Smartphone-derived colorimetric tools have the potential to revolutionize food safety control by enabling citizens to carry out monitoring assays. To realize this, it is of paramount significance to recognize recent study efforts and figure out important technology gaps in terms of food security. Driven by international connectivity and the extensive distribution of smartphones, along with their built-in probes and powerful computing abilities, smartphone-based sensors have shown enormous potential as cost-effective and portable diagnostic scaffolds for point-of-need tests. Meantime, the colorimetric technique is of particular notice because of its benefits of rapidity, simplicity, and high universality. In this study, we tried to outline various colorimetric platforms using smartphone technology, elucidate their principles, and explore their applications in detecting target analytes (pesticide residues, antibiotic residues, metal ions, pathogenic bacteria, toxins, and mycotoxins) considering their sensitivity and multiplexing capability. Challenges and desired future perspectives for cost-effective, accurate, reliable, and multi-functions smartphone-based colorimetric tools have also been debated.

Molecules that have an imidazole ring in their structure show different biological effects, the most important of which are antifungal, antibacterial, and medical properties. In this paper, we reported that copper (I) iodide supported on the surface of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles modified with 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid [Fe3O4@Diamine-CuI] is a new, recoverable, and highly efficient nanocatalyst for the preparation of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles through the one-pot three-component reaction of aromatic aldehydes with benzil and ammonium acetate as the nitrogen source at refluxing water. The structure of the as-constructed Fe3O4@Diamine-CuI nanomaterial is well characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, TEM, XRD, VSM, EDX elemental mapping, and ICP-OES techniques. It is worth mentioning that the Fe3O4@Diamine-CuI nanocatalyst was easily separated from the reaction medium using a magnetic magnet and could be reused for 8 times without reducing its catalytic activity. The advantages of this catalytic system include ecofriendly conditions, easy separation of the catalyst, ability to recycle the catalyst, low cost, very short reaction time, water as the solvent, and simple purification of the products.

Sludge from stone-cutting (SSC) factories and stone mines cannot be used as decorative stones, stone powder, etc. These substances are left in the environment and cause environmental problems. This study aim is to produce artificial stone composite (ASC) using sludge from stone cutting factories, cement, unsaturated resin, water, silicon carbide nanoparticles (SiC-NPs), and nano-graphene oxide (NGO) as fillers. Nano graphene oxide has a hydrophobic plate structure that water is not absorbed due to the lack of surface tension on these plates. NGO has a significant effect on the properties of artificial stone due to its high specific surface area and low density in the composite. Its uniform distribution in ASC is very low due to its hydrophobicity, which can be modified by using unsaturated resin and silicon carbide nanoparticles (SiC-NPs). The obtained results show a remarkable increase and improvement in the mechanical properties of the artificial stone composite in the samples containing modified NGO with SiC-NPs. These samples have less porosity, smoother, more polished surface and, high bending and compressive strength. The addition of these materials to the artificial stone has increased durability and reduced costs and has caused water repellency, and prevented the penetration of harmful ions such as chloride, etc.

In line with recent studies, where it has been shown that nanofluids containing graphene have a stronger capacity to boost the heat transfer coefficient with respect to ordinary nanofluids, experiments have been conducted using water with cobalt ferrite/graphene nanoparticles.In particular, a circular channel made of copper subjected to a constant heat flux has been considered.As nanoparticles are sensitive to the presence of a magnetic field, different conditions have been examined, allowing both the strength and the frequency of such a field to span relatively wide ranges and assuming different concentrations of nanoparticles.According to the findings, the addition of nanoparticles to the fluid causes its rotation speed to increase by a factor of two, whereas ultraviolet radiation plays a negligible role.The amount of time required to attain the maximum rotation speed of the nanofluid and the Nusselt number have been measured under both constant and alternating magnetic fields for a ferrofluid with a concentration of 0.5% and at flow Reynolds number of 550 and 1750.

