Background: Cichorium intybus is a potent remedial plant used by local inhabitants to treat different types of diseases. It is adulterated with different plant parts looking similar, which affects the potency of the plant. Aim: Hence, pharmacognostic and physicochemical investigations on Cichorium intybus were planned to be performed for their proper authentication. Methods: The micromorphology, microscopy, and physicochemical study, namely loss on drying, ethanol doable extractive, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, sulfated ash, foaming index, and fluorescence analysis of root and stem of Cihcorium intybus, were performed using standard methods. Results: The morphological and microscopic study of the root and stem of Cichorium intybus demonstrated specific features of the root and stem. The physicochemical investigation of root exhibited loss on drying (14.37%), moisture content (8.34%), water-soluble extractive (1.24%), ethanol soluble extractive (0.56%), total ash (5.320%), acid insoluble ash (3.24%), water soluble ash (0.4605%), sulphated ash (0.4605%), and foaming index (142.857). Similarly, physicochemical investigation of aerial part provides loss on drying (16.87%), moisture content (10.50%), water-soluble extractive (0.87%), ethanol soluble extractive (0.865%), total ash (3.20%), acid insoluble ash (2.115%), water-soluble ash (0.312%), sulphated ash (0.312%), and foaming index (166.667). When treated with different reagents, root and stem powder showed clear and distinctive fluorescent color under daylight and UV light. Conclusion: The findings of the pharmacognostic and physicochemical studies help to correctly authenticate Cichorium intybus in its raw form and protect it from adulterations that preserve the potency of the plant.

The oxidative stress theory of diabetic complications has emerged in recent times with considerable success. It is now clear that diabetes mellitus results from oxidative stress in the pancreas. Herbal medicines rich in antioxidants have been widely studied for their therapeutic applications. To investigate the antioxidant properties of petroleum ether extracts (PEE) and hydro-alcoholic extracts (HAE) of Cichorium intybus leaves and relate them to antidiabetic properties. Extraction of leaves was done using petroleum ether and hydroalcoholic solvent. Phytochemical screening was done for the isolation of major bioactive constituents, whereas quantitative determination was done for the entire phenol and flavonoid content. Antioxidant action was estimated using the following tests: DPPH free radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide allowed radical scavenging test, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging test. HAE showed high antioxidant properties due to PEE because of its low IC₅₀ values for DPPH, nitric oxide, and hydrogen peroxide at 33.36 µg/mL, 46.48 µg/mL, and 26.23 µg/mL, correspondingly. These findings were confirmed by increased TPC and TFC, which were measured at 72.1 mg GAE. It can be shown that the hydroalcoholic extraction method is better than others in terms of separation of antioxidants from the plant, indicating that Cichorium intybus can be used successfully to manage oxidation-based diseases, including diabetes. Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Cichorium intybus, hydroalcoholic extract, petroleum ether extract, total phenolic content.

Given a connected graph G on the vertex set {0,1,… ,n} with the root vertex 0, Postnikov and Shapiro associated a monomial ideal ℳ_G in the polynomial ring R=𝕂[x_1,… ,x_n] over a field 𝕂 such that the vector space dimension of R/ℳ_G is same as the determinant of the reduced Laplacian of G. Dochtermann introduced the 1-skeleton ideal ℳ_G^(1)⊂ℳ_G which satisfies the property that the vector space dimension of R/ℳ_G^(1) is bounded below by the determinant of the reduced signless Laplacian of G. In this paper, we characterize all subgraphs of the complete multigraph K_n+1^a,1 , in particular all simple graphs G, such that the vector space dimension of R/ℳ_G^(1) is same as the determinant of the reduced signless Laplacian.

