Background: In the world, chronic disease represents the predominant illness. Autoimmune disease, β-cell dysfunction, and obesity are the main causes of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The signal transducer for several external stimuli, which acts as a second messenger, is protein kinase A (PKA). It is accompanied by disease and controls several biological processes. Objectives: To study the amount of PKA in diabetic mellitus type 2 and its correlation with insulin and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in Najaf patients province. Materials and Methods: In total, 120 subjects, 60 diagnosed with chronic diabetes mellitus type 2, and 60 healthy subjects were enrolled in the current study. Age ranged between 35 and 60 years for patients and healthy. PKA and insulin levels in serum were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique, while HOMA-IR was calculated by the Tjokroprawiro method. Results: In T2DM, serum PKA levels significantly decreased in patients compared with control group (P < 0.001). On the other hand, this study observed a significant (P value < 0.001) negative, weak correlation for PKA with insulin and nonsignificant (P value > 0.05) no correlation with HOMA-IR in DM patients. Conclusion: Among T2DM patients in Najaf province, a decrease in the level of PKA, insulin, and HOMA-IR in patients; indicates a significant link with the progression of chronic T2DM.

The Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium, which is considered a nosocomial infectious agent, changes its structure due to exposure to various antibiotics and becomes relatively resistant to them, which makes it difficult to treat diseases caused by this bacterium. This study can identify the main genes that make biofilm and allow researchers to inhibit the rate of biofilm formation and spread by making antibiotics that affect these genes, and ultimately improve the patient by inhibiting bacterial growth. In this study, clinical isolates were collected from Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman, Iran and identified as phenotypic and then genotypic. Fifty-five clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were confirmed. Antibiogram test was performed for meropenem, amikacin, ampicillin–sulbactam, cefotaxime, levofloxacin, rifampin, and tigecycline antibiotics. The ability to form biofilms of isolates was determined by microtiter plate and staining using crystal violet and then spectrophotometry in OD 490 nm. PCR was performed to identify the frequency of pslA and pelB genes. The data showed that the highest age group involved 1 to 15 years included 19

Perovskites composed of inorganic cesium (Cs) halide provide a route to thermally resistant solar cells. Nevertheless, the use of hole-transporting layers (HTLs) with hydrophobic additives is constrained by moisture-induced phase deterioration. Due to significant electrical loss, dopant-free HTLs are unable to produce practical solar cells. In this article, we designed a two-dimensional 1,3,6,8-tetrakis[5-(N,N-di(p-(methylthio)phenyl)amino-p-phenyl)-thiophen-2-yl]pyrene (termed SMe-TATPyr) molecule as a new HTL to regulate electrical loss in lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs). We optimized the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs based on mixed tin (Sn)/germanium (Ge) halide perovskite (CsSn0.5Ge0.5I3) by exploring different factors, such as the deep and shallow levels of defects, density of states at the valence band (NV), thickness of the perovskite film, p-type doping concentration (NA) of HTL, the series and shunt resistances, and so on. We carried out comparative research by employing the 1D-SCAPS (a solar cell capacitance simulator) analysis tool. Through optimization of the PSC, we obtained the highest parameters in the simulated solar cell structure of fluorine tin oxide (FTO)/titanium dioxide (TiO2)/CsSn0.5Ge0.5I3/SMe-TATPyr/gold (Au), and the PCE reached up to 20% with a fill factor (FF) of 81.89%.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).This article has been retracted at the request of the editor.In investigating concerns brought up regarding inappropriate advertisement of the authorship of the article, the editor reached out to the authors for an explanation.Post-publication, the editor also discovered suspicious changes in authorship between the original submission and the revised version of this paper. In summary, the paper was submitted by a sole author, Parvaneh Delir Kheirollahi Nezhad. During revision, the author names Saade Abdalkareem Jasim (New First Author), Moaed E. Al-Gazally, Hasan Sh. Majdi, Yasir Salam Karim, Maria Jade Catalan Opulencia, Mustafa M. Kadhim (New Corresponding Author), Ali Thaeer Hammid, and Yasser Fakri Mustafa were all added to the revised paper without explanation and without exceptional approval by the journal editor, which is contrary to the journal policy on changes to authorship.The editor reached out to the authors for an explanation to the above points, but they failed to reply.Overall, the editor feels that the findings of the manuscript cannot be relied upon, and the article needs to be retracted.

CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) superfamily and is specific for CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12, also known as SDF-1), which makes CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. CXCR4 interacts with its ligand, triggering downstream signaling pathways that influence cell proliferation chemotaxis, migration, and gene expression. The interaction also regulates physiological processes, including hematopoiesis, organogenesis, and tissue repair. Multiple evidence revealed that CXCL12/CXCR4 axis is implicated in several pathways involved in carcinogenesis and plays a key role in tumor growth, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Several CXCR4-targeting compounds have been discovered and used for preclinical and clinical cancer therapy, most of which have shown promising anti-tumor activity. In this review, we summarized the physiological signaling of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis and described the role of this axis in tumor progression, and focused on the potential therapeutic options and strategies to block CXCR4.

This study focused on the recent synthesis of new compounds from aryl propionic acid derivatives compared to naproxen. The present study aimed to investigate the safety and efficiency of the new derivatives in improving analgesic effects and reducing adverse effects via modifying its chemical structure by adding new functional groups. The new compounds were characterized, and evaluate their pharmacodynamic effects. The analysis and characterization of new compounds were by 1HMNR and FT-IR spectrum. The investigation of the adverse effect after 5 days of remedy with 20 mg/kg daily administered with naproxen derivatives to the healthy male albino mice (25-30 g) for analgesic activity using the hot plate method. Mice were parted into 5 groups, consisting of the control group and 4 groups that administered naproxen or derivatives of aryl propionic acid (E, H, D1 and D2). The main tests are done by a hot plate, biochemical, macroscopic, and microscopic inspection. The results confirmed that the new drugs have potent analgesic activity. The results showed that mice administered with D1 expressed less ulcerative effect than parent naproxen, H, E and ethanol. Moreover, the number of lesions was significantly less in the D2 group, while D1-treated mice recorded no evidence of ulcers or hemorrhage in their stomachs after being examined under a dissecting microscope. The study concluded that the new D1 derivative is a compound worthy of research and future clinical applications due to its relatively high efficacy and low adverse effects compared to other derivatives prepared and tested in this study. Keywords: Analgesic, Aryl propionic acid, Naproxen, Acidity

Traumatic injuries to skeletal muscles caused by accidents, surgeries, and strains result in a significant disability. Currently, the golden standard of treatment for skeletal muscle injuries is tissue grafting. However, this treatment strategy is associated with several challenges. Therefore, developing alternative strategies is highly demanded. In this context, skeletal muscle tissue engineering (SMTE) aims to regenerate defective muscle tissue using combinations of cells, growth factors, and biomaterials. Although significant progress has been made in SMTE, the inherent complexity of skeletal muscle tissue requires a versatile approach to develop scaffolds with high similarity to native muscle tissue. These scaffolds can be produced using synthetic or natural polymers. Among different biomaterial options, polysaccharides are ideal scaffolding platforms with potential applicability in different biomedical fields, such as drug delivery, guided tissue regeneration, and driving stem cells fate. Due to their versatile properties, biocompatibility, low cost, high availability, low immunogenicity, surface modification capabilities, and processability, the appeal of polysaccharides in SMTE is on the rise. Although different polysaccharides can be potentially used in SMTE, only alginate, chitosan, cellulose, and hyaluronic acid have been studied. In the current review, the recent progress, applications, and challenges of polysaccharides in SMTE will be highlighted.

Over the past decade, metallic drug-eluting implants have gained significance in orthopedic and dental applications for controlled drug release, specifically for preventing infection associated with implants. Recent studies showed that metallic implants loaded with drugs were substituted for conventional bare metal implants to achieve sustained and controlled drug release, resulting in a desired local therapeutic concentration. A number of secondary features can be provided by the incorporated active molecules, including the promotion of osteoconduction and angiogenesis, the inhibition of bacterial invasion, and the modulation of host body reaction. This paper reviews recent trends in the development of the metallic drug-eluting implants with various drug delivery systems in the past three years. There are various types of drug-eluting implants that have been developed to meet this purpose, depending on the drug or agents that have been loaded on them. These include anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics agents, growth factors, and anti-resorptive drugs.

Neurodegenerative diseases are age-related, multifactorial, and complicated conditions that affect the nervous system. In most cases, these diseases may begin with an accumulation of misfolded proteins rather than decay before they develop clinical symptoms. The progression of these diseases can be influenced by a number of internal and external factors, including oxidative damage, neuro-inflammation, and the accumulation of misfolded amyloid proteins. Astrocytes, with the highest abundance among the cells of the mammalian central nervous system, perform several important activities, such as maintaining brain homeostasis and playing a role in the neurodegenerative condition onset and progress. Therefore, these cells have been considered to be potential targets for managing neurodegeneration. Curcumin, with multiple special properties, has been effectively prescribed to manage various diseases. It has hepato-protective, anti-carcinogenic, cardio-protective, thrombo-suppressive, anti-inflammatory, chemo-therapeutic, anti-arthritic, chemo-preventive, and anti-oxidant activities. In the current review, the effects of curcumin on astrocytes in common neurodegenerative conditions, such as Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, are discussed. Hence, it can be concluded that astrocytes play a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases, and curcumin is able to directly modulate astrocyte activity in neurodegenerative diseases.

