Oxidative stress during semen processing affects sperm membrane integrity, leading to compromised sperm membrane functions and kinematics, often resulting in reproductive losses. The first objective of the present study explored the effect of Quercetin (QUE) on seminal parameters, i.e., total antioxidant capacity (TAC), as well as sperm viability, DNA fragmentation, kinematics, intracellular calcium, and apoptosis. The second objective evaluated fold changes in the transcription of apoptotic regulatory (Bax, Bad, Bcl2, Bcl2L1, Fas, FasL, and Caspase 3, 8, 9, and 10) and calcium-regulating CatSper-1,2,3 and 4 genes of the buck spermatozoa. The final objective was fertility trial of negative control and best-performing treatment group. The study analysed 36 ejaculates from 6 bucks, each ejaculate was then divided into 5 parts and extended using TRIS extender with different concentrations of QUE. The negative control (C) consists of extended semen without the addition of QUE, whereas positive control (T1) had been added with vitamin E at a concentration of 3 mmol/mL. Furthermore, treatment groups 2, 3, and 4 (T2, T3, T4) were supplemented with 10, 20, and 30 µmol of QUE/mL of extended semen. The samples at the post-thaw stage were evaluated for seminal parameters as described in the objectives. Group T3 supplemented with 20 µmol/mL QUE was observed with the best results. QUE at 20 µmol/mL concentration significantly enhanced semen TAC along with various sperm parameters, i.e., viability, kinematics, intracellular calcium and plasma membrane fluidity. QUE at 20 µmol/mL concentration also downregulated pro-apoptotic and upregulated anti-apoptotic genes. Similarly, QUE downregulated caspase family genes and upregulated CatSper genes. Field fertility trials showed improved conception rates in the treatment group. QUE-induced control of oxidants might have contributed to higher TAC and viability. The upregulation of anti-apoptotic and downregulation of pro- and other apoptotic regulatory genes, as well as the upregulation of CatSper genes, suggest a regulatory effect of QUE on sperm apoptosis, and calcium homeostasis. Lower proportion of apoptosis and higher normal intracellular calcium, as estimated through flow cytometry, further validated our findings. Our field fertility trial yielded 58.3% conception rate in the treatment group as compared to 27.6% in the control group. QUE at 20 µmol/mL concentration significantly improved the antioxidant capacity, intra-cellular calcium concentration, and kinematics of goat sperm and subsequently resulted in better fertility as compared to control.

BACKGROUND: Cryopreservation of spermatozoa involves reduction of temperature to a subzero level, leading to increased longevity. However, temperature reduction has a significant effect on sperm membranes. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the rate of temperature drop during the first phase of freezing on subtle membrane changes in cryopreserved bull spermatozoa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two ejaculates from four bulls (eight ejaculates/bull) were collected using artificial vagina while keeping a 3 to 4 days gap between two collections. Diluted semen samples were equilibrated at 5°C for 4 hours. The samples were then placed in a pre-programmed semen freezer. The first phase of freezing, that is, 5°C till −10°C was subjected to three different temperature drop rates: accelerated (F1), moderate (F2), and slow (F3), at 20°C per min, 10°C per min and 5°C per min, respectively. After thawing, spermatozoa were assessed for percentage live, plasma, and acrosomal membrane integrity, along with the external appearance of phosphatidyl serine, indicating apoptosis. RESULTS: A significant difference (p<0.05) in viability, plasma membrane integrity (HOS test), and acrosome membrane integrity (PSA test) was observed between F3 and the other groups. However, the parameters did not significantly differ between F1 and F2. The annexin V-PI assay (AN/PI) categorized four types of sperm populations: non-apoptotic and viable (AN−/PI−), apoptotic and viable (AN+/PI−), non-apoptotic and non-viable (AN−/PI+), and apoptotic and non-viable (AN+/PI+). The proportion of spermatozoa with (AN−/PI−) and (AN+/PI+) differed significantly (p<0.05) between F3 and the other groups. The values for apoptotic and viable (AN+/PI−) and non-apoptotic and non-viable (AN−/PI+) sperm were not significantly different among all freezing categories. CONCLUSION: A slower temperature drop rate (freezing rate) during the first phase of freezing results in less damaging, subtle membrane changes.