Food safety issue is becoming an international challenge for human health owing to the presence of contaminants. In this context, reliable, rapid, and sensitive detecting technology is extremely demanded to establish food safety assurance systems. MOFs (Metal-organic frameworks) are a new type of porous crystalline material with particular physical and chemical characteristics presented in food safety requirements. (Bio)sensors driven MOF materials have emerged as a promising alternative and complementary analytical techniques, owing to their great specific area, high porosity, and uniform and fine-tunable pore buildings. Nevertheless, the insufficient stability and electrical conductivity of classical MOFs limit their utilization. Employing graphene-derived nanomaterials with high functional elements as patterns for the MOF materials not only improves the structural instability and poor conductivity but also impedes the restacking and aggregation between graphene layers, thus significantly extending the MOFs application. A review of MOFs-graphene-based material used in food contamination detection is urgently needed for encouraging the advance of this field. Herein, this paper systematically outlines current breakthroughs in MOF-graphene-based nanoprobes, outlines their principles, and illustrates their employments in identifying mycotoxins, heavy metal ions, pathogens, antibiotics, and pesticides, referring to their multiplexing and sensitivity ability. The challenges and limitations of applying MOF-graphene composite for precise and efficient assessment of food were also debated. This paper would maybe offer some inspired concepts for an upcoming study on MOF-based composites in the food security context.

Background:This study was aimed at determining the effects of alpha-lipoic acid on ionizing irradiation-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in the brain of rats.Methods:The animals were exposed to whole-brain X-radiation with a 15 Gy single dose in the absence or presence of alpha-lipoic acid (200 mg/kg body weight) pretreatment for one week. The rats were divided into four groups (5 rats in each group): vehicle control, alpha-lipoic acid alone (ALA), radiation alone (RAD), and radiation plus alpha-lipoic acid (RAD+ALA). In the next stage, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the brain tissue of the rats were measured. Furthermore, the Western blot analysis technique was performed to assess the NOX2, NOX4, and caspase-3 protein expression levels.Results:Twenty-four hours after the irradiation, MDA and nitric oxide levels in the irradiated rats were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.001); however, the pretreatment with alpha-lipoic acid resulted in a significant reduction in these stress oxidative markers (p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant decrease in CAT, SOD, and GPx levels was observed in the radiation group alone compared to the control group (p < 0.01); in contrast, the activities of these antioxidant enzymes significantly increased in the radiation plus alpha-lipoic acid group in comparison to the radiation group alone (p < 0.05). The results of Western blot analysis revealed that NOX2, NOX4, and caspase-3 protein expressions significantly elevated in the irradiated rats compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The pretreatment with alpha-lipoic acid could significantly decrease the expression levels of NOX2, NOX4, and caspase-3 in comparison with the radiation group alone (p < 0.05).Conclusion:According to the obtained findings, it can be mentioned that the alpha-lipoic acid pretreatment could mitigate the ionizing irradiation-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in the brain of the rats.

Chemical sensors could pioneer great utilities in point-of-care diagnostic medical devices. Therefore, the inter-action of the B24N24 and Al24N24 nano-clusters with phenytoin was theoretically studied to explore a potential chemical sensor. All calculations were performed using the B3LYP-D method in the gas and solution phases. The absorption energies were-12.54 and-35.36 kcal mol-1 for B24N24 and Al24N24, in the most stable orientations, respectively. Thermodynamic investigations were shown the interaction of PHT with the nano-clusters is spontaneous and exothermic. Electrical conductivity after the adsorption process was changed to -23.94 % and-6.81 % in the B24N24 and Al24N24, respectively. Thus, it is clear that the B24N24 nano-cluster demonstrated a significant alteration in the electrical conductivity, and these changes could be considered the signal for the detection of PHT. Further, the B24N24 nano-cluster had a practical short recovery time of 1.52 x 10-5 s. Furthermore, solvent calculations indicated that the nano-clusters also could be used in biological samples. UV-vis calculation showed after the interaction of PHT with the B24N24 spectrum shifted significantly to the higher wavelength region (red shift). The concentration calculations showed a concentration-independent sensor response in the B24N24 nano-cluster. Thus, it can be concluded that the B24N24 nano-cluster is an appropriate candidate for PHT detection and this nano-cluster can be used in sensor devices.