The goal of this research study was to prepare topical ointments containing dapagliflozin and levofloxacin and evaluate their anti-psoriatic activity in an animal model.Eighty Swiss albino mice weighing between 24 and 30 g were randomly divided into eight groups of 10 mice each.The first group was the control group, which received a baseline ointment.The second group was treated with clobetasol (5%) cream for six days.The third, fourth, and fifth groups were treated with dapagliflozin ointments at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 20%, respectively, which were daily applied.The sixth, seventh, and eighth groups were treated with levofloxacin ointments at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 40%, respectively, which were daily applied.Histopathological changes were observed in the treated skin.The results demonstrated that dapagliflozin and levofloxacin ointments at the specified concentrations could significantly reduce the severity of symptoms such as erythema, scaling, and thickening, as well as inflammation.Therefore, these ointments have strong anti-psoriatic and antiinflammatory properties.

Background: The most frequent illness in the world is chronic disease. Diabetes type 2 is mostly caused by autoimmune disease, -cell dysfunction, and obesity. IGF2BP2 is one of the genes related to T2DM identified through GWAS (Genome-Wide Association Studies), and it has been confirmed in a range of ethnic groups.Material and methods : The samples were collected from AL Sadder Hospital's core medical city in Najaf. rs 4402960 and 11705701 of IGF2BP2 Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction T-ARMS-PCR was utilized to measure polymorphism in patients and controls (case_ control study). The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software.Results : There is no difference between patients and control subjects in the genotyping of (rs4402960) in the IGF2BP2 gene (p>0.05), and there is no difference between patients and control in the genotyping of (rs11705701) in the IGF2BP2 gene (p>0.05).Conclusion : Our results showed no association between The IGF2BP2 gene Polymorphisms (rs4402960 G/T and rs11705701 G/A) and T2DM patients.

Nowadays, our societies are entangled with numerous problems more and more. One of them is food safety, which has a direct relationship with public health. Indeed, food contaminations have been categorized as some important groups including bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, toxins, pesticides, food colorants and so forth. Over the last two decades, several researchers have attempted to develop sensing approaches for these contaminations. On the other hand, conventional techniques suffer from expansivity, sensitivity and selectivity. Therefore, the advancement of technology introduces a novel analytical method called bio(sensors) which provides a multi-domain sensing platform. Elaborately, the presence of different nanomaterials such as carbon-based, silica-based and metallic-based nanomaterials has revolutionized in terms of improving the properties of these analytical approaches. More importantly, poly(amino acids) as biocomposites have attracted considerable attention over the last few years. In addition, the integration of these biocomposites with nanomaterials brings about a brilliant probe for the detection of food contaminations. In this regard, in this review, we summarized recent advances in bio(sensors) based on poly(amino acids) for quantification of various food contaminations, and alongside that, the pros and cons of electrochemical and optical bio(sensor) as two major types of these analytical methods discussed.

The reproductive system is extremely vulnerable to chemotherapy drugs, ionizing radiation, toxic heavy metals, chemicals, and so on. These harmful stimuli are able to induce oxidative damage, apoptosis, inflammation, and other mechanisms in the reproductive organs, leading to different adverse reproductive effects. It was shown that using medicinal plants (medicinal herbs) can be an effective medication for the prevention and treatment of multiple health conditions. Silymarin is a medicinal herb extract, obtained from the seeds of Silybum marianum. This herbal agent is a nontoxic agent even at relatively high physiological dose values, which suggests that it is safe for use in the treatment of different diseases. The hepato-, neuro-, cardio- and nephro-protective effects of silymarin have been assessed previously. The protective activities of silymarin can point to anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, immunomodulatory, and membrane-stabilizing properties. In this review, we aim to summarize current studies on the protective potentials of silymarin against reproductive toxicity. The molecular mechanisms of silymarin protection against cellular toxicity are also studied. Moreover, the findings obtained from improved formulations and delivery systems of silymarin have been addressed.