Natural Ester is a promising liquid dielectric for power transformer applications. It has good dielectric properties and it is fully bio-degradable. However, the degradation of natural ester-based paper insulation needs to be studied in detail for understanding the consequences of long-term operation with natural ester-based power transformers. This paper presents the study of the degradation of natural ester-based pressboard insulation under the influence of thermal ageing and moisture is studied through dielectric response measurements, i.e., Frequency domain Spectroscopy (FDS) and Polarization-Depolarization Current (PDC) measurements. It was observed that both thermal ageing and moisture contribute to rapid decline into the resistivity of the insulation as well as increase in dielectric losses.

Potato virus M (PVM) is one of the most prevalent viruses infecting potatoes worldwide, showing a wide range of diversity in their populations; however, the diversity and genome information of PVM occurring in India is hardly known. The present study serologically detected the PVM in 22.8% of leaf samples collected from the potato fields, generated 13 coat protein (CP) genes and one complete genome sequence for the isolates from India, and identified four differential hosts confirming PVM-Del-144 as a distinct strain of PVM occurring in India. The phylogenetic analyses conducted based on the CP gene sequences (14 from India and 176 from other countries) suggested the existence of three evolutionary divergent lineages (PVM-o, PVM-d, and a new divergent group) in the PVM population, where isolates from India belong to only two clusters (PVM-o and PVM-d) within four sub-clusters. High levels of nucleotide diversity (0.124) and genetic distance (0.142) recorded among the isolates from India may be due to the deviation from the neutral evolution and experiencing population expansion in the past. The complete genome of the isolate Del-144 (KJ194171; 8,526 nucleotides) shared 92.2–93.9% nt sequence identity with the population of PVM-o, whereas it shared only 70.2–72.1% identity with PVM-d. In the phylogenetic analyses, Del-144 clustered with the isolates of PVM-o; however, it formed a separate branch away from all other isolates, indicating the diversity of the strain. Overall, this study revealed the diversity of the isolates of PVM from India and reported the first complete genome sequence of a distinct strain of PVM occurring in India.

Introduction: Our bodies rely on two metabolic buffer systems, the kidneys, and bones, to maintain our internal environment. When one system is affected, it can have long-term effects on the other. Imbalances in minerals are increasingly important due to their correlation with cardiovascular disease and mortality. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to mineral build-up in the kidneys, causing the parathyroid glands to overwork, resulting in mineral deposition in tissues. This compensatory response can lead to diseases when tissue function is affected. Aim and Objectives: Aim: To study the patterns of various mineral abnormalities in stage 3-5 CKD patients. Objectives: To evaluate the levels of S.CALCIUM, S.iPTH, S.ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE, SERUM PHOSPHOROUS, SERUM MAGNESIUM, and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD) in CKD patients. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study includes CKD patients in stage 3-5, aged over 18 years. Patients taking specic medications or with certain medical conditions are excluded. Data will be collected from 50 CKD patients, including demographic parameters, medical history, and various laboratory tests. Statistical analysis will be performed using SPSS Version 17 and Microsoft Excel 2010. Results: The baseline characteristics of the study population, including age and various mineral levels, are presented in Table 1. The study participants primarily had diabetes (46%) and hypertension (38%) as the etiology of CKD (Table 2). The majority of patients (74%) experienced symptoms related to CKD-MBD (Table 3). Various mineral levels were assessed, including S. calcium, iPTH, Vitamin D, magnesium, and phosphorus (Table 4). Conclusion: Hypocalcaemia is more common in early stages of CKD, while hyperphosphatemia is observed in all stages. Diabetes and hypertension are the main causes of CKD. High turnover bone disease is more prevalent than low turnover in CKD stages 3-5. Vascular calcication is also observed in CKD

