade espacial na produção científica, que está concentrada principalmente nas regiões Norte (39% dos trabalhos e 32% dos sítios) e Sul (27% dos trabalhos e 27% dos sítios), enquanto no Nordeste, os trabalhos são escassos (7% dos estudos e 14% dos sítios) e nenhum foi registrado para o Centro-Oeste. Entre os 40 sítios arqueológicos levantados, os tipos mais estudados são os sambaquis (15), seguidos dos abrigos sob rocha (11) e sítios a céu aberto (10). Na Região Norte foram estudados 5 sítios de Terra Preta e apenas 1 casa subterrânea, na Região Sul. Apesar do déficit de publicações, que felizmente vem apresentando uma tendência de aumento a partir de 2014, o trabalho reforça positivamente a capacidade dos fitólitos boa ferramenta arqueológica na reconstituição de paleoambientes de ocupação humana, no uso da terra e na dieta, dada à sua resistência, mostrando-se estáveis aos efeitos adversos do intemperismo físico, químico e/ou biológico.

Nos últimos vinte anos, a formação acadêmico-científica arqueológica cresceu exponencialmente no Brasil, culminando com o reconhecimento da profissão em 2018. No entanto, pouco sabemos sobre os perfis socioeconômico e profissional das pessoas atuantes na área, assim como de estudantes em processo de formação, em nível de graduação e pós-graduação. Para que se tenha uma visão geral do quadro da Arqueologia no país, propomos a realização de um levantamento demográfico, cujos primeiros resultados estão compilados neste manuscrito. Esta iniciativa nos possibilita delinear os desafios da inclusão e da representatividade no exercício da profissão, cujas reflexões nos auxiliarão na concepção de medidas práticas para uma mudança desse quadro, no futuro.

A Palinologia Arqueológica é uma ferramenta da microarqueobotânica crescente nas últimas décadas, no continente Sul-Americano. Não obstante, ainda pouco empregada em sítios arqueológicos brasileiros, seja na investigação de paleoambientes de ocupação humana e uso da terra, seja na detecção de dietas alimentares, manejo, cultivo e demais usos de plantas. Neste contexto, apresentamos uma compilação dos distintos métodos empregados na recuperação de palinomorfos nos diferentes materiais arqueológicos: solos e sedimentos, artefatos e enterramentos humanos, correspondentes a distintos momentos de ocupação humana, em áreas do Nordeste do Brasil. Os dados arqueopalinológicos, quando satisfatoriamente recuperados e taxonomicamente identificáveis nos possibilitam reconstruir antigas paisagens e compreender as múltiplas interações da ecologia humana ao longo do tempo e suas relações com o meio vegetal.

As pesquisas palinológicas realizadas nos enterramentos humanos do Sítio Toca da Baixa dos Caboclos - PI, permitiram acessar informações sobre a dieta e demais usos, o manejo e o cultivo de plantas (Schinus-aroeira, Syagrus-ouricuri, Caryocar-pequi, Ziziphus- uazeiro, Sida-malva-benta, Pipadenia/Anadenanthera-angicos, Mimosa/Acacia-juremas, Ziziphus-juazeiro). Os dados polínicos também apontam três fases climáticas: TBC 1 (510-290 anos A.P. ou 1450-1670 A.D): mais úmida e florestada, TBC 2 (340-260 anos A.P. ou 1610-1700 A.D.): clímax da floresta e maior umidade, e TBC 3 (230-140 A.P. ou 1730-1810 A.D.): mais seca, com expansão da vegetação arbustivo-herbácea. Os dados culturais e naturais dos microvestígios de plantas sugerem intensas interações entre grupos humanos e o meio vegetal, ao longo de quatro séculos. LANDSCAPE, CLIMATE AND LIVEHOODS IN SOUTHEASTERN PIAUÍ: Archaeopalynological Studies on the Toca da Baixa dos Caboclos Site ABSTRACTPalynological research carried out in human burials at the Toca da Baixa dos Caboclos Site, PI allowed us to access information about the diet and other uses, management and cultivation of plants (Schinus-aroeira, Syagrus-ouricuri, Caryocar-pequi, Ziziphus- uazeiro, Sida-malva-benta, Piptadenia/Anadenanthera-angicos, Mimosa/Acacia-juremas, Ziziphus-juazeiro). The pollen data also point to three climatic phases: TBC 1 (510-290 years BP or 1450-1670 AD): wetter and forested, TBC 2 (340-260 years BP or 1610- 700 AD): forest climax and higher humidity, and TBC 3 (230-140 BP or 1730-1810 AD): drier, with expansion of shrub-herbaceous vegetation. The cultural and natural micro botanical remains suggest intense interactions between human groups and the plant environment, over four centuries.Keywords: Archeopalynology; Human burials; Diet; climate and landscape.