This research assessed the antidiabetic efficacy of mucilage derived from Hibiscus sabdariffa leaves in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The mucilage was orally administered at doses of 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg for a duration of 21 days, with metformin (65mg/kg) serving as a positive control. The evaluated key indicators comprised overnightfasting blood glucose (FBG), body weight, lipid composition, haematological characteristics, and antioxidant activity. The results indicated a substantial 30% decrease in fasting blood glucose levels in the 600 mg/kg mucilage group relative to the diabetes controls. Furthermore, the mucilage enhanced body weight stability and lipid profiles, resulting in significant reductions in overall cholesterol (18.9%), triglycerides (27.1%), and LDL, while simultaneously increasing HDL. The mucilage showed no toxicity at doses up to 2000 mg/kg and did not negatively impact haematological markers. The phytochemical examination revealed the presence of carbohydrates, polysaccharides, and phenols (55.41±0.6mg GAE/g) in the plant. The DPPH assay indicated modest antioxidant activity (IC50 = 79.12μg/ml). The findings indicate that Hibiscus sabdariffa leaf mucilage exhibits notable antidiabetic and hypolipidemic characteristics, possibly due to its polysaccharide and phenolic constituents, and may function as a safe, natural medicinal agent for diabetes control.

Let $G$ be a finite simple graph on the vertex set $V(G)$ and let $r$ be a positive integer. We consider the hypergraph $\mathrm{Con}_r(G)$ whose vertices are the vertices of $G$ and the (hyper)edges are all $A\subseteq V(G)$ such that $|A|=r+1$ and the induced subgraph $G[A]$ is connected. The (hyper)edge ideal $I_r(G)$ of $\mathrm{Con}_r(G)$ is also the Stanley-Reisner ideal of a generalisation of the independence complex of $G$, called the $r$-independence complex $\mathrm{Ind}_r(G)$. In this article we make extensive use of the Mayer-Vietoris sequence to find the graded Betti numbers of $I_r(G_1*G_2)$ in terms of the graded Betti numbers of $I_r(G_1)$ and $I_r(G_2)$, where $G_1*G_2$ is the join of $G_1$ and $G_2$. Moreover, we find formulas for all the graded Betti numbers of $I_r(G)$, when $G$ is a complete graph, complete multipartite graph, cycle graph and the wheel graph.

We introduce a new family of pure simplicial complexes, called the r-co-connected complex of G with respect to A, Σ_r(A,G), where r≥ 1 is a natural number, G is a simple graph, and A is a subset of vertices. Interestingly, when A is empty, this complex is precisely the Alexander dual of the r-independence complex of G. We focus on uncovering the relationship between the topological and combinatorial properties of the complex and the algebraic and homological properties of the Stanley-Reisner ideal of the dual complex. First, we prove that Σ_r(A,G) is vertex decomposable whenever the induced subgraph G[A] is connected and nonempty, yielding a versatile deletion-link calculus for higher independence via Alexander duality. Furthermore, when A=∅ and r ≥ 2, we establish that for several significant classes of graphs - including chordal, co-chordal, cographs, cycles, complements of cycles, and certain grid graphs - the properties of vertex decomposability, shellability, and Cohen-Macaulayness are equivalent and precisely characterized by the co-chordality of the associated clutter Con_r(G). These results extend Fröberg's theorem to the setting of r-connected ideals for these graph classes and motivate a conjecture concerning the linear resolution property of r-connected ideals in general. We also construct examples separating shellability from vertex decomposability.