Acyclovir is highly useful for treatment of herpes virus infection. It is excreted primarily by kidneys. Therefore it gets accumulated in patients with renal dysfunction. There are reports to suggest that acyclovir usage could lead to neurotoxicity characterized by disorientation, decreased level of consciousness, dysarthria, tremors, seizures, hallucinations and coma. Acyclovir induced neurotoxicity has been found with patients on dialysis or not on dialysis. We present here five cases of CKD who developed neurotoxicity after use of acyclovir for herpes zoster. They had disorientation, decreased level of consciousness, dysarthria, tremors, seizures and hallucinations 2-4 days after administration of acyclovir. Acyclovir induced neurotoxicity was suspected because we could not find any other cause for neurological symptoms in these patients. Acyclovir was discontinued in all cases and haemodialysis sessions were given. One patient was managed by increasing number of exchanges of peritoneal dialysis. All patients recovered in 3-5 days after discontinuation of drug. Main factors for acyclovir induced neurotoxicity are advance age , renal failure, inappropriate dose of acyclovir in relation to creatinine clearance. Acyclovir induced neurotoxicity should be suspected in patients with renal dysfunction those present with neurological symptoms 2=4 days after taking of drug. These patients should be treated with discontinuation of acyclovir and judicious use of haemodialysis. Physicians should adjust the dose of acyclovir according to creatinine clearance to minimize toxicity.

Tuberculosis is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD). There are reports of adults with CKD experiencing hypertensive crises and an increase in dosages and number of antihypertensive drugs after starting antitubercular therapy (ATT). Studies have demonstrated that rifampicin could increase the metabolism of beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and prazosin. There are no studies or reports of worsening blood pressure (BP) control in children with CKD after starting ATT. Here, we report three cases of children who developed hypertensive crises after starting ATT. All patients presented in emergency with the acute severe rise of BP with breathlessness and or visual blurring. All of them showed retinal changes suggestive of malignant hypertension. They needed parenteral therapy to control BP. They also needed the escalation of antihypertensives and the addition of other drugs. One patient needed a withdrawal of rifampicin. It is suggested that children with CKD should be monitored for BP control after instituting ATT.

INTRODUCTION Antimicrobials are commonly prescribed to hospitalized CKD patients. Studies showed that antibiotic dose was adjusted in 40 – 62% prescriptions in CKD patients. Dose adjustment according to eGFR can reduce toxicity in these patients. It can also save extra cost due to excessive dosing. There is limited data regarding drug dose errors in CKD from developing countries. AIM Aim of the study was to evaluate the extent of dose adjustment according to eGFR in CKD patients at our institute. We also looked for adverse effects related to excessive doses in patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted from July 2020 to March 2022. The study cohort comprised of 254 CKD patients admitted in various department and nephrology department was consulted . Investigators screened the records of patients. Patients were included in study on basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Descriptive statistics was used to present the results. RESULTS Patients received total 626 antimicrobials with mean of 2.46 per patient. About 539 antimicrobial drugs needed modification of doses but no adjustment was done in 55.28% prescriptions. Beta lactum antibiotics were most prescribed antibiotics. Only 51 % of patients received appropriate dose in beta lactum group. Amoxicillin clavulanate dosage were inappropriate in 75.28% patients followed by cefepime (57.4%), ceftizoxime (44.82%) and Piperacillin tazobactam (31.7%). Most patients (86.66%) on colistin received inappropriate doses. Patients on vancomycin and amikacin also received inappropriate dose adjustments in ˃ 65% patients. Fluconazole dose was adjusted in 61.8% cases while only 14% patients received adjusted dose of acyclovir. Adverse drug reactions due to inappropriate doses were observed in 19 patients CONCLUSION We found drug dose errors of antimicrobials in 55% cases. Antibiotic dose adjustment had been observed 40-60% in different studies. It would be appropriate to increase awareness about dose adjustment in CKD patients among physicians.