In this work new heterocyclic derivatives were prepared. The most available (Sulfadiazine) compound treated with different aromatic aldehydes to synthesis (F1-F5) imine derivatives then cycloaddition reaction of imines with phenylthioacetic acid to produced azetidin-2-one derivatives(F6,F7). compound F1 treated ethylene glycol and hydrazine to get (F8) . (F9,F10) compounds has been synthesis by reacting (F1) compound with maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride in dry benzene . compound F8 treated p-hydroxy benzaldehyde to get (F11) compound. Reaction (F11) with benzoyl chloride gave (F12) compound. Also, (F12) compound treated with urea to get urease derivative .These synthesized compounds (F1-F13) evaluated for their antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity.

Neurodegenerative diseases are age-related, multifactorial, and complicated conditions that affect the nervous system. In most cases, these diseases may begin with an accumulation of misfolded proteins rather than decay before they develop clinical symptoms. The progression of these diseases can be influenced by a number of internal and external factors, including oxidative damage, neuro-inflammation, and the accumulation of misfolded amyloid proteins. Astrocytes, with the highest abundance among the cells of the mammalian central nervous system, perform several important activities, such as maintaining brain homeostasis and playing a role in the neurodegenerative condition onset and progress. Therefore, these cells have been considered to be potential targets for managing neurodegeneration. Curcumin, with multiple special properties, has been effectively prescribed to manage various diseases. It has hepato-protective, anti-carcinogenic, cardio-protective, thrombo-suppressive, anti-inflammatory, chemo-therapeutic, anti-arthritic, chemo-preventive, and anti-oxidant activities. In the current review, the effects of curcumin on astrocytes in common neurodegenerative conditions, such as Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, are discussed. Hence, it can be concluded that astrocytes play a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases, and curcumin is able to directly modulate astrocyte activity in neurodegenerative diseases.

Currently, cancer ranks as the second leading cause of death worldwide, and at the same time, the burden of cancer continues to increase. The underlying molecular pathways involved in the initiation and development of cancer are the subject of considerable research worldwide. Further understanding of these pathways may lead to new cancer treatments. Growing data suggest that Tribble's homolog 3 (TRIB3) is essential in oncogenesis in many types of cancer. The mammalian tribbles family's proteins regulate various cellular and physiological functions, such as the cell cycle, stress response, signal transduction, propagation, development, differentiation, immunity, inflammatory processes, and metabolism. To exert their activities, Tribbles proteins must alter key signaling pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways. Recent evidence supports that TRIB3 dysregulation has been linked to various diseases, including tumor development and chemoresistance. It has been speculated that TRIB3 may either promote or inhibit the onset and development of cancer. However, it is still unclear how TRIB3 performs this dual function in cancer. In this review, we present and discuss the most recent data on the role of TRIB3 in cancer pathophysiology and chemoresistance. Furthermore, we describe in detail the molecular mechanism TRIB3 regulates in cancer.

Biofilm-related infections substantially contribute to bacterial illnesses, with estimates indicating that at least 80% of such diseases are linked to biofilms. Biofilms exhibit unique metabolic patterns that set them apart from their planktonic counterparts, resulting in significant metabolic reprogramming during biofilm formation. Differential glycolytic enzymes suggest that central metabolic processes are markedly different in biofilms and planktonic cells. The glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is highly expressed in Staphylococcus aureus biofilm progenitors, indicating that changes in glycolysis activity play a role in biofilm development. Notably, an important consideration is a correlation between elevated cyclic di-guanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP) activity and biofilm formation in various bacteria. C-di-GMP plays a critical role in maintaining the persistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by regulating alginate production, a significant biofilm matrix component. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that S. aureus biofilm development is initiated by several tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediates in a FnbA-dependent manner. Finally, Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6P) boosts the phosphorylation of histidine-containing protein (HPr) by increasing the activity of HPr kinase, enhancing its interaction with CcpA, and resulting in biofilm development through polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA) accumulation and icaADBC transcription. Therefore, studying the metabolic changes associated with biofilm development is crucial for understanding the complex mechanisms involved in biofilm formation and identifying potential targets for intervention. Accordingly, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in metabolomic profiling of biofilms, including emerging trends, prevailing challenges, and the identification of potential targets for anti-biofilm strategies.