Enviamos um ensaio fotoetnográfico realizado em novembro de 2019 com as mulheres quebradeiras de coco babaçu, na Zona Rural do Teresina, no Estado do Piauí. Estas mulheres nos mostraram seu cotidiano e toda a cadeia operatória envolvida na extração do azeite de babaçu, um produto utilizado pelas famílias da região mas também comercializado, produzindo em parte, a socioeconomia local.

Abstract Objectives Warfarin is the most widely used anticoagulant in the world, but it has several limitations including its narrow therapeutic range, need for dose adjustment and high potential for interactions. The simultaneous use of other drugs or even medicinal plants and certain foods could interfere with its therapeutic activity. In this context, this study aims to investigate the in vitro anticoagulant potential and phytochemical constitution of 17 plants selected from a previous clinical cross-sectional study (2014), that investigated the habits of plant utilization among patients taking warfarin. Methods Ethanol extracts and essential oils were evaluated, in vitro, as to their effect in the prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) tests. Four species that presented aPTT >50 s were selected for phytochemical evaluation. Results Thirteen of the 17 plants selected demonstrated a significant anticoagulant effect in at least one of the evaluated parameters. Citrus sinensis (PT=14.75 and aPTT=53.15), Mentha crispa (aPTT=51.25), Mikania laevigata (PT=14.90 and aPTT=52.10), and Nasturtium officinale (aPTT=50.55) showed greater anticoagulant potential compared to normal plasma pool (PT=12.25 and aPTT=37.73). Chemical profiles of these four species were obtained, and certain compounds were identified: rosmarinic acid from M. crispa and isoorientin from N. officinale. Conclusions Thus, the results of this study could be a useful indicator for clinical practice towards the possibility of interaction between these plants and anticoagulants, although further clinical research is needed taking into consideration the limitations of in vitro studies. These findings also suggest that further research into the action of these plants could be of real clinical value in identifying potential alternative anticoagulant therapies.

This paper presents morphological descriptions and ecological data of cryptogam spores and other non-pollen palynomorphs from Quaternary sediments of Campos Basin, Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil. The ages were derived from biostratigraphy of planktonic foraminifers and two radiocarbon dates, and suggest that sediment deposition started in the last 140,000 years BP. Thirty different types of palynomorphs were identified, described, and photographed: two bryophyte spores (sensu lato); 21 pteridophyte spores; four freshwater microalgae; onePseudoschizaea; and two microfungi. Some of the identified spores (Sphagnum, Blechnum, Cyatheaceae, Dennstaedtiaceae, Lycopodiella, Microgramma, Polypodium, Acrostichum, Pityrogramma, and Lygodium) are related to the modern flora found on the northern coast of Rio de Janeiro State, at the Restinga of Jurubatiba, from vegetation types such as shrub swamp/coastal swamp formation, seasonally flooded forest, Clusia and Ericaceae woods, and disturbed vegetation. The freshwater microalgae and the microfungi are also presently recorded from the coastal lagoons of this region. The high spore concentration in slope sediments reflects the intense terrigenous influx, caused by a relative low sealevel during glacial stages. Palynological analysis suggests the presence of taxa from flooded forests and humid areas in the coastal plain during glacial and interglacial stages of the Late Pleistocene.

Se presentan las primeras huellas culturales de antiguas poblaciones alfareras de la Serra de Baturité. El espectro polínico de los sedimentos evidencia un mosaico de vegetación húmeda y xerofitica. El polen útil recuperado de las cerámicas, como la yuca (tipo Manihot), el camote (tipo Ipomoea), el algodón (tipo Gossypium), las palmeras y fructíferas (tipo Arecaceae, Astronium y cf. Anacardium), juntamente con los microhongos patógenos del maíz, del algodón y de algunos tubérculos (tipo Curvularia, tipo Alternaria, tipo Puccinia y cf. Ustilago maydis) indican actividades agrícolas y de subsistencia. Los hongos coprófilos (tipo Cercophora, Gelasinospora y tipo Sordariaceae) reflejan el tiempo de permanencia de esos grupos en la zona arqueológica. El hongo Gelasinospora también muestra el uso del fuego como combustible para las prácticas agrícolas y caza. Esos datos demuestran el uso de la cerámica en contextos funerario y doméstico.