Temple tree (Plumeria rubra f. acutifolia), an important fragrant-flower tree extensively used in the urban landscaping is known to be infected with a tobamovirus, frangipani mosaic virus (FrMV). In this study, we describe another tobamovirus, Plumeria mosaic virus (PluMV) infecting temple tree in India. PluMV was isolated from an old temple tree co-infected with FrMV. The presence of another tobamovirus was initially realized based on the distinct symptoms on Gomphrena globosa (globe amaranth), a non-host of FrMV. PluMV was highly transmissible through simple rub-inoculation. In host-range study, brinjal (Solanum melongena), chilli (Capsicum annuum), datura (Datura stramonium), globe amaranth and tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana, N. glutinosa, N. tabacum cv. Xanthi) could differentiate PluMV from FrMV. The complete genome sequence of PluMV was determined (6,688 nucleotides [nt], GenBank KJ395757), which showed the genome structure typical of tobamovirus encoding four proteins: small replicase (3,549 nt/130 kDa), large replicase (5,061 nt/188 kDa), movement protein (770 nt/29 kDa) and coat protein (527 nt/19 kDa). The 5 ' and 3 ' UTR of PluMV contained 91 and 284 nt, respectively. The PluMV genome was 45 nts longer than that of FrMV and shared only 71.4-71.6% sequence identity with FrMV and < 50% sequence identity with the rest of the other members of the genus Tobamovirus. PluMV shared a close but a divergent evolutionary relationship with FrMV. Based on the species demarcation guidelines of ICTV (<90% genome sequence identity), PluMV was considered as a new tobamovirus species. As PluMV was serologically related with FrMV, differential diagnostic assays such as simplex and duplex RT-PCR were developed, which revealed that PluMV naturally existed in both the species of temple tree, P. rubra f. acutifolia and P. rubra f. obtusa in India either alone or in mixed infection with FrMV.

Objectives: Spinal fusion is an effective treatment for degenerative lumbar spine; however, conflicting results exist regarding the best procedure. This study compares the clinical and radiological outcomes of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) versus instrumented posterolateral fusion (PLF) in patients of degenerative lumbar spine disorders. Methods: Of the total 37 patients, 16 patients were operated with TLIF and 21 were operated with instrumented PLF with bone grafting. Duration of the study was from June 2017 to June 2019. Patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Inclusion criteria were (1) age of patient ranging from 18 years to 70 years, (2) involvement of single level, (3) diagnosis of degenerative spine disease, and (4) minimum follow-up of 1 year. Radiographic parameters such as slippage of vertebrae, anterior and posterior disc heights, local disc lordosis, T12–S1 angle were measured, and fusion were assessed; comparison between preoperative and postoperative parameters was also done. Clinical outcome score was obtained using visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI). Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. Results: No significant difference was found in ODI and VAS between TLIF and PLF. Restoration of disc height and improvement of local disc lordosis was better in the TLIF group than in the PLF group. The fusion rate was 87.5% in the TLIF group and 81% in the instrumented PLF group. Amount of blood loss was slightly higher in the TLIF group (319.69 ± 53.8 mL) than in the instrumented PLF group (261.19 ± 34.9 mL). Operating time was also slightly higher in TLIF (133 ± 6.02 min) than in instrumented PLF (90.71 ± 6.3 min). Conclusion: TLIF is superior to instrumented PLF in terms of restoration of anterior and posterior disc heights and improvement in local disc lordosis and higher fusion rate, however it requires greater surgical expertise and more experience. Because of anterior cage support, early weight-bearing mobilization can be allowed in the TLIF group compared to the PLF group. Surgical time and blood loss were slightly higher in cases of TLIF than instrumented PLF.

The authors included patients with hypertension with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) >30 ml/min. Therefore, many patients in the cohort will likely have chronic kidney disease (CKD). It was not clear from the table whether both groups were matched for GFR. If the difference between the two groups is significant in terms of GFR, then it may affect results, given that patients with CKD need two or more drugs to control hypertension.[2] In addition, the study also included patients with type 2 diabetes. It is not clear what percentage of patients in each group were on sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, which can also lower blood pressure (BP).[3] If there were differences between the two groups in this regard, it may skew results in favor of the group with more usage of SGLT2 inhibitors. Further, diabetic patients would need a combination of drugs to control BP,[4] and if both groups had difference in the number of diabetic patients, then it could result in bias in the reported results.

A case of successful pervaginal delivery of ascitic calf leading to dystocia in she buffalo has been reported.

Hiccups are manifestation of uremic syndrome. Baclofen had been used in uremic hiccups, but its usage has been described in literature with development of neurotoxicity in patients with renal failure. The case series reports three patients of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) that were on haemodialysis. All of them had intractable hiccups, for which Baclofen was administered. They developed encephalopathy within 24-48 hours of ingestion of Baclofen. The drug was discontinued and the patients improved within 36-48 hours. They were finally discharged with no residual neurological deficit.