Background: Herbal supplements are frequently used with anticancer chemotherapy, prompting worries over clinically significant herb–drug interactions. Turmacin®, a polysaccharide-rich aqueous extract of Curcuma longa, exhibits mucilage-forming, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant characteristics that may affect medication absorption and metabolism. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), a hydrophilic chemotherapy drug characterized by limited and variable absorption, is notably influenced by herbal components. Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the in-vitro pharmacokinetic interaction between Turmacin and 5-FU by various mechanistic models, encompassing phytochemical profiling, physicochemical analysis, Caco-2 permeability, and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) ATPaseassays. Methods: The standardized Turmacin extract was analyzed for its phytochemical and physicochemical properties. Caco-2 monolayers were employed to assess bidirectional permeability (AP→BL and BL→AP) of 5-FU, with or without Turmacin (200 µg/mL). Transporter interaction was evaluated utilizing human P-glycoprotein membrane vesicles using ATPase activity experiments. Physicochemical and phytochemical profiling encompassed assessments of acid value, ash content, melting point, soluble extractives, and the detection of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, essential oils, and antioxidants. Results: Turmacin markedly diminished the AP→BL permeability of 5-FU by approximately 32%, while augmenting BL→AP efflux and raising the efflux ratio by around 41%, signifying improved P-gp–mediated transport. The ATPase assay indicated reduced inorganic phosphate release in the presence of Turmacin, implying partial inhibition of ATP hydrolysis and alteration of P-gp functionality. Phytochemical screening verified the existence of many beneficial compounds, whilst physicochemical examination demonstrated elevated purity, thermal stability, and hydrophilicity. In summary, diminished absorptive transport, augmented efflux, and heightened microsomal degradation all signify impaired availability of 5-FU in the presence of Turmacin Conclusion: Turmacin significantly modifies the in-vitro pharmacokinetic properties of 5-FU by diminishing intestinal permeability, regulating efflux transporter activity, and increasing metabolic breakdown. These findings underscore a notable herb–drug interaction that may diminish the systemic absorption of 5-FU. Patients are urged to exercise caution when taking turmeric-based supplements during 5-FU treatment, and additional in-vivo studies are necessary to confirm these findings

Graph Anomaly Detection (GAD) is a technique used to identify abnormal nodes within graphs, finding applications in network security, fraud detection, social media spam detection, and various other domains. A common method for GAD is Graph AutoEncoders (GAEs), which encode graph data into node representations and identify anomalies by assessing the reconstruction quality of the graphs based on these representations. However, existing GAE models are primarily optimized for direct link reconstruction, resulting in nodes connected in the graph being clustered in the latent space. As a result, they excel at detecting cluster-type structural anomalies but struggle with more complex structural anomalies that do not conform to clusters. To address this limitation, we propose a novel solution called GAD-NR, a new variant of GAE that incorporates neighborhood reconstruction for graph anomaly detection. GAD-NR aims to reconstruct the entire neighborhood of a node, encompassing the local structure, self-attributes, and neighbor attributes, based on the corresponding node representation. By comparing the neighborhood reconstruction loss between anomalous nodes and normal nodes, GAD-NR can effectively detect any anomalies. Extensive experimentation conducted on six real-world datasets validates the effectiveness of GAD-NR, showcasing significant improvements (by up to 30%. in AUC) over state-of-the-art competitors. The source code for GAD-NR is openly available. Importantly, the comparative analysis reveals that the existing methods perform well only in detecting one or two types of anomalies out of the three types studied. In contrast, GAD-NR excels at detecting all three types of anomalies across the datasets, demonstrating its comprehensive anomaly detection capabilities.

A celebrated theorem of Fr\"oberg gives a complete combinatorial classification of quadratic square-free monomial ideals with a linear resolution. A generalization of this theorem to higher degree square-free monomial ideals is an active area of research. The existence of a linear resolution of such ideals often depends on the field over which the polynomial ring is defined. Hence, it is too much to expect that in the higher degree case a linear resolution can be identified purely using a combinatorial feature of an associated combinatorial structure. However, some classes of ideals having linear resolutions have been identified using combinatorial structures. In the present paper, we use the notion of $r$-independence to construct an $r$-uniform hypergraph from the given graph. We then show that when the underlying graph is co-chordal, the corresponding edge ideal is vertex splittable, a condition stronger than having a linear resolution. We use this result to explicitly compute graded Betti numbers for various graph classes. Finally, we give a different proof for the existence of a linear resolution using the topological notion of $r$-collapsibility.

Unlike the minimally coupled gravity theory where matter is coupled with gravity in such a manner so that one can differentiate the matter and gravity sector uniquely, the non-minimally coupled theories (NMCT) are distinguished by the intermingling of two. As a consequence of this the calculation of the energy momentum tensor (EMT) in NMCT is beset with an arbitrariness. In this paper we provide an algorithm based on the well known equivalence between Jordan frame and Einstein frame formulations which enables us to construct the EMT for NMCT in a unique way.