The first cultural traces of ancient pottery towns in the Serra de Baturite are presented. The pollen spectrum of sediments reveals a mosaic of moist mountainous vegetation, xerophytes, annual nitrophilous, hygrophilous and bog plants. Useful pollen recovered from ceramic, such as cassava (Manihot type), sweet potatoes (Ipomoea type), cotton (Gossypium type), palm trees and fruitful (Arecaceae, cf. Astronium and Anacardium type), together with pathogenic microfungi corn, cotton and some tubers (Curvularia type, Alternaria, Puccinia type and cf. Ustilago maydis) indicate agricultural and livelihood activities. The coprophilous fungi of humans and other animals (Cercophora type Gelasinospora type and Sordariaceae) reflect the time spent by these groups in the archaeological area. The Gelasinospora fungus also shows the use of fire as fuel for agricultural practices and hunting. These data demonstrate the use of ceramics in funerary and domestic contexts.

Here, we describe pollen grains extracted from a Pleistocene-Holocene sediment core (BU-91-GL-05; 22°48'45"S; 41°54'13"W) taken from the Albacora Slope (22°48'45"S; 41°54'13"W), located in the Campos Basin of the northern region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The analysis resulted in the identification and morphological description of 46 types of pollen: one of a gymnosperm genus (Podocarpus); and 45 of angiosperm taxa across 27 families-one family of monocotyledons (Poaceae) and 26 families (30 types) of dicotyledons. The most common angiosperm families were Amaranthaceae (Chenopodium, Amaranthus and Gomphrena); Fabaceae (Fabaceae type, Bauhinia, Inga and Canavalia); Malpighiaceae (Tetrapteris, Heteropteris and Peixotoa); Malvaceae (Sida, Abutilon, Hibiscus and Pseudobombax); Rubiaceae (Faramea, Borreria and Psychotria); Asteraceae (Eupatorium and tribe Vernonieae); Bignoniaceae (Bignoniaceae type, Adenocalymma and Tabebuia); and Onagraceae (Fuchsia and Ludwigia). The palynoflora in this study are associated with dense montane and submontane Atlantic Forest, semideciduous forest and restinga (coastal woodland), all of which are present in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Palynological analysis can provide important data about paleovegetation and paleoclimatic changes in the studied area during the Quaternary, specifically in the last 145,000 years.

ARMAÇÃO DOS BÚZIOS, RJ, BRAZIL.This work presents descriptions of spores and pollen grains taken from a Holocene sediment core (22º48'45"S, 41º54'13"W) collected in the Ferradura Lagoon, Armação dos Búzios peninsula, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, during the last 8,060-7,770 14 C cal. years BP.The chemical treatment of the sediments and palynological analyses made possible to identify, based on morphological criteria, 119 pollinic types.These types corresponded two families and two genera of bryophyte, six families and seven genera of pteridophyte, one genus of gymnosperm pollen (Podocarpus) and 107 types of angiosperms pollen that consisted of seven families and five genus of monocotyledoneae and 47 families and 66 genus of dicotyledoneae.The most common angiosperm types were: Fabaceae (20), Euphorbiaceae (7), Anacardiaceae (5), Malvaceae (5), Bignoniaceae (4), Sapindaceae (3), and Amaranthaceae (3).The most abundant taxa were: Actinostemon, Allagoptera, Anacardiaceae, Asteraceae, Azolla, Chenopodium, Cyathea, Euphorbiaceae, Myrtaceae, Poaceae, Schinus, Trema, cf.Trichilia and Typha.The palynoflora in this study are associated to restinga and semideciduous forests, demonstrating the potential of this material to provide environmental information relevant to paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the study area.