In this paper, a novel unsymmetric Mn(III)/TEMPO-salen complex bearing three hydroxyl groups was served as a reducing agent for the efficient preparation of Mn/TEMPO-doped Fe3O4 NPs in situ. This protocol suggests an in situ Mn(III)/TEMPO-salen complex doping via a co-precipitation method for the preparation of magnetic NPs that was studied and confirmed by FTIR, TGA, VSM, ICP, TEM, XRD, UV–Vis, BET, DLS, zeta potentials, EDX, and XPS analyses. The resulting Mn/TEMPO-doped Fe3O4 NPs was found as an efficient nanocatalyst for the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to the corresponding carbonyl and carboxylic acid by the change of oxidant type. In the presence of oxone as an oxidant, the alcohol oxidation proceeds to carboxylic acid, while underwent O2 bubbling, carbonyl product was obtained selectively. Mn/TEMPO-doped Fe3O4 could be recycled for at least 8 consecutive recycles without any considerable reactivity loss. Unsymmetric Mn(III)/TEMPO-salen complex was used as a reducing agent for the synthesis of Mn/TEMPO-doped Fe3O4 NPs in situ as an efficient catalyst for alcohols oxidation selectively

Preparation of drug nanoparticles has been studied and evaluated in this study based on supercritical -based processing as green technology. Computational works have been conducted to evaluate the possi-bility of manufacturing nanomedicine using this novel technology, and the results are compared with experimental measurements. Chlorothiazide, used as a diuretic and as an antihypertensive was consid-ered as model drug in this work. For the modeling, we used a small data set consisting of two input fea-tures, namely temperature and pressure, and one output, namely solubility, in order to analyze the data. Tree ensemble models, including bagging and boosting based on decision trees, have been selected to analyze and model the data. Extremely randomized Trees (Extra Tree), Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), and Gradient Boosting models are specifically chosen for this modeling. The hyperparameters of the mod-els were optimized with the help of genetic algorithm (GA) and finally the optimal models were obtained for each of the three methods. Finally, the models were evaluated with different methods. Based on the evaluations, the gradient boosting model showed the best results, and its score was 0.9820 with the coef-ficient of determination (R2-score) criterion. Also, the error of the final model with the MEA criterion is 1.51 x 10-2, with the RMSE criterion equal to 2.51 x 10-2, and the MAPE error value is 1.59 x 10-2.(c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In this study, hybrid AA1050/Al2O3/TiO2 composites have been produced via combined liquid casting and powder metallurgy techniques. Degassing was utilized to improve the wettability of molten aluminum alloys, and then successful bonding was generated between aluminum matrix and reinforcement particles during the powder metallurgy technique. As the base matrix and reinforcements, AA1050 alloy, Al2O3 and TiO2 particles were taken, respectively. Then, content values of 5Wt.% of Al2O3 in the mesh size of 20 μm and 2.5 and 5 wt. % of TiO2 particles with mesh size of 5μm were added to the AA1050 matrix. For each composite sample, ceramic particles were warmed to 600°C in order to improve wettability and distribution. An identical scattering of subdivisions was observed through aluminum (as matrix) in the microstructural study. To measure the wear resistance, the mechanism of rotary wear test was used. The achieved results illustrated that the fabrication of hybrid composites is an ideal approach to improve the wear resistance of Al-based composites. By increasing of TiO2 Wt.% up to 5% for all composite samples, the wear rate improved to less than half of the monolithic Al alloy value for each composite sample.

