Objective: The current study aimed to optimize the bioavailability and absorption of olmesartan in the lower gastrointestinal tract by creating a bilayer tablet for biphasic drug release. Methods: Microcrystalline cellulose was combined and direct compression the requirement for an early response to address an undesirable defect or condition. In the current instance, 5 mg of olmesartan must be released immediately, and the remaining 10 mg of olmesartan must be released gradually to maintain the therapeutic concentration. In order to adjust the release pattern of the olmesartan sustained release tablet in accordance with the needs of therapy and IP guidelines. Result: The best cumulative drug release was demonstrated by formulation. All formulations for immediate release support the first-order kinetics. As a result, all three formulations were chosen for additional research. Dissolution rate for long-term release Cumulative drug release from the SR1 to SR3 formulations using HPMC K15M and gum acacia was up to 24 hours. Utilizing HPMC K15M and guar gum, the formulations SR1, SR2, and SR3 demonstrated cumulative drug releases of 72.66, 69.19, and 92.66%, respectively. The best cumulative release of the drug was demonstrated by formulations SR1, SR2, and SR3. Consequently, everyone was chosen for additional research. The cumulative drug release for the IR1-SR1, IR2-SR2, and IR3-SR3 bilayer tablet formulations was 95.24, 90.15, and 91.09%. Up to 12 hours of cumulative drug release from the formulation was observed. As a result, it was determined that IR1-SR1 was the best formulation out of all of them due to its strong correlation between the total cumulative percentage of medication releases and time, which was 95.24% up to 12 hours.

Thymus vulgaris (Th. vulgaris) is a well-known rich essential oil derived from western Mediterranean culinary aromatic herbs belonging to the Lamiaceae family, like parsley, mint, laurel, oregano, coriander, basil, sage, and fennel. Th. vulgaris essential oil (TEO) is composed of monoterpenes. Thymol and its phenol isomer carvacrol are its natural terpenoids along with p-cymene, γ-terpinene, and caryophyllene. Meanwhile, thymol is the predominate content in TEO. TEO has been reported for its antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antiseptic agents, and chronic wound healing in previous studies. TEO has been also reported as a rich source of flavone glycoside, therefore exhibiting potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. In this chapter, the authors will explore the advanced pharmacological parameters associated with TEO and its pharmaceutical preparation. New therapeutic applications of TEO and thymol can be accelerated through the novel drug delivery system; open entrances for their widespread use in the healthcare sector are quite promising.

The present work comprised of the preparation of coated HPMC capsules of meloxicam microspheres in order to target the drug release in colon resulting in increased absorption and subsequent bioavailability. The meloxicam microspheres were developed in nineteen different batches using HPMC, combination of EC with HPMC, Eudragits (S100, RS100 and E100) in different drug and polymer ratios by solvent evaporation method. The formulation of different batches were examined by various studies i.e. percentage yield, surface morphology (SEM), particle size analysis, entrapment efficiency, drug compatibility with polymers using FTIR and in-vitro drug release determinations. The complex of meloxicam with β-cyclodextrin increased the solubility of the drug accompanying its in-vitro release. The microspheres filled HPMC capsules were coated with eudragit S100 which proved to be an effective method for drug targeting to the colon. A 22 factorial design showed that a very significant increase in release of the drug using polymers i.e. HPMC, E.C with HPMC, Eudragit S100, Eudragit RS100, Eudragit E100 could be obtained by the exclusive manipulation of two variables i.e. surfactant and polymer concentrations. The drug loaded microspheres showed percentage drug entrapment as 35.09-62.50% in A1-A4, 76.29-87.78% in B1-B4, 81.36-92.70% in S1-S4, 65.47-69.4% in RS1-RS4 and 68.91-78.08% in E1-E3. The pH 7.4 phosphate buffer and simulated colonic fluid were used for the in-vitro release tests. The best drug release profiles were seen with formulations A3, B2, RS1, S1 and E2 (containing different ratios of drug: polymer) coated with 15% (w/v) Eudragit S-100 solution.

The current study proposed the “Nanoparticles -A Booming Drug Delivery System in Chemotherapy” is a Novel targeted approach which enhances the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents by reducing the dose-related side effect as well as mortality rate a in patients due to its non-immunogenic, nontoxic nature. Drug bioavailability, drug solubility, drug biodistribution, drug resistance brought on by treatment, and nonspecific toxicity can all be improved with the development of nanoparticle chemotherapeutic drug delivery applications based on nanotechnology. It possesses active as well as passive targeting of tumour cells. Due to this reason, a wide range of chemotherapeutic agents like cisplatin, taxol, doxorubicin, and carboplatin are extensively utilized for treating cancer. Deep tissue penetration of nanoparticles is found to increase the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. There are some limitations with conventional drug delivery system which is minimized by utilizing nanoparticles as a drug delivery system. The current review has focused on targeted strategies and novel approaches in cancer treatment with nanoparticles.

The goal of this work was to create Spiranolactone-loaded ethosomes and use them as a topical acne therapy gel. The size of the vesicle, Spiranolactone filling, and encapsulation function of ethosomes were all created and tested. Improved ethosomes were produced as Carbomer 974 gels and tested for transdermal permeability and porosity, as well as in vitro transplantation, against traditional hydroethanolic gels. With Spiranolactone efficiency of loading and encapsulation of 0.433±0.006 mg/mL and 39.29±0.65 percent, the produced ethosomes had a mean size of vesicle 68.1±1.8 nm. A well-developed ethosomal gel had 2.5 times the transdermal flux and 2.1 times the skin implantation of regular gels. For mild skin irritation, ethosomal gel has a superior anti-acne impact. This research reveals that ethosomal formation is a good way to transfer spiranolactone to the skin, and that spiranolactone ethosomal gels could be used to treat acne in the future.

With the ever-increasing techniques of research, the traditional experimental design is not sufficient as well as satisfying to contribute enough to the experiment's robustness. Formulation development by utilising factorial design is a smarter way of experimentation which act as a crucial tool for optimization. Factorial design is more efficient for the type of experiments having effect of two or more factors. Factorial design is more adaptable and provides more significant information about the process and product, as well as a variety of software. This manuscript provides the reader with a thorough understanding of factorial experimental design, its theoretical foundation, and how to utilise the statistical tool in realworld research. Keywords: factorial design, optimization, research

From the history of human civilization, it has been noted that the microorganisms are the cause of various pandemics and epidemics. Among all microorganisms viruses are notorious. Viruses are intracellular parasites having RNA and DNA as their genetic material. When these disease-causing viruses enter in host cell they start, to replicate and cause chronic illnesses. In such conditions antiviral drugs are used to inhibit the activity of these viruses to prevent the illness. From the previous data of development of antiviral therapy, it is found that nanotechnology plays a vital role in the development of nanomedicines in this field, the major problem arises is the development of resistance by the viruses for certain drugs. Nanosponges is a new drug delivery system of a combination of science and engineering in the area of medicine that full fill the current state of treatment of various life-threatening diseases. The nanomedicines comprise nanoparticles to advanced nanosponges which enables the use of biocompatible nanomaterial in treatment and prevention of various severe disease like SARS Covid-19. Therefore, researchers are focusing on the new aspect of drug development. This review focuses on the various advancement of nanosponges to develop suitable antiviral therapy to combat undesirable effects of SARS, Covid-19.