Given a finite simple undirected graph G there is a simplicial complex Ind(G), called the independence complex, whose faces correspond to the independent sets of G. This is a well-studied concept because it provides a fertile ground for interactions between commutative algebra, graph theory and algebraic topology. In this paper, we consider a generalization of independence complex. Given [Formula: see text], a subset of the vertex set is called r-independent if the connected components of the induced subgraph have cardinality at most r. The collection of all r-independent subsets of G form a simplicial complex called the r-independence complex and is denoted by Indr(G). It is known that when G is a chordal graph the complex Indr(G) has the homotopy type of a wedge of spheres. Hence, it is natural to ask which of these complexes are shellable or even vertex decomposable. We prove, using Woodroofe’s chordal hypergraph notion, that these complexes are always shellable when the underlying chordal graph is a tree. Using the notion of vertex splittable ideals we show that for caterpillar graphs the associated r-independence complex is vertex decomposable for all values of r. Further, for any [Formula: see text] we construct chordal graphs on [Formula: see text] vertices such that their r-independence complexes are not sequentially Cohen–Macaulay.

Sharda Gupta, Pushpa Prasad, Amit Roy, MohammadMahtab Alam, Irfan Ahmed and Arindam Bit1,∗ 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, India 2 Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur, India 3 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia 4 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia ∗ Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.

Novel magnesium doped non-mulberry silk fibroin nanofibers with ability to enhance skin barrier function were successfully fabricated using electrospinning technique for wound healing applications. Magnesium nanoparticles incorporated in the electrospun nanofibers releases Mg2+ ions at the site of implementation. The effect of Mg2+ is of considerable concern in wound healing due to its skin barrier repair ability and its role in blood coagulation. The physicochemical characterization of the scaffold was investigated by determining the morphology and secondary structure confirmation. The effects of Mg2+ ions in silk fibroin microenvironment have been evaluated using SEM, XRD, and FTIR to confirm the incorporation of magnesium in the film. The aim of this study is to see the effect of doped Mg on the structural, physical, and biological properties of non-mulberry silk fibroin (NSF) film. The magnesium doped nanofibrous film exhibited enhanced mechanical property, satisfactory blood clotting ability, and good in vitro degradability. This silk fibroin-based film mimicking extracellular matrix for skin regeneration were constructed using electrospinning technique. The wound healing efficiency of prepared nanofibers were evaluated in full-thickness wound models of rat. The Mg doped silk fibroin film exhibited faster wound healing activity (14 days) among all experimental group. The study indicates the potential of magnesium-doped silk /PVA film as skin substitute film.

An ideal wound dressing material should enhance the wound healing process and must avoid bacterial contamination. In this study, the synergistic effect of graphene oxide (GO), silver (Ag) and magnesium (Mg) based silk electrospun nanofibrous film on wound healing was evaluated. It reports the influence of essential elements Mg and Ag during the skin regeneration process. Silver and magnesium nanoparticles were doped in graphene oxide. The goal of the present study was to fabricate an electrospun nanofibrous patch with nanoscale fillers to improve the wound recuperation manner and decrease the recuperation time to forestall microorganism infections and improve cellular behavior. Doping was done to insert Ag+ and Mg2+ ions in the crystal lattice of GO to overcome the disadvantage of aggregation of Ag and Mg nanoparticles. In this study, Mg2+ and Ag+ ions doped GO functionalized silk fibroin/PVA dressing material was prepared using the electrospinning technique. It was found that, Mg-GO@NSF/PVA and Ag/Mg-GO@NSF/PVA film possess good cytocompatibility, low hemolytic effect and effective antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities. Furthermore, their improved hydrophilicity and mid-range water vapor transmission rate allow them to be a suitable wound dressing material. Tensile strength of the composite silk film were enhanced relatively to silk/PVA film. The effect of prepared film on wound repair were investigated in excision rat model. It indicates, the wound covered with Ag/Mg-GO@NSF/PVA film showed the highest wound contraction rate and re-epithelization, allowing faster repair of wound sites. In conclusion, the development of metallic ions doped GO based silk fibroin/PVA is a promising approach towards development of antibiotic free wound dressing material. It prevents anti-biofilm formation and also provides adequate therapeutic effects for accelerating wound healing.