This experiment was aimed to compare two well known methods for assessment of acrosomal integrity and another two methods for assessment of viability in bull spermatozoa during cryopreservation. For this purpose, ejaculates were collected from four Hariana bulls using artificial vagina at biweekly interval. The semen samples which possesses more than 70% progressive motility and above 500 million/ml spermatozoa concentration was subsequently subjected to processing for liquid nitrogen (LN2) vapour freezing. Semen samples were extended in Tris-egg yolk-glycerol extender and further subjected to two staining methods, cytochemical by Giemsa staining and fluorescent method by fluorescein isothiocyanate - pisum sativum agglutinin (FITC-PSA) at two stages i.e. pre freeze and post thaw. In the same way to assess the viability eosin-nigrosin staining is compared with fluorescent method i.e. Annexin-V/PI method. Results showed that fluorescent staining were more sensitive as compare to cytochemical method for spermatozoa of Hariana bulls.

Crambe is an important crop grown worldwide for industrial oil and seed meal. Besides the fungal and bacterial diseases, the crop is reported to be infected by tobacco mosaic virus, beet western yellows virus and turnip mosaic virus under experimental condition. Till now, there was no report of natural infection of any begomovirus in this crop. In the present study, a leaf curl disease was observed in germplasm accessions of three species of Crambe (C. abyssinica, C. glabrata and C. hispanica). Based on the symptoms and presence of whitefly population in the field, begomovirus infection was suspected. Molecular characterization through RCA approach, indicated presence of croton yellow vein mosaic virus (CYVMV, KJ747958) and croton yellow vein mosaic betasatellite (CroYVMB, KM229762). Co-agroinoculation of partial dimeric construct of CYVMV with complete dimeric construct of CroYVMB, produced typical leaf curl symptoms in C. abyssinica, whereas, agroinoculation of partial dimeric construct of CYVMV alone could not produce symptoms in the same plant. In contrast, the CYVMV construct alone could produce symptom in Nicotiana benthamiana, a model host for plant virus studies. In N. benthamiana co-inoculation of CroYVMV with CYVMV construct develop more severe symptoms. However, neither the CYVMV construct alone nor the co-inoculation with CroYVMB produce any symptom in Arabidopsis thaliana even with different methods of inoculation. Inoculated Arabidopsis thaliana also did not yield any amplification of the virus as assessed through PCR and rolling circle amplification (RCA). Thus it confirmed that for successful infection in crambe, CYVMV requires betasatellite, while in N. benthamiana, it does not require betasatellite for symptom induction and in Arabidopsis thaliana CYVMV alone or in presence of betasatellite did not replicate and produce any symptom. This study constitutes the first confirmed record of natural infection of a begomovirus in crambe and further confirmed that cognate betasatellite of CYVMV has differential role in infectivity in different hosts.

Genital prolapse is a common reproductive disorder in cows and she buffaloes. It is considered as an emergency condition that should be managed immediately in order to avoid complications i.e. edema, trauma, contamination and fatal hemorrhage. The condition is sporadic in occurrence, and easy to diagnose yet its management is not easy, specially in protracted cases. This article discusses principle of 3 R s i.e. reduction, reposition and retention.

Hydramnios is a rare pathological condition during gestation period. Multiple factors can be assigned responsible for its occurrence i.e. genetic factor, defective organ system or defective placentation. Its management includes dilation of cervix followed by assisted delivery providing gentle traction as well as provision of intravenous fluid administration in order to prevent of hypovolemic shock associated with splanchnic pooling of blood. In present case we observed about 40 liters of viscous fluid followed by delivery of malformed fetus along with fetal membrane with abnormal cotyledons.

Fetal mummification is a rare occurrence in most animals. However it is commonly seen in polytocous species like swine. Exact etiology of fetal mummification is unclear and because late embryonic death is influenced by several factors that governs physiological mechanism essential for maintenance of pregnancy. This article aims at etiology, clinical sign and approach towards successful delivery of mummified fetus as well as restoring normalcy of uterine environment so that animal can conceive again and herd fertility remains normal.