Background: Neurological disorders (NLDs) are widely acknowledged as a significant public health concern worldwide. Stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are three of these disorders that have sparked major study attention. Neurological dysfunction, protein buildup, oxidation and neuronal injury, and aberrant mitochondria are all prevalent neuropathological hallmarks of these disorders. The signaling cascade of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) shares all of them as a common target. Several studies have found that overexpression of Nrf2 is a promising treatment method in NLDs. Effective treatment of these disorders continues to be a universal concern regardless of various medicines. In order to treat a variety of neurological problems, organic remedies may provide an alternative treatment. It has been demonstrated that polyphenols like quercetin (Que) offer considerable capabilities for treating NLDs. One of Que's greatest key targets, Nrf2, has the capacity to control the production of a number of cytoprotective enzymes that exhibit neuroprotective, detoxifying, and antioxidative effects. Additionally, Que enhanced the expression of Nrf2 and inhibited alterations in the shape and death of neurons in the hippocampus. Objective: In this review, we have focused on Que's medicinal prospects as a neuroprotective drug. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were used to search articles for this study. Results: The findings of this research demonstrate that (1) Que protected the blood-brain barrier via stimulating Nrf2 in animal stroke, which alleviated ischemic reperfusion and motor dysfunction. (2) By triggering the Nrf2 pathway, Que reduced the neuroinflammation and oxidative damage brought on by TBI in the cortex. (3) In an experimental model of AD, Que enhanced cognitive function by decreasing A1-4, antioxidant activity, and Nrf2 levels in the brain. Conclusion: We discuss recent research on Que-mediated Nrf2 expression in the management of several NLDs in this paper.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary probiotic supplementation of Lactobacillus helveticus on growth, digestive enzymes, and hematological, biochemical, immune, and antioxidant parameters, as well as intestinal microbiota of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish (35.46±0.9 g) were fed with different levels of dietary L. helveticus: control, 1 × 106, 1 × 107, 1 × 108, and 1 × 109 at high stocking density (80 kg m−3) for 60 days. Results indicated that growth performance significantly improved in probiotic supplemented fish (P<0.05). Digestive enzyme parameters revealed that supplementation could significantly increase amylase, protease, and lipase (P<0.05). The treated groups showed significant improvements in serum immune parameters including lysozyme (LYZ), alternative complement (ACH50), respiratory burst activity (RBA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) (P<0.05). Total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), and globulin (GLO) increased in fish fed experimental diets (P<0.05). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was significantly lower in fish fed dietary additives (P<0.05) while white blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes, neutrophils, hematocrit (Hct), red blood cells (RBC) were significantly enhanced (P<0.05). Fish fed with supplemented diets showed significantly enhanced antioxidant status, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly lower in fish fed dietary additives (P<0.05). Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the treatment groups were significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of L. helveticus reduced detrimental effects of high stocking density on growth performance and immune response. It appears that L. helveticus can be recommended as a beneficial probiotic feed additive for rainbow trout.

BACKGROUND:Tamoxifen (TAM) is often recommended as a first-line treatment for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer (BC). However, TAM resistance continues to be a medical challenge for BC with hormone receptor positivity. The function of macro-autophagy and autophagy has recently been identified to be altered in BC, which suggests a potential mechanism for TAM resistance. Autophagy is a cellular stress-induced response to preserve cellular homeostasis. Also, therapy-induced autophagy, which is typically cytoprotective and activated in tumor cells, could sometimes be non-protective, cytostatic, or cytotoxic depending on how it is regulated.OBJECTIVE:This review explored the literature on the connections between hormonal therapies and autophagy. We investigated how autophagy could develop drug resistance in BC cells.METHODS:Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar were used to search articles for this study.RESULTS:The results demonstrated that protein kinases such as pAMPK, BAX, and p-p70S6K could be a sign of autophagy in developing TAM resistance. According to the study's findings, autophagy plays an important role in BC patients' TAM resistance.CONCLUSION:Therefore, by overcoming endocrine resistance in estrogen receptor-positive breast tumors, autophagy inhibition may improve the therapeutic efficacy of TAM.