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) infect, multiply, and finally remove tumor cells selectively, causing no damage to normal cells in the process. Because of their specific features, such as, the ability to induce immunogenic cell death and to contain curative transgenes in their genomes, OVs have attracted attention as candidates to be utilized in cooperation with immunotherapies for cancer treatment. This treatment takes advantage of most tumor cells' inherent tendency to be infected by certain OVs and both innate and adaptive immune responses are elicited by OV infection and oncolysis. OVs can also modulate tumor microenvironment and boost anti-tumor immune responses. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are gathering interest as promising anti-cancer treatments with the ability to address a wide range of cancers. MSCs exhibit tumor-trophic migration characteristics, allowing them to be used as delivery vehicles for successful, targeted treatment of isolated tumors and metastatic malignancies. Preclinical and clinical research were reviewed in this study to discuss using MSC-released OVs as a novel method for the treatment of cancer. Video Abstract.

In this research, Solamen Vaillanti mollusk (SVM) skin biosorbent was synthesized and used as a low-cost and environmentally friendly adsorbent to eliminate cobalt (Co2+) heavy metal ion from aqueous solution. The surface morphology and specific surface area of SVM were analyzed by SEM and BET analyses. Also, the impact of various effective factors like pH, temperature, contact time, biosorbent dose, and cobalt ion concentration was studied on the uptake process. According to our study, the highest biosorption efficiency of Co2+ (97.31%) was attained at pH 5, a mixing speed of 200 rpm, Co2+ ion concentration of 5 mg l(-1), and biosorbent dosage of 2 g l(-1) after 50 min. Also, the maximum biosorption capacity of SVM biosorbent was 16.23 mg l(-1), which was achieved at pH 5 and temperature of 25 degrees C. Moreover, kinetic and equilibrium studies demonstrated that the quasi-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model are better compatible with the experimental data. Furthermore, the reusability of the bioadsorbent showed that it can be reused in 4 cycles in the bioadsorption process.

The goal of this study was to prepare levofloxacin as a topical ointment for evaluating its anti-psoriatic activity in imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice. Sixty mice 24 – 30 grams were randomly divided into six groups of 10 mice each. The first group was a control group, in which the baseline ointment was application to the shaved back. The second group received imiquimod (5%) cream for 6 days on back in the same way as the remaining four groups to induce psoriasis of skin inflammation. The 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th groups were treated with application of imiquimod daily clobetasol, levofloxacin 10, 20 and 40% ointment. At the end of the experiment, blood was obtained to prepare serum for measuring inflammatory biomarkers, while skin samples were used to study histopathological changes. Levofloxacin ointment dramatically reduced the scores of erythematous, scaling, and epidermal thickenings, as well as the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-8, IL-17, and IL-37. Levofloxacin ointment has strong anti-psoriatic and anti-inflammatory activities.

In women, breast cancer (BC) is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a subgroup of heterogeneous non-hematopoietic fibroblast-like cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types. Recent studies stated that MSCs can migrate into the tumor sites and exert various effect on tumor growth and development. Multiple researches have demonstrated that MSCs can favor tumor growth, while other groups have indicated that MSCs inhibit tumor development. Emerging evidences showed exosomes (Exo) as a new mechanism of cell communication which are essential for the crosstalk between MSCs and BC cells. MSC-derived Exo (MSCs-Exo) could mimic the numerous effects on the proliferation, metastasis, and drug response through carrying a wide scale of molecules, such as proteins, lipids, messenger RNAs, and microRNAs to BC cells. Consequently, in the present literature, we summarized the biogenesis and cargo of Exo and reviewed the role of MSCs-Exo in development of BC.

microRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in various biological processes, including immune system regulation, such as cell proliferation, tolerance (central and peripheral), and T helper cell development. Dysregulation of miRNA expression and activity can disrupt immune responses and increase susceptibility to neuroimmune disorders. Conversely, miRNAs have been shown to have a protective role in modulating immune responses and preventing autoimmunity. Specifically, reducing the expression of miRNA-128 (miR-128) in an Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model has been found to improve cognitive deficits and reduce neuropathology. This comprehensive review focuses on the significance of miR-128 in the pathogenesis of neuroautoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), AD, Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), epilepsy, as well as other immune-mediated diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Additionally, we present compelling evidence supporting the potential use of miR-128 as a diagnostic or therapeutic biomarker for neuroimmune disorders. Collectively, the available literature suggests that targeting miR-128 could be a promising strategy to alleviate the behavioral symptoms associated with neuroimmune diseases. Furthermore, further research in this area may uncover new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders and potentially lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.