This work presents descriptions of spores and pollen grains taken from a Holocene sediment core (22 degrees 48'45 " S, 41 degrees 54'13 " W) collected in the Ferradura Lagoon, Armacao dos Buzios peninsula, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, during the last 8,060-7,770 C-14 cal. years BP. The chemical treatment of the sediments and palynological analyses made possible to identify, based on morphological criteria, 119 pollinic types. These types corresponded two families and two genera of bryophyte, six families and seven genera of pteridophyte, one genus of gymnosperm pollen (Podocarpus) and 107 types of angiosperms pollen that consisted of seven families and five genus of monocotyledoneae and 47 families and 66 genus of dicotyledoneae. The most common angiosperm types were: Fabaceae (20), Euphorbiaceae (7), Anacardiaceae (5), Malvaceae (5), Bignoniaceae (4), Sapindaceae (3), and Amaranthaceae (3). The most abundant taxa were: Actinostemon, Allagoptera, Anacardiaceae, Asteraceae, Azolla, Chenopodium,Cyathea, Euphorbiaceae, Myrtaceae, Poaceae, Schinus, Trema, cf. Trichilia and Typha. The palynoflora in this study are associated to restinga and semideciduous forests, demonstrating the potential of this material to provide environmental information relevant to paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the study area.

HOLOCENE FUNGAL SPORES AND FRUTIFICATIONS OF A CORE FROM THE FERRADURA LAGOON (ARMACAO DOS BOZIOS, RJ, BRASIL). Fungal spores and frutifications suggest environmental changes on Armacao dos Buzios Peninsula (Lakes Region, Rio de Janeiro State, SE Brazil) before 7,880 years BP to current days. Holocene sediments of Ferradura Lagoon were processed by Quaternary palinological method, what made possible recovery abundant and diversified microfungi. In this study were identified 21 genera of fungal spores Deuteromycetes: Amerosporae (7), Didymosporae (4), Phragmosporae (6), Dictyosporae (1), Staurosporae (3); and one genus of frutification: Ascomycetes (Callimothallus). The identified genera were morphologically compared with modern living microfungi, which may reflect ecological interactions with certain groups of plants, such as Frasnacritetrus and grasses, Reduviasporonites/Aspergillus and Pteridophytes, and Dictyosporites/Arbuscula on Eugenia sp. (Myrtaceae) leaves, barks of some deciduous trees, and even some species of Rhamnaceae. The majority of the identified microfungi on RJ 92-5 core suggest a coastal environment with brackish waters from mangroves, moist soils and warm climate. These results agree with the Holocene paleoenvironmental characterization of eastern portion of Armacao dos Buzios Peninsula based on pollen data.

FERRADURA LAGOON (ARMAÇÃO DOS BÚZIOS, RJ, BRASIL).Fungal spores and frutifications suggest environmental changes on Armação dos Búzios Peninsula (Lakes Region, Rio de Janeiro State, SE Brazil) before 7,880 years BP to current days.Holocene sediments of Ferradura Lagoon were processed by Quaternary palinological method, what made possible recovery abundant and diversified microfungi.In this study were identified 21 genera of fungal spores Deuteromycetes: Amerosporae (7), Didymosporae (4), Phragmosporae (6), Dictyosporae (1), Staurosporae (3); and one genus of frutification: Ascomycetes (Callimothallus).The identified genera were morphologically compared with modern living microfungi, which may reflect ecological interactions with certain groups of plants, such as Frasnacritetrus and grasses, Reduviasporonites/Aspergillus and Pteridophytes, and Dictyosporites/Arbuscula on Eugenia sp.(Myrtaceae) leaves, barks of some deciduous trees, and even some species of Rhamnaceae.The majority of the identified microfungi on RJ 92-5 core suggest a coastal environment with brackish waters from mangroves, moist soils and warm climate.These results agree with the Holocene paleoenvironmental characterization of eastern portion of Armação dos Búzios Peninsula based on pollen data.

Characterization of the quaternary mountain flora based on palynological studies of the Foz do Amazonas Basin, Brazil. Quaternary mountain flora was characterized based on palynological study of 38 samples of a well drilled in the Foz do Amazonas Basin. Five genera of the mountain flora were recognized: Podocarpus, Alnus, Hemitelia, Nothofagus, cf. Myrica. The genera recorded are related to the mountain flora of the Andean cordillera and allow inferring about the paleoclimate of the region. The high abundance of the mountain flora in detriment of the typically tropical flora possibly denotes low temperatures related the glacial periods during the Quaternary. These data disagree of the refuge theory, which suggests an increase of the typical savannah vegetation resulting in the confinement of the tropical flora.