Frequent pattern mining extracts most frequent patterns from databases. These frequency-based frameworks have limitations in representing users’ interest in many cases. In business decision-making, not all patterns are of the same importance. To solve this problem, utility has been incorporated in transactional and sequential databases. A graph is a relatively complex but highly useful data structure. Although frequency-based graph mining has many real-life applications, it has limitations similar to other frequency-based frameworks. To the best of our knowledge, there is no complete framework developed for mining utility-based patterns from graphs. In this work, we propose a complete framework for utility-based graph pattern mining. A complete algorithm named UGMINE is presented for high utility subgraph mining. We introduce a pruning technique named RMU pruning for effective pruning of the candidate pattern search space that grows exponentially. We conduct experiments on various datasets to analyze the performance of the algorithm. Our experimental results show the effectiveness of UGMINE to extract high utility subgraph patterns.

Let [Formula: see text] be a group and [Formula: see text] be an automorphism of [Formula: see text]. Two elements [Formula: see text] are said to be [Formula: see text]-twisted conjugate if [Formula: see text] for some [Formula: see text]. We say that a group [Formula: see text] has the [Formula: see text]-property if the number of [Formula: see text]-twisted conjugacy classes is infinite for every automorphism [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we prove that twisted Chevalley groups over a field [Formula: see text] of characteristic zero have the [Formula: see text]-property as well as the [Formula: see text]-property if [Formula: see text] has finite transcendence degree over [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] is periodic.

Background: The antineoplastic drugs possess poor aqueous solubility along with low bioavailability. This limits delivery of antineoplastic drugs through oral route. SMEDDS is a well-accepted means for addressing the lower aqueous solubility and bioavailability issues of a lipophilic drugs. Paclitaxel (PTX) is an antineoplastic drug. PTX is found to be very useful in the treatment of ovarian and breast cancers. PTX have very low aqueous solubility (0.3 µg/ml). Objective: This study aims to formulate SMEDDS incorporating PTX to enhance its aqueous solubility. Methodology: Isopropyl myristate (IM), tween 80 (T80) and transcutol (TC) were used to formulate SMEDDS. IM was considered as oil, T80 as surfactant and TC as co surfactant. 32 factorial design analysis helps in studying the effect of an independent factor on a dependent factor on statistical principles. Independent factors, first – concentrations of oil, second – mixture of surfactant and co-surfactant (Smix), and two dependent factors, first – emulsification time and second – in vitro drug release were chosen. All the nine formulated B1-B9 were subjected to various physicochemical tests. Result and discussion: The globule size was found to be 136.38 – 223.14 nm, zeta potential ranges between -31.54 to -7.58, drug content ranges between 65.34 – 83.56%. Statistical analysis shows that an increasing amount of surfactant decreases emulsification time. This may also decrease the average droplet size of resultant SMEDDS. When the concentration of tween 80 was increased, it was observed that the release of PTX also increased. Rapid and more extent of PTX released from formulated SMEDDS indicates that the aqueous solubility of PTX has increased. B9 formulation releases 99.46% PTX at end of 60 minutes whereas 35.23% of pure PTX powder was solubilized in dissolution medium. Conclusion: This study states that the prepared SMEDDS possess acceptable properties to be considered as immediate release dosage forms. This conclusion was drawn based on in vitro release study.

For a graph G on the vertex set {0,1,…,n}, the G-parking function ideal MG is a monomial ideal in the polynomial ring R=K[x1,…,xn] such that the vector space dimension of R/MG is given by the determinant of its reduced Laplacian. For any integer k, the k-skeleton ideal MG(k) is the subideal of MG, where the monomial generators correspond to nonempty subsets of [n] of size at most k+1. For a simple graph G, Dochtermann conjectured that the vector space dimension of R/MG(1) is bounded below by the determinant of the reduced signless Laplacian. We show that the Dochtermann conjecture holds for any (multi) graph G. More generally, we prove that this bound holds for ideals JH defined by a larger class of symmetric positive semidefinite n×n matrices H.